ASTM D8048-24

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8048 − 24
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-13 Diesel Engine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is written for use by laboratories that use the portions of the test method that refer
to ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) services (see Annex A1 – Annex A4).
The TMC provides reference oils, and engineering and statistical services to laboratories that desire
to produce test results that are statistically similar to those produced by laboratories previously
calibrated by the TMC.
In general, the Test Purchaser decides if a calibrated test stand is to be used. Organizations such as
the American Chemistry Council require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services as part of their test
registration process. In addition, the American Petroleum Institute and the Gear Lubricant Review
Committee of the Lubricant Review Institute (SAE International) require that a laboratory use the
TMC services in seeking qualification of oils against their specifications.
The advantage of using the TMC services to calibrate test stands is that the test laboratory (and
hence the Test Purchaser) has an assurance that the test stand was operating at the proper level of test
severity. It should also be borne in mind that results obtained in a non-calibrated test stand may not
be the same as those obtained in a test stand participating in the ASTM TMC services process.
Laboratories that choose not to use the TMC services may simply disregard these portions.
ASTM International policy is to encourage the development of test procedures based on generic
equipment. It is recognized that there are occasions where critical/sole-source equipment has been
approved by the technical committee (surveillance panel/task force) and is required by the test
procedure. The technical committee that oversees the test procedure is encouraged to clearly identify
if the part is considered critical in the test procedure. If a part is deemed to be critical, ASTM
encourages alternative suppliers to be given the opportunity for consideration of supplying the critical
part/component providing they meet the approval process set forth by the technical committee.
An alternative supplier can start the process by initiating contact with the technical committee
(current chairs shown on ASTM TMC website). The supplier should advise on the details of the part
that is intended to be supplied. The technical committee will review the request and determine
feasibility of an alternative supplier for the requested replacement critical part. In the event that a
replacement critical part has been identified and proven equivalent the sole-source supplier footnote
shall be removed from the test procedure.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
evaluating diesel engine oils for oxidation performance char-
Subcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
acteristics in an engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
ɛ1
and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. This test method
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D8048 – 21a . DOI:
10.1520/D8048-24.
is commonly referred to as the Volvo T-13.
The ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method by
means of Information Letters. Information letters may be obtained from the ASTM
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Test Monitoring Center, 203 Armstrong Drive, Freeport, PA 16229, Attention:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Director. This edition incorporates revisions in all Information Letters through No.
standard.
23-1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8048 − 24
1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, D3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel
such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/ Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography
diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
specifications. Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fuels, and Lubricants
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
trometry
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4485 Specification for Performance of Active API Service
See Annex A10 for specific safety precautions.
Category Engine Oils
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid Titration
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
etry (ICP-AES)
D5186 Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic
2. Referenced Documents
Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fuels By Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Closed Cup Tester
D5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
T-8 Diesel Engine
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic Wavelength
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer/Method)
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
Determine Conformance with Specifications
ity)
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
2.2 National Archives and Records Administration:
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 86.310-79
Petroleum Products
D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
3. Terminology
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
3.1 Definitions:
by Potentiometric Titration
3.1.1 blind reference oil, n—a reference oil, the identity of
D976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate
which is unknown by the test facility.
Fuels
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is coded reference oil that is
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
submitted by a source independent from the test facility. D4175
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel
3.1.2 blowby, n—in internal combustion engines, that por-
Oil (Accelerated Method)
tion of the combustion products and unburned air/fuel mixture
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
that leaks past piston rings into the engine crankcase during
and Liquid Fuels
operation.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
3.1.3 calibrate, v—to determine the indication or output of a
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
device (for example, thermometer, manometer, and engine)
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
with respect to that of a standard.
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
3.1.4 candidate oil, n—an oil that is intended to have the
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification
tion of Aviation Fuels
and is intended to be tested against that specification. D4175
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
D8048 − 24
3.1.5 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), n—the mixing of warm-up and a 1 h break-in are followed by a single-phase test
exhaust gas with intake air to reduce the formation of nitrogen consisting of 360 h at 1500 r/min and fuel flow of 68.0 kg/h.
oxides (NO ). D4175
x
4.2 Take oil samples periodically and analyze for viscosity
3.1.6 heavy-duty, adj—in internal combustion engine
increase, oxidation, and wear metals content.
operation, characterized by average speeds, power output and
4.3 Rebuild the engine prior to each test. Disassemble,
internal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.
solvent-clean, measure, and rebuild the engine power section
D4175
using all new pistons, rings, cylinder liners, and connecting rod
3.1.7 heavy-duty engine, n—in internal combustion engine
bearings, in strict accordance with furnished specifications.
types, one that is designed to allow operation continuously at or
4.4 Solvent-clean the engine crankcase and replace worn or
close to its peak output.
defective parts.
3.1.8 non-reference oil, n—any oil other than a reference
4.5 Equip the test stand with appropriate accessories for
oil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-
controlling speed, fuel flow, and various engine operating
date oil. D4175
conditions.
