ASTM D5857-17(2024)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5857 − 17 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Specification for
Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials Using ISO
Protocol and Methodology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This material specification is intended to provide a call out system for polypropylene utilizing
specimen preparation procedures and test method based on ISO standards.
This specification is not intended for the determination of the suitability of performance of materials
in the final application. Selection of these materials is to be made by personnel with expertise in the
plastics field in which the environment, inherent properties of the materials, performance of the parts,
part design, manufacturing process, and economics are considered.
1. Scope important to specialized applications can be specified by using
the suffixes as given in Section 5 and those in Classification
1.1 This specification covers polypropylene materials suit-
System D4000.
able for injection molding and extrusion. Polymers consist of
polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and 1.5 This classification system and specification are intended
polypropylene-elastomer compounds produced with or without
to provide a means of calling out polypropylene materials used
the addition of impact modifiers (ethylene-propylene rubber, in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the
polyisobutylene rubber, and butyl rubber, and so forth),
selection of materials. Material selection can be made by those
colorants, stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, or reinforcements. having expertise in the plastic field only after careful consid-
eration of the design and the performance required of the part,
1.2 This specification allows for the use of those polypro-
the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication
pylene materials that can be recycled, reconstituted, and
process to be employed, the costs involved, and the inherent
reground, provided that the following conditions are met:
properties of the material other than those covered by this
1.2.1 The requirements as stated in this specification and
specification.
other ISO guidelines pertaining to these types of materials are
met, and 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.2.2 The material has not been modified in any way to alter
standard.
its conformance to food contact regulations or similar require-
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
ments.
test methods portion, Section 13, of this specification: This
1.3 The proportions of recycled, reconstituted, and regrind standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
material used, as well as the nature and the amount of any if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
contaminant, cannot be practically covered in this specifica- of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
tion. It is the responsibility of the supplier and buyer of environmental practices and determine the applicability of
recycled, reconstituted, and regrind materials to ensure com-
regulatory limitations prior to use.
pliance.
NOTE 1—This specification is similar to both ISO 1873-1 and ISO
1.4 The properties included in this classification system are 1873-2, but to different degrees. This specification resembles ISO 1873-1
in title only. The content is significantly different. This specification and
those required to identify the compositions covered. Other
ISO 1873-2 differ in approach or detail; data obtained using either are
requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics
technically equivalent.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Materials.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D5857 – 17. DOI:
10.1520/D5857-17R24. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5857 − 17 (2024)
2. Referenced Documents ISO 974 Plastics—Determination of the Brittleness Tem-
2 perature by Impact
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ISO 1133 Plastics—Determination of Melt Flow Rate of
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
Thermoplastics
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
ISO 1183A Plastics—Methods for Determining the Density
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
and Relative Density of Non-Cellular Plastics
tics (Withdrawn 2024)
ISO 1191 Plastics—Polyethylene and Polypropylenes in Di-
D1999 Guide for Selection of Specimens and Test Param-
lute Solutions—Determination of Viscosity Number and
eters from ISO/IEC Standards (Withdrawn 2000)
of Limiting Viscosity Number
D3763 Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of
ISO 1628-3 Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number
Plastics Using Load and Displacement Sensors
and Limiting Viscosity Number, Part 3: Polyethylene and
D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
Polypropylene Resins
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
ISO 1873-1 Plastics—Propylene and Propylene-Copolymer
als
Thermoplastics, Part 1: Designation
D7209 Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and
ISO 1873-2 Plastics—Polypropylene (PP) and Propylene-
Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products (With-
Copolymer Thermoplastics, Part 2: Preparation of Test
drawn 2015)
Specimens and Determination of Properties
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications ISO 2039-1 Plastics—Determination of Hardness, Part 1:
Ball Indention Method
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 2039-2 Plastics—Determination of Hardness, Part 2:
ISO 62 Plastics—Determination of Water Absorption
Rockwell Hardness
ISO 75-1 Plastics—Determination of Temperature of De-
ISO 2818 Plastics—Preparation of Test Specimens by Ma-
flection Under Load, Part 1: General Test Method
chining
ISO 75-2 Plastics—Determination of Temperature of De-
ISO 3451-1 Plastics—Determination of Ash, Part 1: General
flection Under Load, Part 2: Plastics and Ebonite
