ASTM D8105-18

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8105 − 18
Standard Guide for
Use and Application of Geosynthetic Reinforcement
Reduction Factor Test Results
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This guide presents a description of how to use test
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
results from reduction factor test reports for reinforcement
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
geosynthetics. It is based solely on testing and reporting
requirements as established in American Association of State
2. Referenced Documents
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard
AASHTO R 69-15, Standard Practice for Determination of 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement.
D4355/D4355M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-
AASHTO R 69-15 is used to determine the long-term allow-
tiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon
able material strength, T , that is solely product property
al
Arc-Type Apparatus
performance dependant.
D4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by
1.2 This guide is intended to assist designers and users of
the Wide-Width Strip Method
reinforcement geosynthetics when reviewing reports of reduc-
D4603 Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of
tion factor testing efforts. This guide is not intended to replace
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary
educationorexperience,orotheralternativedesignprocedures.
Viscometer
This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard
D5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension
of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service
Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Geosynthetics
must be judged, nor should this document be applied without
D5721 Practice forAir-OvenAging of Polyolefin Geomem-
consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. Not all
branes
aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.
D5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to
The word “standard” in the title of this document means only
Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics
that the document has been approved through the ASTM
D6637/D6637M Test Method for Determining Tensile Prop-
consensus process.
erties of Geogrids by the Single or Multi-Rib Tensile
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Method
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D6992 Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
Method
with the standard.
D7409 Test Method for Carboxyl End Group Content of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
AASHTO R 69-15 Standard Practice for Determination of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics the ASTM website.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
approved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8105-18. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8105 − 18
2.3 ISO Standards: 3.2.3 RF —a reduction factor that accounts for the damag-
ID
ISO EN 13437 Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related ing effects of placement and compaction of soil or aggregate
Products—Method for Installing and Extracting Samples over the geosynthetic during installation.
in Soil, and Testing Specimens in Laboratory
3.2.4 T —the unexposed, as-manufactured tensile
baseline
ISO EN 13438 Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related
strength for the product sample used for product evaluation.
Products—Screening Test Method for Determining the
3.2.5 T —the ultimate wide-width tensile strength of the
ult
Resistance to Oxidation
reinforcement determined per Test Method D4595 or D6637/
D6637M.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
4. Significance and Use
3.1.1 product line—a series of products manufactured using
4.1 The long-term material strength of geosynthetic rein-
the same manufacturing equipment and procedures. The base
forcement material is a critical design parameter for many civil
polymer/fiber and additives for all products in the line come
engineering projects including, but not limited to, reinforced
from the same source or are purchased or manufactured by the
wall structures and reinforced slopes. Geosynthetic reinforce-
supplier using the same polymer/fiber material and additive
ment products are produced using a variety of polymeric
specifications, or both. Manufacturers using multiple sources
materials and using a variety of manufacturing procedures.
for base polymer/fiber may document through performance
Accordingly, product-specific testing using representative pro-
testing that the resulting end-product performance is the same.
ducedproductsisrecommendedforestablishmentoflong-term
Provided this definition is met, it should be feasible to
material strength for products used as reinforcement in struc-
interpolate between the products actually tested to the products
tures.
not specifically tested for a given test property.
4.2 The primary use of the test results obtained from a
3.1.2 reduction factor—in design, a calculated factor based
reinforcement testing program is to determine the available
on results of testing, to determine the reduced property of a
long-term (that is, end of design life, typically 75 years)
geosynthetic product due to degradation over a period of time,
material strength, T , of the reinforcement. The available
al
or damage as installed.
long-term strength, T , is calculated as follows:
al
3.2 Abbreviations:
T
ult
3.2.1 RF —a reduction factor that accounts for the effect
T 5 (1)
CR
al
RF 3RF 3RF
ID CR D
of creep on tensile strength at the end of a specified design life,
4.3 Thislong-termgeosyntheticreinforcementstrengthcon-
resulting from long-term sustained tensile load applied to the
cept is illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, some
geosynthetic.
strength losses occur immediately upon installation, and others
3.2.2 RF —a reduction factor that accounts for the strength
D
occur throughout the design life of the reinforcement. Much of
losscausedbychemicaldegradationofthepolymerusedinthe
the long-term strength loss does not begin to occur until near
geosynthetic reinforcement (for example, oxidation of
the end of the reinforcement design life.
polyolefins, hydrolysis of polyesters, etc.), and the effects of
biological degradation or microbial organism attack. 4.4 The value selected for T , for design purposes, is the
ult
minimum average roll value (MARV) for the product. This
minimum average roll value, denoted as T , accounts for
MARV
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
statistical variance in the material strength. Other sources of
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
uncertaintyandvariabilityinthelong-termstrengthresultfrom
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
FIG. 1 Long-Term Geosynthetic Strength Concepts
D8105 − 18
installation damage, creep extrapolation, and the chemical has been installed) to the roll-specific tensile virgin (that is,
degradation process. It is assumed that the observed variability undamaged) strength of the product sample used for this
in the creep rupture envelope is 100 % correlated with the
installation damage evaluation. This undamaged tensile
short-term tensile strength, as the creep strength is typically strengthmeasuredpriortoinstallationistermed T ,andis
baseline
directly proportional to the short-term tensile strength within a
considered the baseline tensile strength for the product sample
product line. Therefore, the MARV of T adequately takes
used for this evaluation in the test program.
ult
into account variability in the creep strength.
5.2.3 The degree of installation damage is quantified in
AASHTO R 69-15 using the following equation:
4.5 In accordance withAASHTO R 69-15, the test program
results provided in geosynthetic reinforcement design reduc-
T
dam
P 5 3100 (2)
tion factor test reports are focused on characterization of the
T
baseline
product line, specifically testing representative products within
where:
the product line to accomplish that characterization.
P = the percentage of strength retained after exposure
4.6 The guidelines provided in this document explain how
to installation (that is, installation damage),
to use the test data to characterize the entire product line with
T = the tensile strength of the material after exposure
dam
regard to long-term strength and durability properties.
to installation (that is, in a damaged condition),
and
5. Use of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Reduction Factor
T = the roll-specific tensile strength of the material
baseline
Test Data
used in the installation damage tests. This “base-
5.1 A comprehensive test report for geosynthetic reinforce-
line” strength is the strength prior to exposing the
ment reduction factors, developed in accordance with
material to installation.
AASHTO R 69-15, provides both index test and performance
5.2.4 All three values for each product and condition tested,
test results. A summary of specific guidelines in AASHTO R
and associated statistics, are provided in a test report. Example
69-15fortheapplicationofthetestresultstodevelopreduction
installation damage test results are provided in Figs. 2 and 3.
factors is provided in the sections that follow.
5.2.5 Note that some products will not always have a strong
5.2 Determination of RF :
ID
relationship between the weight or strength of the product and
5.2.1 The determination of RF , performed in accordance
ID
the degree of measured installation damage that is illustrated in
with Practice D5818, can either be targeted to a characteristic
Figs. 2 and 3. For example, the robustness of the coating or
backfill particle size that is consistent with a project’s desig-
polymer structure may control the degree of damage observed.
nated reinforced soil backfill material, or, RF can be targeted
ID
to the characteristic reinforced backfill particle size for a 5.2.6 Figs. 4 and 5 provide an example of this. Trend lines
for the mean, upper bound, and lower bound for the combina-
project-specific backfill. The installation damage test results
ca
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