3.1.9 non-standard test, n—a test that is not conducted in
conformance with the requirements in the standard test
5. Significance and Use
method; such as running on an uncalibrated test stand, using
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxida-
different test equipment, applying different equipment assem-
tion resistance performance of engine oils in turbocharged and
bly procedures, or using modified operating conditions. D4175
intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR and
3.1.10 oxidation, n—of engine oil, the reaction of the oil
running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Obtain results from
with an electron acceptor, generally oxygen, that can produce
used oil analysis and component measurements before and
deleterious acidic or resinous materials often manifested as
after test.
sludge formation, varnish formation, viscosity increase, or
corrosion, or combination thereof. 5.2 The test method may be used for engine oil specification
acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.
3.1.11 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance
characteristics, used as a basis for comparison.
6. Apparatus
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Reference oils are used to calibrate
6.1 General Description:
testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or
6.1.1 The test engine is a Volvo/Mack D13/MP8, electroni-
to evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact with
cally controlled fuel injection with six electronic unit injectors.
oils. D4175
It is an open-chamber, in-line, six-cylinder, four-stroke,
3.1.12 sludge, n—in internal combustion engines, a deposit,
turbocharged, charge air-cooled, and compression ignition
principally composed of insoluble resins and oxidation prod-
engine.
ucts from fuel combustion and the lubricant that does not drain
6.1.2 The ambient laboratory atmosphere shall be relatively
from engine parts but can be removed by wiping with a cloth.
free of dirt and other contaminants as required by good
D4175
laboratory standards. Filtering air, controlling temperature, and
3.1.13 standard test, n—a test on a calibrated test stand,
controlling humidity in the engine buildup area helps prevent
using the prescribed equipment in accordance with the require-
accumulation of dirt and other contaminants on engine parts
ments in the test method, and conducted in accordance with the
and aids in measuring and selecting parts for assembly.
specified operating conditions.
6.2 Test Engine:
3.1.14 test parameter, n—a specified component, property,
6.2.1 Volvo T-13 Test Engine—The engine is available from
or condition of a test procedure.
TEI. A list of test parts to be replaced for each test is shown in
3.1.14.1 Discussion—Examples of components are fuel, Table A6.1. Use test parts on a first-in/first-out basis. A
lubricant, reagent, cleaner, and sealer; of properties are density, complete engine parts list is available from the TMC website.
temperature, humidity, pressure, and viscosity; and of condi- 6.2.1.1 The engine should be mounted with the flywheel
tions are flow rate, time, speed, volume, length, and power. perpendicular to the floor and tilted 4° toward the intake
D4175
manifold side of the engine.
3.1.15 varnish, n—in internal combustion engines, a hard, 6.2.2 Engine Cooling System:
dry, generally lustrous deposit that can be removed by solvents
6.2.2.1 Use a new Volvo or Mack branded coolant filter,
but not by wiping with a cloth. D4175 without additives, every test, to limit scaling in the cooling
system. Pressurize the system at the expansion tank to 103 kPa.
3.1.16 wear, n—the loss of material from a surface, gener-
Use the coolant described in 7.3.1.
ally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, and
6.2.2.2 Remove the thermostat and replace it with a sleeve
resulting from mechanical or chemical action or a combination
(P/N 21474103) and seal (P/N 1549651).
of both. D4175
6.2.2.3 Use a closed-loop, pressurized external engine cool-
4. Summary of Test Method
ing system composed of a heat exchanger, reservoir, and
4.1 The test operation involves use of a Volvo/Mack D13/ water-out temperature control valve. The system shall prevent
MP8 diesel engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). A air entrainment and control jacket temperatures within the
D8048 − 24
specified limit. Install a sight glass between the engine and the blowby meter downstream of the collection bucket. The slope
cooling tower to check for air entrainment and uniform flow in of the blowby line downstream of the collection bucket is
an effort to observe and prevent localized boiling. unspecified.
6.2.2.4 Use a closed-loop, pressurized external EGR cool-
6.2.6 Air Supply and Filtration—Use an air filter element
ing system composed of a heat exchanger, reservoir, and and a filter housing appropriate for a heavy duty engine. Install
coolant-out temperature control valve. The system shall pre- an adjustable valve in the inlet air system at least 2 pipe
vent air entrainment and control jacket temperatures within the diameters before any temperature, pressure and humidity
specified limit. Install a sight glass between the EGR cooler measurement devices. Use the valve to maintain inlet air
and the cooling tower to check for air entrainment and uniform restriction within required specifications.
flow in an effort to observe and prevent localized boiling. The
6.2.6.1 If so equipped remove the inlet air pre-heater ele-
coolant flow direction is to be parallel (concurrent) with the
ment and its housing and replace it with an non-heater-
EGR gas flow.
equipped housing. The part number for the non-heated housing
6.2.3 Auxiliary Oil System: is 20730387. This unit also requires bolts (P/N 965184),
washers (P/N 976944) and gaskets (P/N 3979639).
6.2.3.1 To maintain a constant oil level in the pan, provide
an additional 9.5 L sump by using a separate closed tank 6.2.7 Fuel Supply—Heating, cooling, or both of the fuel
connected to the sump. Circulate oil through the tank with an supply may be required, and a recommended system is shown
auxiliary pump. The system schematic is shown in Fig. A5.1. in Fig. A5.34.
