ASTM D88-94(2005)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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American Association State
Designation: D 88 – 94 (Reapproved 2005) Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No: T72
Method 304—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Replaces Method 4285 of Federal Test
Method Standard No. 141A
Standard Test Method for
Saybolt Viscosity
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD 88;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Tester
1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for
D117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifica-
determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities
tions for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
and 99°C (70 and 210°F). A special procedure for waxy
D 244 Test Methods for Emulsified Asphalts
products is indicated.
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
NOTE 1—Test Methods D 445 and D 2170 are preferred for the deter-
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
mination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and less
Viscosity)
time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be con-
D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to
verted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D 2161.Itis
Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather
than Saybolt viscosities. D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
(Bitumens)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Petroleum Products
only.
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Petroleum Products
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1 Specification forASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Purposes
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E 102 Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of Bitumi-
nous Materials at High Temperatures
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Furol—an acronym of “Fuel and road oils.”
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing 3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscosity—the corrected efflux time in
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.05 on
seconds of 60 mLof sample flowing through a calibrated Furol
Solvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and Waterproofing.
orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally
reported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS, at a
approved in 1921. In 1923, combined with former Methods D 47. Last previous
edition approved in 1999 as D 88 – 94 (1999).
specified temperature.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscosity—the corrected efflux time
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Universal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 88 – 94 (2005)
value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviated 5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-
SUS, at a specified temperature. nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test
Method E 102.
4. Summary of Test Method
6. Apparatus
4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowing
through a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefully 6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 and
controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice
described in Annex A1.
factor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that
6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown in Fig. 2.
temperature.
6.3 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.
6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers, as listed in Table 1, for
5. Significance and Use
reading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shall
conform to the requirements listed in SpecificationE1 for that
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain
ASTM Thermometer Number.
petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity
of shipments and sources of supply. 6.5 Bath Thermometers—Saybolt Viscosity thermometers,
or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-
5.2 SeeGuideD117forapplicabilitytomineraloilsusedas
electrical insulating oils. racy.
6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped with
5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth
the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for interchangeable 150-µm (No. 100) and 75-µm (No. 200)
wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of Specification
characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and
other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities E11 with respect to the wire cloth.
greater than 1000 s. 6.7 Receiving Flask, as shown in Fig. 5.
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol Orifice
D 88 – 94 (2005)
TABLE 1 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers
Standard Test ASTM
Thermometer
Temperature Thermometer
Range° C (°F) Subdivisions,° C (°F)
°C (°F) No.
21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)
(66to80)
25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27 0.1 (0.2)
(66to80)
37.8 (100) 18C (18F) 34 to 42 0.1 (0.2)
(94 to 108)
50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57 0.1 (0.2)
(120 to 134)
60.0 (140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65 0.1 (0.2)
(134 to 148)
82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87 0.1 (0.2)
(174 to 188)
98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103 0.1 (0.2)
(204 to 218)
6.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate to
within 0.1 % when tested over a 60-min interval. Electric
timers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequency
circuit.
7. Sampling
7.1 SamplethematerialinaccordancewithPracticesD 140,
D 4057, or D 4177, as appropriate.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil-
lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desired
accuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than 1000 s are not
conveniently tested with this orifice.
8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with
efflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. See
also 5.3.
8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriate
solvent of low toxicity; then remove all solvent from the
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
viscometeranditsgallery.Cleanthereceivingflaskinthesame
FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
manner.
NOTE 2—The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer should
never be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim and
walls of the viscometer.
8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where they
will not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in air tempera-
ture, and dust or vapors that might contaminate a sample.
8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometer
so that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm
(4to5in.)belowthebottomoftheviscometertube,andsothat
the stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask.
8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) above the overflow
rim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath medium
selected from Table 2.
8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for the
bath so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer
will not vary more than 60.03°C (60.05°F) after reaching the
selected test temperature.
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperatures
FIG. 3 Thermometer Support
below the dew point of the room’s atmosphere.
D 88 – 94 (2005)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
F 5 V/t (1)
8.9 For calibration and referee tests, keep the room tem-
perature between 20 and 30°C (68 and 86°F), and record the
actual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38°C
where:
(100°F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 %.
V = certified Saybolt viscosity of the standard, and
t = measured efflux time at 37.8°C (100°F), s.
9. Calibration and Standardization
9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at periodic
NOTE 3—Ifthecalibrationisbasedonaviscosityoilstandardhavingan
efflux time between 200 and 600 s, the correction factor applies to all
intervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8°C (100°F) of an
viscosity levels at all temperatures.
appropriate viscosity oil standard, following the procedure
given in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standards
9.3 Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 50.0°C
available.
(122°F) in the sam
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