Methods
ISO 105 Textiles—Tests for Color Fastness
ISO 3795 Road Vehicles, and Tractors and Machinery for
ISO 178 Plastics—Determination of Flexural Properties of
Agriculture and Forestry—Determination of Burning Be-
Rigid Plastics
ISO 179 Plastics—Determination of Charpy Impact Strength havior of Interior Materials
ISO 4582 Plastics—Determination of Changes in Colour
of Rigid Materials
ISO 180 Plastics—Determination of Izod Impact Strength of and Variations in Properties after Exposure to Daylight
Rigid Materials
Under Glass, Natural Weathering or Artificial Light
ISO 293 Plastics—Compression Moulding Test Specimens ISO 4589 Plastics—Determination of Flammability by Oxy-
of Thermoplastic Material
gen Index
ISO 294 Plastics—Injection Moulding of Test Specimens of
ISO 4892-1 Methods of Exposure to Laboratory Light
Thermoplastic Material
Sources, Part 1: General Guidance
ISO 306 Plastics—Thermoplastic Materials—Determination
ISO 4892-2 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
of Vicat Softening Temperature
Light, Part 2: Xenon Arc Exposure
ISO 527-1 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties,
ISO 4892-3 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
Part 1: General Principles
Light, Part 3: Fluorescent UV Lamps
ISO 527-2 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties,
ISO 6427 Plastics—Determination of Matter Extractable by
Part 2: Test Conditions for Molding and Extrusion Plastics
Organic Solvents (Conventional Methods)
ISO 537 Plastics—Testing with Torsional Pendulum
ISO 6602 Plastics—Determination of Flexural Creep by
ISO 604 Plastics—Determination of Compressive Properties
Three-Point Loading
ISO 868 Plastics and Ebonite—Determination of Indention
ISO 6603-1 Plastics—Determination of Multiaxial Impact
Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness)
Behavior of Rigid Plastics, Part 1: Falling Dart Method
ISO 877 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to direct
ISO 6603-2 Plastics—Determination of Multiaxial Impact
Weathering, to Weathering Using Glass-Filtered Daylight,
Behavior of Rigid Plastics, Part 2: Instrumented Puncture
and to Intensified Weathering by Daylight Using Fresnel
Test
Mirrors
ISO 8256 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Impact Prop-
ISO 899 Plastics—Determination of Tensile Creep
erties
ISO 9113 Plastics—Polypropylene (PP) and Propylene-
Copolymer Thermoplastics—Determination of Isotactic
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Index
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ISO 10350 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of Com-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
parable Single-Point Data
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
ISO 11357–3 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
www.astm.org.
(DSC), Part 3: Determination of Temperature and En-
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. thalpy of Melting and Crystallization
D5857 − 17 (2024)
ISO 11403-1 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of 3.2.5 ductile brittle transition temperature, n—the tempera-
Comparable Multi-Point Data, Part 1: Mechanical Prop- ture at which a minimum of 80 % of the specimens exhibit
erties ductile failure.
ISO 11403-2 Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of
3.2.6 ductile failure, n—one where the specimen deforms
Comparable Multi-point Data—Part 3: Environmental
plastically before fracturing such that the cracks do not radiate
Influences on Properties
more than 10 mm beyond the center of the impact point.
ISO 20753 Plastics—Test Specimens
3.2.7 injection pressure, n—the constant pressure that is
2.3 IEC Standards:
applied to the end of the screw, causing the melted material to
IEC 93 Recommended Methods of Test for Volume and
fill the mold.
Surface Resistivities of Electrical Insulation Materials
3.2.7.1 Discussion—The injection pressure along with the
IEC 112 Recommended Method for Determining the Com-
injection speed determines the volumetric fill rate of the mold.
parative Tracking Index of Solid Insulation Materials
3.2.8 injection time, n—the time during which a constant
Under Moist Conditions
IEC 243-1 Recommended Methods of Test for Electric specified pressure is applied to the melted material.
Strength of Solid Insulating Materials at Power Frequen-
3.2.9 injection velocity, n—the average velocity of the melt
cies
as it passes through the cross-sectional area of a cavity of a
IEC 250 Recommended Methods for the Determination of
single- or multi-cavity mold at the position that forms the
the Permittivity and Dielectric Dissipation Factor of
critical portion of the test specimen.
Electrical Insulation Materials at Power, Audio, and Radio
3.2.10 melt temperature, n—the temperature of the material
Frequencies Including Metre Wavelengths
as it is being injected into the mold, measured by a pyrometer.
IEC 296 Specification for Unused Mineral Insulating Oils
for Transformers and Switchgear
3.2.11 mold open time, n—the time beginning when the
IEC 60695–11–10 Fire Hazard Testing-Part 11–10: Test mold is opened and ending when the mold is closed.
Flames-50 W Horizontal and Vertical Test Methods
3.2.12 mold temperature, n—the temperature of the mold
2.4 SAE Standards:
during the molding cycle, measured in all mold cavities and on
SAE J1545 Instrumental Color Difference Measurement for
both platens.
Exterior Finishes, Textiles and Color Trim
3.2.13 polypropylene (PP)—a propylene plastic prepared by
SAE J1767 Instrumental Color Difference Measurement for
the polymerization of propylene or propylene with other alpha
Colorfastness of Automotive Interior Trim Materials
olefins (see also PP-H, PP-R, and PP-B).
SAE J1976 Outdoor Weathering of Exterior Materials
3.2.14 polypropylene heterophasic copolymers (PP-B)—a
SAE J2412 Accelerated Exposure of Automotive Interior
propylene plastic consisting of two or more separate phases.
Trim Components Using a Controlled Irradiance Xenon-
These include PP+EPR, PP+EPDM, PP+IIR, PP+BR, and so
Arc Apparatus
forth.