The supply line to the tank from the sump is to have an inside
6.2.8 Intake Manifold Temperature Control—Use an inter-
diameter of 16 mm. The return line from the tank to the sump
cooler to control intake manifold temperature. Intercooler shall
is to have an inside diameter of 12 mm. Use a vent line with a
meet the following specifications: pressure drop at test condi-
minimum inside diameter of 13 mm. Return line from external
tions ≤5 kPa, provide enough cooling capacity to maintain
oil vessel connected to center of compressor block-off plate.
specified Intake Manifold temperature, and equipped with
Refer to Fig. A5.2. Vent of external oil vessel connected to
drain to remove condensate.
cylinder head cover between cylinder 1 and cylinder 2 (see
6.2.9 Fuel Pressure Regulator—Use a P/N 691GC227M2
attached). Max length of supply and return line combined:
fuel pressure regulator.
5.4 m (18 ft).
6.2.10 Engine Control Module (ECM)—Load the test flash
6.2.3.2 Use a front mount steel oil pan (P/N 21585801) with
file 357309A59 T13 OFFICIAL FINAL Oct 2014 30 Inlet Air.
gasket (P/N 21293367). Remove the oil level sensor. Locate
6.2.11 Exhaust Valvetrain (Rocker Arms and Rocker Arm
the auxiliary oil system suction line on the exhaust side of the
Shaft)—Use PVD coated exhaust rocker arms (P/N 21474103)
oil pan, down from the oil pan rail 245 mm, and back from the
with PVD coated rocker arm shaft (P/N 21534995).
front of the pan 157 mm. Refer to Fig. A5.3. Connect the
6.2.12 Camshaft—Use a non-engine brake camshaft (P/N
auxiliary oil system return line to the air compressor block off
21219818) with a Dummy Solenoid Valve (P/N 21105100).
plate on the rear timing gear cover. Connect the auxiliary oil
6.2.13 Oil Mist Separator Speed Sensor—Use Detroit Die-
scale vent line to the top of the auxiliary oil sump bucket and
sel P/N A0061535528 speed sensor with Detroit Diesel P/N
the valve cover.
5 A4720180340 bracket and Detroit Diesel P/N A0001506336
6.2.3.3 Use Viking Pump Model SG053514 as the auxiliary
connector.
oil pumps. Pump speed is specified as 1725 r/min.
6.2.14 Compressor Block Off Plate—Use Volvo Penta P/N
6.2.3.4 Oil Sampling Port: Size: ⁄4 in. (No. 4 Aeroquip or
21226107.
equivalent), Max. Length: 2.43 m, Port Location on side of oil
6.2.15 Turbocharger Inlet Rubber Hose, P/N 21659720.
filter housing. Refer to Fig. A5.4.
6.2.16 Cool the crank damper with an appropriate method (a
6.2.3.5 Pressurized Oil Filling Connection, see Fig. A5.5,
fan has been known to cool the damper).
between the oil cooler and the oil filter housing.
6.2.17 Injector (6), P/N 22027808. Use graphite paste P/N
6.2.4 Oil Cooling System:
85134750 for installation.
6.2.4.1 Use a US07 Oil Filter Housing (P/N 21183257) and
6.2.18 Turbocharger, P/N 85136177 with gasket with large
remove the oil thermostat. See Figs. A6.2 and A6.3.
opening P/N 20781146.
6.2.5 Blowby Meter—Use a meter capable of providing data
6.2.19 Oil Cooler, ITT Model SSCF 5-160-03-014-004 two
at a minimum frequency of 6 min. To prevent blowby conden-
pass, all stainless steel; remove cooler core and baffle from
sate from draining back into the engine, ensure the blowby line
engine (right side); plumb the cooler with 1 in. (No. 16
has a downward slope to a collection bucket. Ensure the
Aeroquip or equivalent) flex lines with a combined max length
collection bucket has a minimum volume of 18.9 L. Locate the
to and from cooler to be 91.4 cm. Plumb the oil line to the shell
side of the cooler and plumb process water to the tube side of
the cooler.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
6.2.20 Remove the vanes and cartridge from fuel and
is Viking Pump, Inc., a unit of IDEX Corporation, 406 State Street, P.O. Box 8,
Cedar Falls, IA 50613-0008. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide steering pump assembly.
this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
6.2.21 Flywheel, P/N 20941525 21514067.
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
you may attend. 6.2.22 Volvo/Mack Valve Cover, P/N 20728586.
D8048 − 24
6.2.23 Crank Pulley, P/N 20799474; fan pulley P/N 7. Engine Fluids
20872502; belt idler (including pulley) P/N 20582550; belt
7.1 Test Oil—Approximately 76 L of test oil are required for
tensioner P/N 21779276; belt P/N 88GB447P615 for correct
the test.
water pump speed.
