ASTM G164-99(2023)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G164 − 99 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, μ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
sionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
other.
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.3 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
the web by the inclined plane method. The objective of the test
between them.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.4 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
bodies.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.5 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
standard.
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.7 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:
from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
Photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining
balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the
Lubrication
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the
3. Terminology
rider breaks away.
3.1 Definitions:
4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. The
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
system.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as G164 – 99 (2018).
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
DOI: 10.1520/G0164-99R23.
manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G164 − 99 (2023)
of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very 6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or it
expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis shall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sided
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple pressure sensitive adhesive.
friction test like this one performs this function. 6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered with
smooth uninterrupted motion and it shall have a means of
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
clamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakaway
the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
occurs.
at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the 6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax, nation of the inclined plane (θ) when rider motion occurs. This
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally gage on the device. A suitable device for angle measurement is
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef- an electronic level. These devices present a digital angle
ficient of friction of the test samples is compared with the readout to two places. The devices reputedly are accurate to
coefficient of friction of the unlubricated reference specimens 60.1°. The least count on the angle-measuring protractor shall
to determine if a lubricant is present. be 1°.
7. Test Procedure
6. Apparatus
7.1 Sample Preparation—Test samples shall be the thick-
6.1 Friction Slider—The rider in this friction test is a
ness of the test material with a width between 25 mm and
U-shaped device with a paper clip inserted in the center. This
35 mm and a length of at least 150 mm. Take care to not
rider slides on the test web t
...