ASTM D4489-95(2017)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D4489 − 95 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practices for
Sampling of Waterborne Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
collecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D3415), oil
found on adjoining shorelines, or oil-soaked debris, for com- D3415 Practice for Identification of Waterborne Oils
parison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic
3. Terminology
techniques, and for elemental analyses.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grab
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
sampling” macro oil samples. Practice B can be used to sample
Terminology D1129.
most types of waterborne oils and is particularly applicable in
sampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will be
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dictated by the physical characteristics and the location of the
3.2.1 chain of custody, n—a documented accountability of
spilled oil. These two practices are:
each sample, that is, date, time, and signature of each recipient
when the sample changes hands, from the time of collection
Sections
Practice A (for grab sampling thick layers of oil, viscous oils or 9 to 13
until the requirement for each sample is terminated.
oil soaked debris, oil globules, tar balls, or stranded oil)
Practice B (for TFE–fluorocarbon polymer strip samplers) 14 to 17 3.2.2 waterborne oil, n—refer to Practice D3415.
1.3 Each of the two practices is designed to collect oil
4. Significance and Use
samples with a minimum of water, thereby reducing the
possibility of chemical, physical, or biological alteration by 4.1 Identification of the source of a spilled oil is established
by comparison with known oils selected because of their
prolonged contact with water between the time of collection
and analysis. possible relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources.
Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks,
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
etc., and therefore pose little problems in sampling compared
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
to the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling of
standard.
spilled oils in particular, but could be applied to appropriate
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
source situations, for example, a ship’s bilge.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.1 Sample Containers, 100 to 125-mL wide-mouth glass
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
jars that have been thoroughly cleaned. When field expedients
For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.
must be employed, an empty container of each type used
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
should be included in the shipment to the laboratory, to be used
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
as a blank to measure inadvertent contamination.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.2 Closures—Lids for the glass jars should have TFE-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fluorocarbon polymer film or aluminum-coated insert.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.3 Strip Samplers, 5 by 7.5-cm pieces of TFE-fluorocarbon
polymer sheets (0.25-mm thickness, or screen or fabric (50–70
mesh)).
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis
for Organic Substances in Water. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4489 – 95 (2011). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4489-95R17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4489 − 95 (2017)
NOTE 1—Storage at lower temperatures (−10°C or lower) may cause
5.4 Wooden Tongue Depressor.
irreversible crystallization of waxes. Storage at 4 to 5°C obviates this
5.5 TFE-Fluorocarbon Polymer Net Sampling Kit.
problem; biological degradation at 4 to 5°C has been found negligible over
a 3 to 5-year storage with respect to qualitative identification of oil.
6. Reagents
PRACTICE A—GRAB SAMPLING
6.1 High Purity Solvents, that must be used for rinsing
samplers and sample containers. The solvents which may be
9. Scope
used are n-hexane, mixed hexanes, cyclohexane, pentane, or
9.1 This practice is applicable to thick layers of waterborne
dichloromethane, acetone, or chloroform.
oil films, viscous oils, oil globules, and tar balls.
7. Hazards
9.2 This practice is also applicable to sampling oil stranded
on shorelines or oil-soaked debris.
7.1 Precaution—Extreme care should be exercised so as
not to contaminate the samples or cause their integrity to be
10. Summary of Practice
questioned.
7.2 Warning—The rinsing solvents are volatile and, except 10.1 The sampling consists of collecting the sample directly
with the sample container, that is, scooping the sample up in
for dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should be
handled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will release the sample jar and sealing.
toxic vapors when heated.
11. Apparatus
7.3 Minimize contact with oil even when wearing gloves.
11.1 The sample container serves as the sampling device
8. General Sampling Guidelines
(see 5.1). The glass jars and lid liners should be rinsed three
times with a high purity solvent (see 6.1), allowed to air dry,
8.1 The objective is to obtain a sample for analysis that is
and assembled prior to use. Sample jars that are precleaned
representative of the spilled oil. The most critical factors in
using EPA-recommended wash procedures for organics are
sampling are selecting a suitable location, collecting a sample
acceptable.
of oil with the least water possible (to minimize possible
sample alteration), and maintaining the sample integrity.
NOTE 2—To avoid possible sample contamination, do not reuse sample
containers, lids, or liners.
8.2 It is recommended that at least three samples be taken of
11.2 Nitrile gloves are to be worn during sampling.
each waterborne oil in order to demonstrate the homogeneity of
the spill. These samples should be taken in different regions of
11.3 A detachable ring for the sample jar and sampling pole
the oil slick at points where the accumulation is heaviest. This
may be useful to extend sampling range.
will increase the volume of oil available for analysis. In the
event that multiple samples cannot be collected, then a single
12. Procedure for Floating Samples
sample should be collected from the area where the accumu-
12.1 Select the sampling site.
lation of oil visually appears to be the heaviest.
12.2 Unscrew the lid from the sample jar. Hold the jar in
8.3 The following general rules are applicable to sampling
position for sampling; hold the lid in a free hand or place the
of waterborne oils:
lid in a safe position. Gently lower the sample jar into the water
8.3.1 Take a sample that contains sufficient oil for the
and gently skim the oil layer or oil globules from the water
method or methods of analysis to be employed and for any
surface into the sample container. Continue the process until
replicate analyses that may be required.
the sample container is approximately three-quarters full.