SAE J2527 Performance Based Standard for Accelerated
Exposure of Automotive Exterior Materials Using a Con- 3.2.14.1 Discussion—The phases consist of a polypropylene
trolled Irradiance Xenon-Arc Apparatus homopolymer (PP-H) or a polypropylene random copolymer
(PP-R) matrix containing a dispersed olefinic elastomer having
3. Terminology
no other functional group, added in situ or physically blended
into the polypropylene matrix.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms and abbreviations ap-
plying to this specification appear in Terminologies D883 and
3.2.15 polypropylene homopolymer (PP-H)—a propylene
D1600 and Guide D7209. plastic prepared by the polymerization of propylene only.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.16 polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R)—a propyl-
3.2.1 back pressure, n—the constant pressure that is applied
ene plastic containing another olefinic monomer (or mono-
to the end of the screw while the screw is rotating and
mers) having no functional group other than the olefinic group
retracting to prepare for the next injection.
copolymerized with propylene.
3.2.16.1 Discussion—Polypropylene random copolymers
3.2.2 brittle failure, n—one where the specimen test area is
containing more than one additional monomer are often called
broken into two or more pieces, with sharp edges, and shows
terpolymers.
almost no plastic flow.
3.2.3 cooling time, n—the time during which the material is
4. Classification
in the closed mold with no pressure applied.
4.1 Unreinforced polypropylene materials are classified into
3.2.4 cycle time, n—the time required to complete a full
groups in accordance with basic composition. These groups are
injection molding cycle, including injection time, cooling time,
subdivided into classes and grades, as shown in Table PP.
and mold open time.
NOTE 2—An example of this classification system is as follows. The
designation PP0113 would indicate: PP = polypropylene, as found in
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Terminology D1600, 01 (group) = homopolymer, 1 (class) = general
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. purpose, and 3 (grade) = with requirements given in Table PP.
D5857 − 17 (2024)
4.1.1 The values in Table PP are based on testing that was when the material cannot be classified by Tables PP, C, G, or
conducted 40 to 96 h after molding. Testing was conducted in T. These tables specify the properties after the addition of
a standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 °C 6 2 °C and reinforcements, or fillers for mechanical properties
50 % 6 5 % relative humidity. improvement, at the nominal level indicated (see 4.2.1).
4.1.2 To facilitate the incorporation of future or special 4.2.1 Fillers and Reinforcing Materials—A symbol (single
materials not covered by Table PP, the other/unspecified letter) shall be used for the major reinforcement or combina-
category (0) for group, class, and grade is indicated on the table tions thereof (see Table 1), along with two numbers that
with the basic properties to be obtained from Table B or Table indicate the nominal percentage of addition by mass (see Table
H, as it applies. 2).
4.1.3 Specific requirements for unreinforced polypropylene
NOTE 5—This part of the system uses the type and percentage of
homopolymers not covered by Table PP shall be shown by a
additive to designate modification of the base material. To facilitate this
six-character designation. The designation shall consist of the
designation, the type and percentage of additive may be shown on the
supplier’s technical data sheet, unless it is proprietary in nature. If
letter B and the five digits comprising the cell numbers for the
necessary, additional requirements shall be indicated by the use of the
property requirements in the order in which they appear in
suffix part of the system, as given in Section 5.
Table B.
4.2.2 Specific requirements for reinforced, or filled polypro-
NOTE 3—An example of a special material using this classification
pylene materials shall be shown by a six-character designation.
system is as follows. The designation PP0110B55143 would indicate the
The designation shall consist of the letter A, C, G, or T and the
following with the material requirements from Table B:
five digits comprising the cell numbers for the property
requirements in the order in which they appear in Tables A, C,
PP0110 = General purpose polypropylene homopolymer,
G, or T.
B = Table B property requirements,
4.2.3 When the grade of the basic materials is not known or
5 = 25 MPa tensile strength, min,
is not important, the use of 0 grade classification shall be used
5 = 1000 MPa flexural modulus (1 % secant, min),
1 = 1.6 kJ ⁄m Charpy impact, min, for reinforced materials in this system (see Note 6).
4 = 80 °C deflection temperature, min, and
NOTE 6—An example of this classification system for a reinforced
3 = >1.0 to 3.0 nominal flow rate.
polypropylene material is as follows. The designation PP0110T20T65150
4.1.4 Specific requirements for unreinforced impact-
would indicate the following, with the material requirements for Table T:
modified polypropylene and polypropylene copolymers are
shown in Table H. The designation will consist of the letter H
PP0110 = general purpose polypropylene homopolymer from Table PP,
and five digits comprising the cell numbers for the property
T20 = Talc filled, 20 %,
requirements in the order in which they appear in Table H.