7.2 Test Fuel—Obtain the ultra-low sulfur PC-10 diesel test
6.2.24 Leave the ambient temperature sensor disconnected.
fuel from a surveillance panel approved supplier. The TMC
6.2.25 Remove after treatment fuel doser and install con-
maintains a list of approved fuel suppliers. The fuel shall have
nector jumper. Run with fault codes as shown in Annex A9.
the properties and tolerances shown in the “PC-10 Fuel
6.2.26 EGR Cooler and Coolant Passage Cover—Modify
Specification” section of the “TMC-Monitored Test Fuel
the coolant passage cover as show in Fig. A5.34. Use the
Specifications” document maintained by the TMC.
fabricated EGR cooler adapter shown in Fig. A5.35 to connect
the EGR cooler inlet to the closed loop external EGR coolant
7.3 Coolant:
system specified in 6.2.2.4. 7.3.1 Coolant, Chevron Delo Extended Life Coolant diluted
6.2.27 Fuel Filter Housing, P/N 21336013.
50/50
6.2.28 Fuel Filter, P/N 20972295. P/N 227811 50/50 pre-mixed
6.2.29 Fuel Water Separator, P/N 21380521 (plastic bowl/ P/N 227808 concentrated
drain P/N 21337071).
7.3.2 The EGR coolant is not specified and is at the
6.2.30 CO Intake and Exhaust Measurements: Same probe discretion of the lab.
specifications as Mack T-12; Cool sample to a Dew Point
7.4 Cleaning Materials:
≤5 °C.
7.4.1 For cleaning engine parts, use only mineral spirits
(solvent) meeting the requirements in Specification D235, Type
II, Class C for Aromatic Content (0 % to 2 % by volume),
TABLE 1 Test Conditions
Flash Point (142 °C, min) and Color (not darker that +25 on
Parameters Limits
Saybolt Scale or 25 on Pt-Co Scale), refer to A6.4.
Time, h 360
(Warning—Combustible. Health hazard.) Obtain a Certificate
A
Controlled Parameters
of Analysis for each batch of solvent from the supplier.
Speed, r/min 1500
Fuel flow kg/h 68 7.4.2 Pentane. (Warning—Flammable. Health hazard.)
Coolant Out Temp, °C 110
Oil Gallery Temp, °C 130
8. Preparation of Apparatus at Rebuild
Inlet Air Temp, °C 30
Inlet Manifold Temp, °C 78
8.1 Cleaning of Parts:
EGR Gas Out Temp, °C 120
8.1.1 Engine Block—Thoroughly spray the engine with
Fuel In Temp, °C 35
solvent to remove any oil remaining from the previous test and
Inlet Air Pressure, kPa (absolute) 94
Exhaust Back Pressure, kPa (absolute) 115.3
air-dry. Follow the optional use of an engine parts washer by a
Inlet Manifold Pressure, kPa (gauge) 232 ± 5
solvent wash.
Inlet Air Humidity Ratio, (g/kg) 11.4
B
8.1.2 Rocker Covers and Oil Pan—Remove all sludge,
Ranged Parameters
Intake CO 2.01 to 2.11
2 varnish and oil deposits. Rinse with solvent and air-dry. Follow
Engine Coolant Blanket Pressure, kPa 99 to 107
the optional use of an engine parts washer by a solvent wash.
(gauge)
8.1.3 Auxiliary Oil System—Flush all oil lines, galleries and
EGR Coolant Blanket Pressure, kPa (gauge) 99 to 140
Crankcase Pressure, kPa –0.3 to 0.3
external oil reservoirs with solvent to remove any previous test
Uncontrolled Parameters
oil and then air-dry.
Load, N·m 2200
8.1.4 Oil Cooler and Oil Filter—Flush the oil cooler and
Exhaust CO , % Record
Coolant In Temp, °C Record
filter lines with solvent to remove any previous test oil and then
Crankcase Pressure, kPa Record
air-dry. Follow the optional use of an engine parts washer by a
Pre-Turbine Temp (F), °C Record
solvent wash.
Pre-Turbine Temp (R), °C Record
Tailpipe Temp, °C Record
8.1.5 Cylinder Head—Clean the cylinder heads using a wire
Main Gallery Oil Pressure, kPa Record
brush to remove deposits and rinse with solvent to remove any
Oil Sump Temp, °C Record
sludge and oil and then air-dry. Follow the optional use of an
Oil Jet Temp, °C Record
Oil Jet Pressure, kPa Record
engine parts washer by a solvent wash.
Fuel Gallery Temp, °C Record
8.1.6 Intake Manifold—Clean the intake manifold before
Fuel Gallery Pressure, kPa Record
Intercooler Out Temp, °C Record each test. Scrub the manifold using a nylon brush and solvent,
Intercooler Out Pressure, kPa Record
and then wash the manifold using an engine parts washer.
Compressor Out Temp, °C Record
8.1.7 EGR Cooler—Replacing or cleaning of the EGR
Compressor Out Pressure, kPa Record
coolers is at the test laboratory’s discretion. An example of a
Room Temp, °C Record
EGR Position, % Record
successful cleaning method is available from the Test Moni-
VGT Position, % Record
toring Center (TMC) (Annex A1 explains the function of the
Throttle Position, % Record
Blowby, L/min Record TMC).
Inlet Air Dew Point, °C Record
A
All control parameters shall be targeted at the mean indicated.
