ASTM D4547-98

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: D 4547 – 98
Standard Guide for
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Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Title 49 Transportation, Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR), Part 172, List of Hazardous Substances and
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the
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Reportable Quantities
collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and
sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile
3. Terminology
organic compounds (VOCs). This class of compounds includes
3.1 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger
low molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated
quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-
hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and
tion of the larger quantity. (E 856)
sulfides with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are
3.2 subsample, n—a portion of a sample taken for the
insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
purpose of estimating properties or composition of the whole
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, and preparation
sample. (D 6051)
for analysis are described.
3.2.1 Discussion—A subsample, by definition, is also a
1.3 This guide does not cover the details of sampling design,
sample.
laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the
samples.
4. Summary of Guide
1.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction
4.1 This guide addresses the use of tools for sample collec-
with Guide D 4687.
tion and transfer, conditions for sample storage, sample pres-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ervation, and two common means of sample preparation for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
analysis. Special attention is given to each step from sample
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
collection to analysis to limit the loss of VOC s by volatiliza-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion of biodegradation. The sample collected and analyzed
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
should be representative of the parent material sampled. The
two methods cited for the preparation of samples for VOC
2. Referenced Documents
analysis are methanol extraction and vapor partitioning (that is,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 purge-and-trap and headspace). The method of sample prepa-
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
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ration for VOC analysis is dependent on the data quality
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
2 objectives (see Practice D 5792). Although the equilibrium-
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
–driven proportions of VOC’s in the different phases change
D 5058 Test Methods for Compatibility of Screening
3 during sample preparation and analysis, the overall intent of
Analysis of Waste
the methods in this guide are to minimize VOC losses.
D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of
5. Significance and Use
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Data Quality Objectives
5.1 This guide describes sample collection and handling
D 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
3 procedures designed to minimize losses of VOCs. The princi-
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
pal mechanisms for the loss of VOCs from materials during
E 856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
collection and handling are volatilization and biodegradation.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse-Derived
Susceptibility of various VOCs to these two loss mechanisms
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Fuel
is both compound and matrix specific. In general, compounds
2.2 Federal Standard:
with higher vapor pressures are more susceptible to volatiliza-
tion than compounds with lower vapor pressures. Also, aero-
bically degradable compounds are generally more susceptible
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
to biodegradation than anaerobically degradable compounds.
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
Monitoring.
In some cases, the formation of other compounds not originally
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1998. Published November 1998. Originally
published as D 4547–91. Last previous edition D 4547–91.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
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