T = Table T property requirements,
6 = 30 MPa tensile strength, min,
Table H has been incorporated into this specification to
5 = 2100 MPa flexural modulus, min,
improve the call-out of random copolymers and impact copo-
1 = 2.0 kJ ⁄m , Charpy Impact, min,
lymers. Though Table H uses five digits, one digit is
5 = 56 °C deflection temperature, min,
unspecified, so it has a reduced number of property callouts
0 = Unspecified.
based on flexural modulus, Charpy impact, and two multiaxial
If no properties are specified, the designation would be
impact ductile-brittle transition temperatures. If more proper-
PP0110T20T00000.
ties are required to properly call out a material, use Table B.
4.3 Although the values listed for both filled, reinforced,
and unfilled polypropylenes are necessary to include the range
NOTE 4—An example of a polypropylene copolymer material using
Table H would be as follows. The designation PP0600H58540 would of properties available in existing materials, not every possible
indicate the material with the following requirements:
combination of the properties exists or can be obtained
5. Suffixes
PP0600 = Copolymer or impact modified,
H = Table H property requirements,
5.1 When additional requirements are needed for the mate-
5 = 950 MPa flexural modulus, min,
rials covered in this specification that are not covered in Tables
8 = Non-break failure mode, no value reported Charpy impact
PP, A, B, C, G, H, or T those requirements shall be designated
resistance, min,
through the use of suffixes. The primary suffix list can be found
5 = <–30 °C ductile-brittle transition temperature at 2.2 m ⁄s,
in Classification System D4000, Section 7, Suffix Require-
4 = <–20 °C ductile-brittle transition temperature at 6.6 m ⁄s,
0 = Unspecified. ments. Other suffixes that pertain only to the material require-
ments in this specification are listed below. In general, the
4.1.5 Table PP was developed using data generated from
suffix letter indicates the requirement needed; the first number
natural color materials. However, Table PP can be used to
(digit) indicates the test condition, and the second number
specify black or other color polypropylenes if the compounded
(digit) indicates the specimen requirement.
materials meet the requirements found in the table.
NOTE 7—Suffixes from Classification System D4000 contain two letters
4.2 Reinforced versions of the polypropylene materials are
followed by three numbers, while suffixes from Specification D5857
classified in accordance with Tables PP, A, C, G, and T, Tables
contain a single letter followed by two or three numbers. An example
C, G, and T are used when the filler or reinforcement is known
would be weatherability. A designation of WA510 would indicate that it is
to be either calcium carbonate, talc, or glass. Table A is used a Classification System D4000 suffix.
D5857 − 17 (2024)
Suffıxes: Third Digit
E = electrical requirements as designated by the following digits:
0 = to be specified.
First Digit
1 = the exposed specimens shall not exhibit surface changes (such as
dulling and chalking) or deep-seated changes (such as checking,
0 = to be specified.
crazing, warping, and discoloration).
1 = specimens preconditioned 40 h at 23 °C and 50 % relative
2 = the tensile strength after exposure shall be no less than 50 % of the
humidity, then 14 days in distilled water at 23 °C 6 1 °C.
original.
2 = specimens preconditioned 88 h at 23 °C and 50 % relative
3 = the tensile strength after exposure shall be no less than 90 % of the
humidity, then 14 days in distilled water at 23 °C 6 1 °C.
original.
Second Digit
4 = ISO 105 grey scale rating.
5 = colorfastness by SAE J1545 for exterior materials, CIELAB color
0 = to be specified.
difference, 10 degrees observer, illuminant D65, specular included.
1 = insulation resistance, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor
ΔE = 2.5 max.
meet property limits as shown below. These are electrical limits
6 = colorfastness by SAE J1545 for exterior materials, CIELAB color
usually applied to unreinforced polypropylene when control of
difference, 10 degrees observer, illuminant D65, specular included.
their electrical properties is required. Specimen size and thickness
ΔE = 3.0 max.
shall be in accordance with Guide D1999.
7 = colorfastness by SAE J1767 for interior materials, CIELAB color
Electrical Properties:
difference, 10 degrees observer, illuminant D65, specular included.
Dielectric constant, max IEC 250 2.3
ΔE = 3.0 max.
Dissipation factor, max IEC 250 0.0005
Z = Other special requirements characteristics (see 5.2).
Volume resistance, min, ohm-cm IEC 93 1 × 10
A
Water immersion stability IEC 250
5.2 Category “Z” shall be used, as necessary, to designate
_______________________
other special requirements (for example, internal mold release,
A
UV stabilization, etc.) not covered by existing call out capa-
Shall meet the dielectric constant and dissipation factor requirements.
bilities. These shall be spelled out in detail and identified in
W = weatherability requirements as designated by the following digits:
sequence, that is, 01 ultraviolet (UV)-stabilized, 02 special
First Digit
color, and 03, etc.
1 = specimens exposed in a xenon arc test apparatus to conditions
5.3 Additional suffixes shall be added to this specification as
specified in SAE J2527 for exterior applications.
test methods and requirements are developed or requested, or
2 = specimens exposed in a xenon arc test apparatus to conditions
both.
specified in SAE J2412 for interior applications.
3 = Natural weathering in accordance with ISO 877, for interior
applications.