B
Available from https://www.astmtmc.org/ftp/docs/fuel/
All ranged parameters shall fall within the specified ranges.
tmc-monitored%20test%20fuel%20specifications.pdf.
D8048 − 24
8.1.8 EGR Venturi Unit—Clean the venturi before each test. 8.5.2.4 Overhaul gasket set.
Spray with solvent and scrub with a nylon brush. Further
8.5.2.5 Oil filters.
instruction can be found in the Volvo Service Manual.
8.5.2.6 Engine coolant conditioner.
8.5.2.7 Primary fuel filter.
8.2 Valves, Seats, Guides, and Springs:
8.5.2.8 Secondary fuel filter.
8.2.1 Visually inspect valves, seats, and springs for defects
or heavy wear and replace if necessary. Replacement of the 8.5.2.9 Valve stem seals.
valves, guides, and seat inserts for each test is recommended,
8.5.2.10 Valve guides.
but not required. Refer to the Volvo service manual for cylinder
8.5.2.11 Connecting rod bearings.
head rebuilding procedure.
8.5.2.12 Main bearings.
8.5.2.13 Thrust washers.
8.3 Cylinder Liner, Piston, and Piston Ring Assembly:
8.3.1 Cylinder Liner Fitting—For proper heat transfer, fit 8.5.2.14 Oil Mist Separator Unit.
cylinder liners to the block using the procedure outlined in the
8.6 Measurements:
Volvo Service Manual.
8.6.1 Calibrations—Calibrate thermocouples, pressure
8.3.2 Piston and Rings—Cylinder liners, pistons, and rings
gauges, speed, torque and fuel flow measuring equipment prior
are provided as a set and shall be used as a set. Examine piston
to each reference oil test or at any time readout data indicates
rings for any handling damage. Record the pre-test measure-
a need. Conduct calibrations with at least two points that
ments as detailed in 11.1.
bracket the normal operating range. Make these calibrations
8.4 Injectors:
part of the laboratory record. During calibration, connect leads,
8.4.1 Injectors—The electronic unit injectors (EUI) may be
hoses and readout systems in the normally used manner and
changed at any time using the procedure specified in the Volvo
calibrate with necessary standards. For controlled
Service Manual. Be sure to enter the EUI’s calibration code
temperatures, immerse thermocouples in calibration baths.
into the Engine Control Module (ECM). The calibration code
Calibrate standards with instruments traceable to the National
can be found on the EUI label.
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on a yearly
basis.
8.5 Assembly Instructions:
8.6.2 Temperatures:
8.5.1 General—The test parts specified for this test are
8.6.2.1 General—Measure temperatures with thermo-
intended to be used without material or dimensional modifica-
couples and conventional readout equipment or equivalent. For
tion. An exception, for example, is approval of a temporary
temperatures in the 0 °C to 150 °C range, calibrate temperature
parts supply problem by the surveillance panel, and noting this
measuring systems to +0.5 °C for at least two temperatures that
approval in the test report. All replacement test engine parts
bracket the normal operating range. Insert all thermocouples so
shall be genuine Volvo parts. Assemble all parts as illustrated
that the tips are located midstream of the flow unless otherwise
in the Volvo Service Manual except where otherwise noted.
indicated.
Target all dimensions for the means of the specifications. Use
Bulldog Oil for lubricating parts during assembly; see A6.7. 8.6.2.2 Ambient Air—Locate thermocouple in a convenient,
8.5.1.1 Thermostat—Replace the thermostat with sleeve well-ventilated position from the engine and hot accessories.
21474103. See Fig. A6.1.
8.6.2.3 Coolant—Locate the coolant-out thermocouple in
8.5.1.2 Connecting Rod Bearings—Install new connecting
the water elbow flange after the thermostat housing. Locate it
rod bearings for each test. See 10.1 for recording pre-test
in the center of the water stream. Refer to Fig. A5.7. Locate the
measurements.
coolant-in thermocouple near the connection to the engine, as
8.5.1.3 Main Bearings—Install new main bearings for each
shown in Fig. A5.8.
test.
8.6.2.4 Oil Gallery—Locate thermocouple on the left gal-
8.5.1.4 Piston Under-Crown Cooling Nozzles—Particular
lery of the engine (intake side), as shown in Fig. A5.9. Insertion
care shall be taken in assembling the piston under-crown
depth of 64.2 mm from face of engine block.
cooling nozzles to insure proper piston cooling (as outlined in
8.6.2.5 Oil Sump Temperature—Using a front oil pan
the Volvo Service Manual ).
configuration, locate a thermocouple on the intake side of the
oil pan, 158.8 mm from the front of the pan and 254 mm from
NOTE 1—Proper oil pressure is also important to assure sufficient oil
the top of the pan rail. Insertion depth shall be 76.2 mm to
volume for proper cooling.
27 mm from the inside wall of the oil pan. Refer to Fig. A5.6
8.5.1.5 Thrust Washers—Install new thrust washers for each
and Fig. A5.10.
test.