8.3.2 Affix a label or tag to the sample jar in such a manner
that it becomes an integral part of the container. The label or 12.3 Remove the sample container from the water surface,
tag should contain the following information: sample replace and tighten the lid. Invert the jar and
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4489 − 95 (Reapproved 2011) D4489 − 95 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Practices for
Sampling of Waterborne Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used in collecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D3415), oil found
on adjoining shorelines, or oil-soaked debris, for comparison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, and for
elemental analyses.
1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grab sampling” macro oil samples. Practice B can be used to sample most
types of waterborne oils and is particularly applicable in sampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will be dictated by
the physical characteristics and the location of the spilled oil. These two practices are:
Sections
Practice A (for grab sampling thick layers of oil, viscous oils or 9 to 13
oil soaked debris, oil globules, tar balls, or stranded oil)
Practice B (for TFE–fluorocarbon polymer strip samplers) 14 to 17
1.3 Each of the two practices is designed to collect oil samples with a minimum of water, thereby reducing the possibility of
chemical, physical, or biological alteration by prolonged contact with water between the time of collection and analysis.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D3415 Practice for Identification of Waterborne Oils
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions: For the definitions of terms used in these practices, refer to Terminology D1129.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 chain of custody—custody, n—a documented accountability of each sample, that is, date, time, and signature of each
recipient when the sample changes hands, from the time of collection until the requirement for each sample is terminated.
3.2.2 waterborne oil—oil, n—refer to Practice D3415.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Identification of the source of a spilled oil is established by comparison with known oils selected because of their possible
relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources. Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks, etc., and therefore
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis for
Organic Substances in Water.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011Dec. 15, 2017. Published June 2011December 2017. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D4489 – 95 (2006).(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D4489-95R11.10.1520/D4489-95R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4489 − 95 (2017)
pose little problems in sampling compared to the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling of spilled oils in particular, but
could be applied to appropriate source situations, for example, a ship’s bilge.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Sample Containers, 100 to 125-mL wide-mouth glass jars that have been thoroughly cleaned. When field expedients must
be employed, an empty container of each type used should be included in the shipment to the laboratory, to be used as a blank
to measure inadvertent contamination.
5.2 Closures—Lids for the glass jars should have TFE-fluorocarbon polymer film or aluminum-coated insert.
5.3 Strip Samplers, 5 by 7.5 cm 7.5-cm pieces of TFE-fluorocarbon polymer sheets (0.25 mm (0.25-mm thickness, or screen
or fabric (50–70 mesh)).
5.4 Wooden Tongue Depressor.
5.5 TFE-Fluorocarbon Polymer Net Sampling Kit.
6. Reagents
6.1 High Purity Solvents, that must be used for rinsing samplers and sample containers. The solvents which may be used are
n-hexane, mixed hexanes, cyclohexane, pentane, or dichloromethane, acetone, or chloroform.
7. Hazards
7.1 Precaution:Precaution—Extreme care should be exercised so as not to contaminate the samples or cause their integrity to
be questioned.
7.2 Warning—The rinsing solvents are volatile and, except for dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should be
handled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will release toxic vapors when heated.Warning: The rinsing solvents are volatile
and, except for dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should be handled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will
release toxic vapors when heated.
7.3 Minimize contact with oil even when wearing gloves.
8. General Sampling Guidelines
8.1 The objective is to obtain a sample for analysis that is representative of the spilled oil. The most critical factors in sampling
are selecting a suitable location, collecting a sample of oil with the least water possible (to minimize possible sample alteration),
and maintaining the sample integrity.
8.2 It is recommended that at least three samples be taken of each waterborne oil in order to demonstrate the homogeneity of
the spill. These samples should be taken in different regions of the oil slick at points where the accumulation is heaviest. This will
increase the volume of oil available for analysis. In the event that multiple samples cannot be collected, then a single sample should
be collected from the area where the accumulation of oil visually appears to be the heaviest.
8.3 The following general rules are applicable to sampling of waterborne oils:
8.3.1 Take a sample that contains sufficient oil for the method or methods of analysis to be employed and for any replicate
analyses that may be required.
8.3.2 Affix a label or tag to the sample jar in such a manner that it becomes an integral part of the container. The label or tag
should contain the following information: sample identification, date and time of collection, location of collection, signature of
person collecting the sample, and at least one witness to the collection.
8.3.3 Pack the samples, ship, and manipulate prior to analysis in a manner that maintains a continuous chain of custody and
safeguards against tampering or changes in the properties of the samples.
8.4 Store collected samples at refrigerator temperatures (4 to 5°C).
NOTE 1—Storage at lower temperatures (−10°C or lower) may cause irreversible crystallization of waxes. Storage at 4 to 5°C obviates this problem;
biological degradation at 4 to 5°C has been found negligible over a 3 to 5 year 5-year storage with respect to qualitative identification of oil.
PRACTICE A—GRAB SAMPLING
9. Scope
9.1 This practice is applicable to thick layers of waterborne oil films, viscous oils, oil globules, and tar balls.
9.2 This practice is also applicable to sampling oil stranded on shorelines or oil-soaked debris.
Sampling kit available from General Oceanics, Miami, FL, or equivalent, is suitable.
MCB Spectroquality solvents, available from MCB Manufacturing Chemists, Inc. (Associate of E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 480 Democrat Rd., Gibbstown, NJ
08027, or equivalent, are suitable.
D4489 − 95 (2017)
10. Summary of Practice
10.1 The sampling consists of collecting the sample directly with the sample container, that is, scooping the sample up in the
sample jar and sealing.
11.
...