6. Basic Requirements
4 = Natural weathering in accordance with ISO 877 for exterior
applications. 6.1 The basic requirements from property or cell tables, as
5 = Specimens exposed in a xenon arc test apparatus to conditions
they apply, are always in effect unless these requirements are
specified in ISO 4892-2 for interior applications.
superseded by specific suffix requirements in the line callout.
6 = Specimens exposed in a xenon arc test apparatus to conditions
specified in ISO 4892-2 for exterior applications.
7. General Requirements
7 = Specimens exposed in a fluorescent UV/condensation test appa-
ratus to conditions specified in ISO 4892-3.
7.1 The plastic composition shall be uniform and shall
8 = Natural weathering in accordance with SAE J1976 for exterior
conform to the requirements specified herein. The color and
applications.
form of the material shall be specified. Note specification
Second Digit
changes due to the effects of colorants and, when necessary,
0 = to be specified.
cover them by suffixes.
1 = 200 h exposure.
2 = 500 h exposure. 7.2 For recycled, reconstituted, and regrind materials, the
3 = 1000 h exposure.
level of contamination by nonpolymeric materials, other than
4 = 2000 h exposure.
fillers and additives, shall not be of such a significant level that
5 = 1240.8 kJ/(m .nm) at 340 nm.
it prevents the product from meeting the performance criteria
6 = 2500 kJ/(m .nm) at 340 nm.
for which it was manufactured.
7 = 225.6 kJ/(m .nm) at 340 nm.
8 = 601.6 kJ/(m .nm) at 340 nm.
NOTE 8—Conversion from hours to kilojoules (kJ) varies with irradi-
8. Detail Requirements
ance and the light/dark cycle. Conversion to kJ from actual light hours is
8.1 Test samples for the various materials shall conform to
based on the following relation:
the requirements prescribed in Tables PP, A, B, C, G, and T and
kJ 5 Irradiance in Watts × 3.6 kJ/h × hours of light
to the suffix requirements as they apply.
Thus, at an irradiance level of 0.55 W ⁄(m .nm) at 340 nm, the multipli-
cation factor for converting light hours to kJ is 1.98 (0.55 × 3.6).
8.2 Observed or calculated values obtained from analysis,
Therefore, 100 light hours is equivalent to 396 kJ ⁄(m . nm) at 340 nm
measurement, or test shall be rounded in accordance with
at this irradiance level.
Practice E29 to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of
figures used in expressing the specified limiting value. The
value obtained is compared directly with the specified limiting
value. Conformance or nonconformance with the specification
is based on this comparison.
D5857 − 17 (2024)
9. Sampling 11.2.5.1 Needle-type Pyrometer—The melt temperature
shall be measured on cycle by taking the temperature of several
9.1 Sampling shall be statistically adequate to satisfy the
successive free shots with a needle-type pyrometer to an
requirements of 14.4. A lot of material shall be considered as a
accuracy of 63 °C. The needle shall be moved around in the
unit of manufacture as prepared for shipment, and is permitted
plastic mass and a sufficient number of measurements be made
to consist of a blend of two or more “production runs” or
to establish a reliable result. To minimize heat loss from the
batches.
plastic during the measurement, collect the mass in a heated
container, or in one made from material of low thermal
10. Number of Tests
conductivity. Control the quantity of plastic in the free shot so
10.1 The number of tests conducted shall be consistent with
that it is equivalent to the weight of a complete injection-
the requirements of the specific ISO test method.
molded shot. To avoid excessive thermal history, the shot size
shall be kept to a minimum; therefore, the cushion shall be
11. Sample Preparation
5 mm to 10 mm.
11.1 The method of sample preparation and type of speci-
11.2.5.2 Infrared Pyrometer—The melt temperature can
men used for each test is specified in Table 3.
also be measured using an infrared pyrometer with an accuracy
of 1 % of reading or 61 °F or 61 °C, a response time of at
11.2 Injection Molding:
least 0.5 s, and a distance to target ratio of at least 30 to 1. It is
11.2.1 Specimen Mold—Specimens shall be injection
recommended that the infrared pyrometer have a laser beam to
molded using a mold design specified in ISO 294. A mold of
establish the position being measured on the molten mass of
the same design as ISO 294, but with shutoff valves to allow
polymer. This second technique shall only be used after a
balanced molding of single types of specimens without making
correlation between the needle-type pyrometer and the infrared
a complete mold change, can be used if it can be shown that it
pyrometer has been established. This correlation shall be
provides specimens of the same quality with mechanical
verified at least every six months and shall be re-established
properties equivalent to specimens molded in the ISO 294
each time either pyrometer is recalibrated.
design.
11.2.5.3 If other temperatures have to be used because of the
NOTE 9—Limited data have shown that, for polypropylenes, mechanical
nature of the polymer, they shall be reported, together with the
test values can be significantly affected by the cross sectional area of the
reasons for use.
runner. Specimens molded using the specified minimum runner size of
5 mm D (~20 mm ) exhibited lower values of most mechanical properties 11.2.5.4 An increase in the MFR during molding to 1.5
than specimens molded using runners with cross-sectional areas of
times the original value shall be avoided. If the MFR increases
2 2
50 mm and 80 mm . Higher viscosity (lower MFR) materials appear to
by more than 1.5 times the original value, the melt temperature
be more sensitive. This effect needs to be considered when comparing data
shall be lowered, 10 °C at a time, until the increase in MFR is
obtained from different sources.