8.6.2.6 Inlet Air Temperature—Locate the inlet air thermo-
8.5.2 New Parts—Use test parts on a first-in/first-out basis.
couple in the center of the air stream leading to the turbo-
Install the following new parts for each rebuild; see Table A6.1
charger inlet, with the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 below and
for part numbers:
pictured in Fig. A5.11.
8.5.2.1 Cylinder liners.
8.6.2.7 Fuel-In—Locate thermocouple at connection of fuel
8.5.2.2 Pistons.
inlet fitting on the intake side of the engine, as shown in Fig.
8.5.2.3 Piston rings.
A5.12.
8.6.2.8 Exhaust Tailpipe—Locate a thermocouple in the
Volvo Service Manuals are available from local Mack Trucks, Inc. distributors. exhaust pipe downstream of the exhaust back pressure tap and
D8048 − 24
FIG. 1 Inlet Air Piping for the Turbocharger
CO probe using the dimensions shown below in Fig. 2 and 8.6.2.12 Oil Jet—Locate the thermocouple on the oil filter
pictured in Fig. A5.13.
housing, as shown in Fig. A5.17. Insertion depths of 78.5 mm
8.6.2.9 Intake Manifold—Locate a thermocouple at the
from face of oil filter housing.
tapped fitting on the intake air manifold as shown in Fig.
8.6.2.13 Fuel Gallery—Locate the thermocouple in the fuel
A5.14.
gallery as shown in Fig. A5.18. Insertion depth of 50.8 mm
8.6.2.10 EGR Cooler Outlet—Locate thermocouple as
from face of cylinder head.
shown in Fig. A5.15.
8.6.2.14 Dew Point—Measure the dew point temperature of
8.6.2.11 Intercooler Outlet—Locate the thermocouple
fresh air into the engine prior to the turbocharger, but after any
downstream of the cooler outlet and prior to the EGR mixer, as
temperature reducing or moisture adding equipment.
shown in Fig. A5.16.
FIG. 2 Exhaust Piping
D8048 − 24
8.6.2.15 Compressor Discharge—Locate the thermocouple the calibration span gases are specified. The intake span gas
between the compressor outlet and the intercooler, as shown in CO content shall be 2 % to 4 %. The exhaust span gas CO
2 2
Fig. A5.19. Locate the thermocouple downstream of the content shall be 10 % to 15 %. The blend quality for all span
compressor outlet pressure tap. gases shall be Primary Standard 61 %. The intake and exhaust
CO samples shall have a dew point no greater than 5 °C.
8.6.2.16 Cylinder Ports—Locate thermocouples in each cyl-
inder port as shown in Figs. A5.20 and A5.21. This measure- 8.6.4.2 Exhaust Carbon Dioxide Probe—Measure the ex-
haust CO . Locate the probe downstream of the exhaust
ment is not mandatory, but it is recommended for diagnostic
purposes. back-pressure tap. Use a 6.4 mm probe that meets the Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 40 Part 86.310-79. The probe
8.6.2.17 Oil from Cooler—Locate the thermocouple on the
oil filter housing, as shown in Fig. A5.22. Insertion depths of diameter is not to exceed the sample line diameter. Refer to
Fig. A5.13.
24.1 mm from face of oil filter housing. This measurement is
not mandatory, but it is recommended for diagnostic purposes. 8.6.4.3 Intake Manifold Carbon Dioxide Probe—Locate the
probe in the intake manifold, as shown in Fig. A5.33. Use a
8.6.3 Pressures:
6.4 mm probe that meets the Code of Federal Regulations, Title
8.6.3.1 After Oil Filter (Main Oil Gallery)—Locate the
40 Part 86.310-79. The probe diameter is not to exceed the
pickup on the left side of the engine (intake side). Refer to Fig.
sample line diameter. Inset the probe tip 6.3 mm from the face
A5.23.
of the cylinder head.
8.6.3.2 Pre-Turbine Exhaust—Locate the pickup on the
8.6.5 System Time Responses—The maximum allowable
exhaust manifold, see Fig. A5.24. This measurement is not
system time responses are shown in Table 2. Determine system
mandatory, but it is recommended for diagnostic purposes.
time responses in accordance with the Data Acquisition and
8.6.3.3 Intake Manifold (Air Boost)—Take the measurement
Control Automation II (DACA II) Task Force Report.
at the tapped fitting provided on the intake manifold as
illustrated in Fig. A5.25.
9. Procedure
8.6.3.4 Intake Air Pressure (Intake Air Restriction)—
Measure it with a static port (pressure tap hole) located 9.1 Pretest Procedure:
upstream of Inlet Air Temperature (see Fig. A5.11).
9.1.1 Initial Oil Fill for Pretest Break-In—The initial oil fill
8.6.3.5 Exhaust Back Pressure—Measure exhaust back is 25.8 kg of test oil. Pressure fill through the location
pressure in a straight section of pipe upstream of the exhaust
described in 6.2.3.5.
tailpipe thermocouple, with a pressure tap hole as shown in 9.1.2 Pretest Break-In:
Fig. A5.13. Do not locate the tap downstream of either the
9.1.2.1 Run the break-in sequence described in Annex A8.
temperature thermocouple or the CO probe. 9.1.2.2 Drain the oil from engine, external oil vessel, and
8.6.3.6 Crankcase Pressure—Locate the pickup on the external oil cooler after the break-in is completed within 1 h
valve cover between cylinder 3 and cylinder 4. Refer to Fig. and allow to drain for at least 30 mins. Replace all oil filters.