<1.5 times the original value.
11.2.2 Cavity Gate Dimensions—The gate height and width
11.2.6 Mold Temperature—Mold temperature measure-
shall be a minimum of two-thirds of the height and width of the
ments shall be made in each cavity of the mold after machine
specimen.
conditions are at equilibrium and shall be made with a
11.2.3 Injection Velocity—The following calculations shall
surface-type pyrometer, or equivalent, to an accuracy of
be used to determine the injection velocity:
62 °C.
V 5 ~pi × D × v !/~4 × n × A ! (1)
I s c 11.2.7 Specimen Weight—For a given molding machine and
mold combination, the injection pressure and injection velocity
or
shall be set to produce equal part weights, including sprue and
v 5 V / t × A × n (2)
~ !
av s I c
runners, within 1 % regardless of the material melt flow rate.
11.2.8 Injection and Hold Pressures—The injection pres-
where:
sure and hold pressure shall be set at a level that does not
V = average injection velocity, mm/s
AV
produce flash, sink marks, or voids in the specimens. The
V = injection velocity, mm/s,
I
maximum amount of flash shall not exceed 1 mm and shall be
D = screw diameter, mm,
acceptable only in the non-testing areas of the specimen.
v = screw speed, mm/s,
s
n = number of cavities,
11.2.9 Reporting—Report the injection molding conditions
A = cross section at the position that forms the critical
c in accordance with ISO 294 and ISO 1873-2.
portion of the test specimen,
3 11.3 Compression Molding:
V = shot volume, mm , and
s
11.3.1 Specimens—For electrical testing or when the speci-
t = injection time, s.
I
mens cannot be injection molded, specimens shall be prepared
NOTE 10—Eq 1 and 2 may give slightly different values to some extent
due to different contributions of the compression of the whole melt in front by stamping or machining (see ISO 2818) from a compression-
of the screw and from different amounts of back flow.
molded sheet. Compression molding of sheet shall be con-
ducted in accordance with ISO 293, with the following
11.2.4 For a given molding machine and given mold, the
additional points specified in ISO 1873-2:
injection pressure and injection velocity shall be set to produce
11.3.1.1 Mold—A simple three-plate frame.
equal part weights, including sprue and runners, within 1 %
11.3.1.2 Predrying—No drying is normally necessary.
regardless of the material’s melt flow rate.
11.2.5 Melt Temperature Determination: 11.3.1.3 Molding Temperature—210 °C 6 5 °C.
D5857 − 17 (2024)
11.3.1.4 Average Cooling Rate—Method B; 15 °C ⁄min 6 12.2.1 Natural unfilled polypropylene shall be tested in a
5 °C ⁄min. controlled laboratory atmosphere of 23 °C 6 2 °C. For filled
and reinforced polypropylene or polypropylene blends that
11.3.1.5 Molding Procedure—The contact pressure time
contain a hydrophilic comonomer or modifier, the specimens
shall be 5 to 10 min, and the full-pressure time shall be 2 to
shall be tested in a standard laboratory atmosphere of 23 °C 6
5 min. The demolding temperature shall be less than or equal to
2 °C and 50 % 6 10 % relative humidity, unless sufficient
40 °C.
testing has been conducted that indicates that specific material
NOTE 11—The method of sample preparation may affect the level of
type’s properties are not affected by humidity. For all materials
crystallinity or orientation in the test specimen. As a consequence, test
to be tested for electrical properties, the laboratory shall
specimens may yield different test results. Thus, the method of preparation
shall be taken into account when comparing results. In cases of comply with the requirements of the standard test methods for
disagreement, injection-molded specimens shall be the referee standard. electrical testing. In all cases the laboratory shall report both
the temperature and humidity conditions during testing.
12. Conditioning
13. Test Methods
12.1 Conditioning:
12.1.1 Once specimens are molded, they shall be moved to 13.1 Determine the properties enumerated in this specifica-
a standard laboratory atmosphere or a controlled laboratory
tion in accordance with the methods as they apply, unless
atmosphere. For natural unfilled polypropylene the controlled otherwise stated herein.
laboratory atmosphere shall be 23 °C 6 2 °C. It is recom-
NOTE 15—It is recognized that detailed test values, particularly Charpy
mended that specimens be allowed to cool individually for
Impact, may not predict nor even correlate with performance of parts
about 30 min on a bench, or in a rack, or on the injection
molded of these materials.
molded runner before they are placed in any container where
13.1.1 Flow Rate—Condition 12 (230 °C with 2.16 kg load)
the specimens might come in contact with each other. For filled
of ISO 1133. Make two determinations on the material in the
and reinforced polypropylene or polypropylene blends, which
form that it is to be molded (such as powder, pellets, or
contain a hydrophilic comonomer or modifier the specimens
granules).
shall be conditioned in a standard laboratory atmosphere of
23 °C 6 2 °C and 50 % 6 10 % relative humidity, unless
NOTE 16—This test method serves to indicate the degree of uniformity
sufficient testing has been conducted that indicates the specific
of the flow rate of the polymer of a single manufacturer as made by an
individual process and, in this case, may be indicative of the degree of
material type’s properties are not affected by humidity. In those
uniformity of molded specimens and therefore other properties. However,
cases, the storage medium can be the same as for unfilled
uniformity of flow rate among various polymers of various manufacturers
materials. Materials whose properties are affected by humidity,
as made by various processes does not, in the absence of other tests,
must be stored in accordance with Practice D618, Procedure A.
indicate uniformity of other properties and vice versa.
For all materials to be conditioned for electrical testing,
13.1.2 Tensile Stress at Yield—Test an unannealed ISO
conditioning shall comply with the requirements of the stan-
20753 Type A1 specimen using ISO 527. For materials that
dard test methods for electrical testing. In all cases the
show a breaking strain greater than 10 %, use a test speed of
laboratory shall report both the temperature and humidity
50 mm ⁄min. For materials that break at a strain less than 10 %,
conditions during the conditioning procedure.
use a test speed of 5 mm ⁄min.
NOTE 12—When the temperature in the molding area exceeds 28 °C or
13.1.3 Flexural Modulus (Chord Modulus)—Using ISO
the humidity level exceeds 60 % (applies only to filled material) speci-
178, determine a chord modulus between 0.0005 mm ⁄mm and
mens shall be moved as quickly as possible to the controlled or standard
0.0025 mm ⁄mm strain using a rectangular 80 mm by 10 mm by
laboratory atmosphere.
4 mm specimen cut from the center of an unannealed ISO
NOTE 13—Acceptable storage mediums include boxes, paper bags or
envelopes, plastic bags, or racks, whichever is most practical for the
20753 Type A1 multipurpose specimen. Set the test span at
laboratory storing the specimens.
64 mm and test speed to 2 mm ⁄min. The support rods and
12.1.2 Testing, except for those tests where a test time is loading nose shall be 5 mm 6 0.1 mm in radius. Test results
shall be corrected for machine compliance.
specified, shall be conducted within 40 h to 96 h after molding.
This test time range shall apply to all testing conducted for
NOTE 17—If the ISO 20753 Type A1 specimens were molded on a mold
development of a line callout, data for publication, for
containing a draft angle, the specimens will be trapezoidal. Therefore, the
certification, or for cases of dispute over testing values.
flexural modulus may vary slightly, depending on which side is placed
away from the loading nose.
12.1.3 Specimens that are to be tested for Izod or Charpy
impact shall be notched within 1 h to 16 h after molding. Once
13.1.4 Charpy Impact Resistance—The center section of an
notched the specimens shall condition for a minimum of 40 h
unannealed ISO 20753 Type A1 multipurpose bar shall be
before testing. Specimens shall be tested within 96 h after
tested in accordance with ISO 179, Method 1A, with the
molding.
V-notch having 0.25 mm radius at bottom. The test temperature
is 23 °C.
NOTE 14—Extending the conditioning time may result in increased or
decreased test results. Polypropylene properties change with time as a 13.1.5 Falling Mass Impact Resistance—Testing shall be
result of amorphous densification and, in some cases, due to a small
conducted in accordance with ISO 6603-2, with a 60 mm
degree of secondary crystallization in the rubbery phase.
diameter by 2 mm thick specimen or a 60 mm square by 2 mm
12.2 Test Conditions: thick supported by a 40 mm diameter ring and impacted with a
D5857 − 17 (2024)
Table 4, ISO 10350, and ISO 11403-2.
20 mm diameter dart utilizing either the variable height or
variable weight method. Determine the total energy to failure.
14. Inspection and Certification
NOTE 18—The square specimen is preferred as this specimen may also
14.1 Inspection and certification of the material supplied
be used to measure mold shrinkage properties.
under this classification system shall be for conformance to the
13.1.6 Temperature of Deflection Under Load—Using ISO
requirements specified herein.
75-1 and 75-2, test a rectangular 80 mm by 10 mm by 4 mm
14.2 Lot-acceptance inspection shall be the basis on which
specimen cut from the center of an unannealed ISO 20753,
acceptance or rejection of the lot is made. The lot-acceptance
Type A1 multipurpose specimen in the flatwise position. A load
inspection shall consist of those tests that ensure process
is applied at the center of the specimen to give a fiber stress of
control during manufacture as well as those necessary to ensure
1.8 MPa.
certifiability. Tests are melt flow rate, percent of reinforcement
13.1.7 Multiaxial Impact Ductile-Brittle Transition
or filler, tensile stress at yield, flexural modulus, Charpy
Temperature—Test Method D3763 shall be used to test speci-
impact, and temperature of deflection under load (HDT).