Refill the engine with 22.8 kg of test oil and conduct the test in
A5.26.
accordance with 9.4.
8.6.3.7 Compressor Discharge—Locate the pickup as
shown in Fig. A5.19. Locate the pressure tap upstream of the
9.2 Engine Start-Up—Perform all engine start-ups in accor-
compressor outlet thermocouple.
dance with Annex A8. Start-ups are not included as test time.
8.6.3.8 Coolant System—Locate the pickup at the top of the
Test time starts as soon as the engine reaches or returns to the
coolant system expansion tank, as shown in Fig. A5.27.
test cycle. Record the first time the engine reaches test cycle
8.6.3.9 Air Cleaner—Locate pickups to read the pressure
conditions as the test clock start on the appropriate form.
differential for both the high and low sides across the air
9.3 Engine Shutdown:
cleaner, as shown in Figs. A5.28 and A5.29.
9.3.1 Perform all non-emergency shutdowns in accordance
8.6.3.10 Coolant Pump—Locate the pickup on the right side
with Annex A8. The shutdown operation does not count as test
cover, as shown in Fig. A5.30.
time. Record the length and reason of each shutdown on the
8.6.3.11 Intercooler Outlet—Locate the pickup at the outlet
appropriate form.
of the intercooler, as shown in Fig. A5.16. Locate the pressure
tap upstream of the intercooler outlet thermocouple.
8.6.3.12 Fuel Gallery—Locate the pickup in the fuel gallery,
as shown in Fig. A5.31.
8.6.3.13 Oil Jet—Locate the pickup on the oil filter housing,
The Data Acquisition and Control Automation II Task Force Report may be
as shown in Fig. A5.32.
obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 203 Armstrong Drive, Freeport,
8.6.3.14 Cylinder Head Oil—Locate the pickup in the cyl- PA 16229, Attention: Director.
inder head, as shown in Fig. A5.7.
TABLE 2 Maximum Allowable System Time Responses
8.6.3.15 Dew Point Pressure—Measure the absolute dew
point pressure of the inlet air at the same location as the dew
Measurement Type Time Response, s
point temperature.
Speed 2.0
Temperature 3.0
8.6.4 Carbon Dioxide Measurements:
Pressure 3.0
8.6.4.1 General—Calibrate the sensors prior to each mea-
Flow 45.0
surement taken during the course of the test. The CO levels for
D8048 − 24
9.3.2 All operationally valid tests should not exceed 10 9.8.2 Parameters:
shutdowns. Additionally, all operationally valid tests should 9.8.2.1 Speed, r/min.
not exceed downtime of 150 h. Conduct an engineering review 9.8.2.2 Torque, N·m.
if either condition is exceeded. 9.8.2.3 Oil Gallery Temperature, °C.
9.8.2.4 Oil Sump Temperature, °C.
9.4 Test Cycle:
9.8.2.5 Coolant Out Temperature, °C.
9.4.1 The test cycle includes a 30 min break-in followed by
9.8.2.6 Coolant In Temperature, °C.
a 360 h test. Non-reference oil tests may run longer than 360 h
9.8.2.7 Intake Air Temperature, °C.
provided that all posttest measurements required in 10.2 are
9.8.2.8 Intake Manifold Temperature, °C.
performed at the extended EOT and the additional EOT h are
9.8.2.9 Intake Manifold Pressure, kPa.
reported on the appropriate forms. The official test length, EOT
9.8.2.10 Fuel Flow, kg/h.
date and time reported should correspond to the 360 h date and
9.8.2.11 Fuel Inlet Temperature, °C.
time. Operating conditions are shown in Table 1.
9.8.2.12 Tailpipe Exhaust Back Pressure, kPa.
9.4.2 Operational Validity—Determine operational validity
9.8.2.13 Before Filter Oil Pressure, kPa.
in accordance with Annex A7.
9.8.2.14 Main Gallery Oil Pressure, kPa.
9.5 Oil Samples—Take 120 mL oil samples according to
9.8.2.15 Crankcase Pressure, kPa.
Table 4. Take the EOT oil sample at start of cool down. Always
9.8.2.16 Pre-Turbine Exhaust Temperature, Front Manifold,
take oil samples before new oil is added. Obtain oil samples
°C.
from the pre-filter pressure port, refer to Fig. A5.4. This can be
9.8.2.17 Pre-Turbine Exhaust Temperature, Rear Manifold,
done by installing a tee fitting, a small petcock valve and No.
°C.
4 Aeroquip line of length 254 mm to 305 mm, from which the
9.8.2.18 Inlet Air Restriction, kPa.
sample is taken. Prior to each sample, take a minimum 140 mL
9.8.2.19 Tailpipe Exhaust Temperature, °C.
purge. After sample completion, be sure to return the purge to
9.8.2.20 Crankcase Blowby, L/min (see 9.9).
the engine.