mens 3.2 mm thick and equal to or greater than 100 mm in
diameter. The test speeds shall be 2.2 m ⁄s and 6.6 m ⁄s with the
14.3 Periodic check inspection shall consist of the tests
12.7 mm diameter impact dart and 76 mm support ring. The
specified for all requirements of the material under this
temperature at which a minimum of 80 % of the specimens
classification system. Inspection frequency shall be adequate to
exhibit ductile failure shall be determined based on the
ensure that the material is certifiable in accordance with 14.4.
definitions listed in Section 3. This temperature shall be
14.4 Certification shall be that the material was
determined by either a standard graphical method or through a
manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance
probability graph method. When using the standard graphical
with this specification and that the average values meet the
method to determine the passing temperature, it is necessary to
requirements at a confidence level of 95 %.
repeat this procedure of testing ten specimens at a series of
14.5 A report of the test results shall be furnished when
temperatures differing by uniform increments of 5 °C. The
transition region of the curve shall be established using either requested. The report shall consist of results of the lot-
acceptance inspection for the shipment and results of the most
5 °C or 10 °C increments, but 5 °C increments must be used
recent periodic-check inspection.
when testing in the transition temperature region. When using
probability graph paper, it is not necessary to obtain the lowest
15. Packaging and Package Marking
no failure temperatures, at which no failure is obtained, nor the
highest failure temperature. Draw a straight line through a
15.1 The provision of Practices D3892 apply for packaging,
minimum of four points, two above and two below the 20 %
packing, and marking of plastic materials.
failure point. The temperature indicated at the intersection of
the data line with the 20 % failure line shall be reported as the
16. Keywords
ductile-brittle temperature or 80 % passing temperature.
16.1 injection and extrusion materials; polypropylene; re-
NOTE 19—Additional test methods for characterization can be found in cycled
TABLE PP Requirements for Unreinforced, Reinforced, and Filled Polypropylene
Charpy Deflection
Tensile Flexural
Density,
Nominal
Impact Temperature
A Stress at Modulus
Maximum,
Flow Rate,
Resistance at 1.8 MPa
Yield, (Chord),
ISO 1133, ISO 1183,
Group Description Class Description Grade Description at 23 °C, Stress,
3 B
Condition ISO 527, ISO 178,
kg/m ,
ISO 179, ISO 75-2
230/2.16,
(for reference minimum, minimum,
minimum, Flatwise,
g/10 min
only)
MPa MPa
kJ/m minimum, °C
01 Homopolymer 1 general 1 unfilled #0.3 26 1075 3.5 48
purpose 2 unfilled >0.3 #1.0 26 1025 3.1 48
3 unfilled >1.0 #3.0 26 1025 2.9 46
4 unfilled >3.0 #7.0 26 975 2.5 45
5 unfilled >7.0 #20 24.5 875 2.1 45
6 unfilled >20 #40 23.5 825 1.9 43
7 unfilled >40 #100 22.5 825 1.7 43
8 unfilled >100 #200 21.5 875 1.7 43
9 unfilled >200 20 875 1.4 46
0 other
2 nucleated 1 unfilled >1.0 #3.0 31.5 1375 3.1 53
2 unfilled >1.0 #3.0 29 1175 3.1 50
3 unfilled >3.0 #7.0 29 1175 2.6 53
4 unfilled >3.0 #7.0 29 1175 2.5 50
5 unfilled >7.0 #20 28.5 1175 2.4 52
6 unfilled >7.0 #20 27 1175 2.1 49
7 unfilled >20 27 1075 2.1 47
0 other
3 high 1 unfilled #1.0 36 2050 2.5 53
crystallinity 2 unfilled >1.0 #3.0 34 1850 2.5 53
3 unfilled >3.0 #7.0 34 1650 2.5 53
D5857 − 17 (2024)
TABLE PP Requirements for Unreinforced, Reinforced, and Filled Polypropylene
Charpy Deflection
Tensile Flexural
Density,
Nominal
Impact Temperature
A Stress at Modulus
Maximum,
Flow Rate,
Resistance at 1.8 MPa
Yield, (Chord),
ISO 1133, ISO 1183,
Group Description Class Description Grade Description at 23 °C, Stress,
3 B
Condition ISO 527, ISO 178,
kg/m ,
ISO 179, ISO 75-2
230/2.16,
(for reference minimum, minimum,
minimum, Flatwise,
g/10 min
only)
MPa MPa
kJ/m minimum, °C
4 unfilled >7.0 #20 31 1425 2.6 52
5 unfilled >20 #40 28.5 1325 2.8 50
6 unfilled >40 24.5 1325 3.0 50
0 other
0 other 0 other
02 Refer to
Appendix
Appendix
X1.
03 Refer to
Appendix
Appendix
X1.
04 Refer to
Appendix
Appendix
X1.
05 Homopolymer, 1 general 1 unfilled #0.3 26 1075 3.5 48
Heat- purpose
stabilized
2 unfilled >0.3 #1.0
...