9.8.2.21 Pre-Turbine Exhaust Pressure, Front Manifold,
9.6 Oil Addition and Drain: kPa.
9.6.1 Initially establish the full mark as the oil mass after 9.8.2.22 Pre-Turbine Exhaust Pressure, Rear Manifold, kPa.
running at test conditions for 4 h. Follow the oil consumption 9.8.2.23 Inlet Air Humidity, g/kg.
sampling log sheet in Annex A12. 9.8.2.24 EGR Cooler Outlet Temperature, °C.
9.8.2.25 EGR Pre-Venturi Temperature, °C.
9.7 Fuel Samples—Take one 120 mL fuel sample at SOT
9.8.2.26 Inlet Air Dew Point, °C.
and at EOT.
9.8.2.27 Oil Mass, kg.
9.8 Periodic Measurements:
9.8.2.28 Intercooler Outlet Temperature, °C.
9.8.1 Make measurements at 6 min intervals on the param-
9.8.2.29 Inlet Air Dew Point Pressure, kPa.
eters listed in 9.8.2 and record statistics on the appropriate
9.8.2.30 Inlet Air Humidity Ratio, g/kg (calculated, see
form. Automatic data acquisition is required. Recorded values
9.11).
shall have minimum resolution as shown in Table 3. Charac-
9.9 Blowby—Record the crankcase blowby on the appropri-
terize the procedure used to calculate the data averages on the
ate form. Take care to prevent oil traps from occurring in the
appropriate form.
blowby line at any time during operation.
9.10 Carbon Dioxide—Measure and record intake and ex-
TABLE 3 Minimum Resolution of Recorded Measurements
haust CO levels every 8 h.
Record Data to
Parameter
Nearest 9.11 Inlet Air Humidity Ratio—The ratio of the partial
Speed 1 r/min pressure of water vapor in the air to the vapor pressure of dry
Fuel Flow 0.1 kg/h
air. Calculate the partial pressure of water vapor using Eq 1.
Coolant Temperatures 0.1 °C
Calculate the inlet air humidity ratio using Eq 2 and report on
Fuel In Temperature 0.1 °C
Intake Air Temperature 0.1 °C
the appropriate form.
Intake Manifold Temperature 0.1 °C
22937.4
23.55181 24.9283
Exhaust Back Pressure 0.1 kPa P 5 100 × 10 D1273 × D 1 273 (1)
~ !
H20
Inlet Air Restriction 0.1 kPa
W 5 621.98 P ⁄ P 2 P (2)
~ !
Torque 1 N·m H20 air H20
Power 1 kW
where:
Humidity 0.1 g/kg
Blowby 1 L/min
D = dew point, °C,
Inlet Air Dew Point 1 °C
P = partial pressure of air at dew point measurement
Oil Temperatures 0.1 °C air
Exhaust Temperatures 1 °C point, Pa (absolute),
EGR Temperatures 1 °C
P = partial pressure of water, Pa (absolute),
H20
Oil Pressures 1 kPa
W = inlet air humidity ratio, g/kg, and
Crankcase Pressure 0.1 kPa
621.98 = the ratio of the molecular mass of water
Intake Manifold Pressure 1 kPa
Intake and Exhaust CO 0.01 %
2 (18.01534 g ⁄mol) to the molecular mass of dry air
Oil Mass 0.001 kg
(0.0289646 kg ⁄mol).
D8048 − 24
TABLE 4 Oil Sampling and Analysis Schedule
FTIR T12
Method D5967-A4 D445-3 D445-5 D664-1 D4739 FTIR T12 IR D3524M D5185
Nitr
Soot Mass- Viscosity at Viscosity at IR Nitration
IR Oxidation
Fuel Wear Sample
Percent 40 °C 100 °C TBN TAN Peak
Dilution Metals Volume
2 2
Integrated T-13 Peak
TGA mm /s mm /s Height
Hours 5 mL 40 mL 35 mL 10 mL 10 mL 10 mL 120 mL
0 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
A
24 120 mL
48 X X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
A
72 120 mL
96 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
120 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
144 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
168 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
192 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
216 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
240 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
252 X X X X X X 120 mL
264 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
276 X X X X X X 120 mL
288 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
300 X X X X X X 120 mL
312 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
324 X X X X X X 120 mL
336 X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
348 X X X X X X 120 mL
360 X X X X X X X X X X 120 mL
A
120 mL samples at 24 h and 72 h may be analyzed at the discretion of the lab.
10. Inspection of Engine, Fuel, and Oil 10.2.4.2 Weigh bearings on a scale capable of a resolution
of 1 mg.
10.1 Pre-Test Measurements:
10.1.1 Pistons—No piston measurements are required.
10.3 Oil Inspection—Perform all oil analyses listed in
10.1.2 Piston Rings—Clean and measure in accordance with
10.3.1 – 10.3.6 according to the oil sampling schedule in Table
the Mack Test Ring Cleaning and Measuring Procedure,
4. Report all results.
available from the TMC. Report results on the appropriate
10.3.1 Viscosity—Analyze oil samples for viscosity at 40 °C
form.
and 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445.
10.1.3 Connecting Rod Bearings:
...