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ASTM B294-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides

Standard Test Method for Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Rockwell hardness testing is one of the more important methods used to evaluate cemented carbides. For compositional groups of cemented carbides, hardness is an indication of wear resistance and toughness. Lower hardness grades usually indicate less wear resistance but greater toughness. For a specific grade of cemented carbide, hardness is an indication of the metallurgical quality of the material. In no case is Rockwell hardness testing the only test method to be considered in evaluating cemented carbides.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the hardness testing of cemented carbides by use of a Rockwell hardness tester performing tests in the Rockwell HRA scale (regular scale, diamond indenter, 10 kgf (98.07 N) preliminary test force, and 60 kgf (588.4 N) total test force) in the range of Rockwell 80 HRA and above. Also covered are the procedures for the testing and selection of diamond indenters, the management and traceability of the four levels of standardized test blocks, and the making and calibration of Primary, Secondary, and Working standardized test blocks.  
1.2 The Rockwell hardness tester is a convenient and reliable means of measuring the hardness of cemented carbides. A hardness value is obtained easily, but it is subject to considerable error unless certain precautions are observed.  
1.3 The latest version of Test Methods E18 shall be followed, except where otherwise indicated in this test method.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except that force and length values associated with the Rockwell hardness testers will comply with E18 with force values specified as N (kgf) and indenter length values specified as mm.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2022
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
Drafting Committee
B09.06 - Cemented Carbides
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B294 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the hardness testing of ce-
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
mentedcarbidesbyuseofaRockwellhardnesstesterperform-
terials
ing tests in the Rockwell HRA scale (regular scale, diamond
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
indenter, 10 kgf (98.07 N) preliminary test force, and 60 kgf
Determine Conformance with Specifications
(588.4 N) total test force) in the range of Rockwell 80 HRA
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
and above.Also covered are the procedures for the testing and
ISO/IEC 17011Conformity Assessment—General Require-
selection of diamond indenters, the management and traceabil-
ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity
ity of the four levels of standardized test blocks, and the
Assessment Bodies
making and calibration of Primary, Secondary, and Working
ISO/IEC 17025General Requirements for the Competence
standardized test blocks.
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1.2 The Rockwell hardness tester is a convenient and
3. Significance and Use
reliable means of measuring the hardness of cemented car-
bides. A hardness value is obtained easily, but it is subject to
3.1 Rockwell hardness testing is one of the more important
considerable error unless certain precautions are observed. methods used to evaluate cemented carbides. For composi-
tionalgroupsofcementedcarbides,hardnessisanindicationof
1.3 The latest version of Test Methods E18 shall be
wear resistance and toughness. Lower hardness grades usually
followed,exceptwhereotherwiseindicatedinthistestmethod.
indicate less wear resistance but greater toughness. For a
specificgradeofcementedcarbide,hardnessisanindicationof
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
themetallurgicalqualityofthematerial.InnocaseisRockwell
as standard except that force and length values associated with
hardness testing the only test method to be considered in
theRockwellhardnesstesterswillcomplywithE18withforce
evaluating cemented carbides.
valuesspecifiedasN(kgf)andindenterlengthvaluesspecified
as mm.
4. Principles of Test Apparatus
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Tester—All hardness tests shall be performed using a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Rockwell hardness tester that meets the requirements defined
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in the latest version of Test Method E18, except where
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
otherwise indicated in this test method. Testers shall comply
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
with the requirements of Annex A3 of this test method.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.2 Scale—All tests shall be performed using the carbide
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Rockwell HRA scale (a carbide diamond indenter, 10 kgf
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
(98.07 N) preliminary force, and 60 kgf (588.4 N) total test
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
force).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.3 Effect of Vibration—The Rockwell hardness tester
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
should be located in a vibration-free area in order to avoid
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee B09.06 on Cemented Carbides. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as B294–17. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/B0294-22. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B294 − 17 B294 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the hardness testing of cemented carbides by use of a Rockwell hardness tester performing tests in
the Rockwell HRA scale (regular scale, diamond indenter, 10 kgf (98.07 N) preliminary test force, and 60 kgf (588.4 N) total test
forceforce) in the range of Rockwell 80 HRA and above. Also covered are the procedures for the testing and selection of diamond
indenters, the management and traceability of the four levels of standardized test blocks, and the making and calibration of Primary,
Secondary, and Working standardized test blocks.
1.2 The Rockwell hardness tester is a convenient and reliable means of measuring the hardness of cemented carbides. A hardness
value is obtained easily, but it is subject to considerable error unless certain precautions are observed.
1.3 The latest version of Test Methods E18 shall be followed, except where otherwise indicated in this test method.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except that force and length values associated with the
Rockwell hardness testers will comply with E18 with force values specified as N (kgf) and indenter length values specified as mm.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity Assessment—General Requirements for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity Assessment
Bodies
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B09.06
on Cemented Carbides.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017March 1, 2022. Published February 2018March 2022. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20102017
as B294 – 10.B294 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/B0294-17.10.1520/B0294-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B294 − 22
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Rockwell hardness testing is one of the more important methods used to evaluate cemented carbides. For compositional groups
of cemented carbides, hardness is an indication of wear resistance and toughness. Lower hardness grades usually indicate less wear
resistance but greater toughness. For a specific grade of cemented carbide, hardness is an indication of the metallurgical quality
of the material. In no case is Rockwell hardness testing the only test method to be considered in evaluating cemented carbides.
4. Principles of Test Apparatus
4.1 Tester—All hardness tests shall be performed using a Rockwell hardness tester that meets the requirements defined in the latest
version of Test Method E18, except where otherwise indicated in this test method. Testers shall comply wit
...

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4.2 The polythionic acid environment may produce areas of shallow intergranular attack in addition to the more localized and deeper cracking mode of attack. Examination of failed specimens is necessary to confirm that failure occurred by cracking rather than mechanical failure of reduced sections.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing and conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 °C to 25 °C (72 °F to 77 °F), to determine the relative susceptibility of stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromium-iron alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.  
1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or other materials in the “as received” condition or after being subjected to high-temperature service, 482 °C to 815 °C (900 °F to 1500 °F), for prolonged periods of time.  
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products, castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also be tested in accordance with this test.  
1.4 This practice may be used with a variety of stress corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying stress.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E647-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fatigue crack growth rate expressed as a function of crack-tip stress-intensity factor range, da/dN versus ΔK, characterizes a material's resistance to stable crack extension under cyclic loading. Background information on the ration-ale for employing linear elastic fracture mechanics to analyze fatigue crack growth rate data is given in Refs (3) and (4).  
5.1.1 In innocuous (inert) environments fatigue crack growth rates are primarily a function of ΔK and force ratio, R, or Kmax and R (Note 1). Temperature and aggressive environments can significantly affect da/dN versus ΔK, and in many cases accentuate R-effects and introduce effects of other loading variables such as cycle frequency and waveform. Attention needs to be given to the proper selection and control of these variables in research studies and in the generation of design data.
Note 1: ΔK, Kmax, and R are not independent of each other. Specification of any two of these variables is sufficient to define the loading condition. It is customary to specify one of the stress-intensity parameters (ΔK or Kmax) along with the force ratio, R.  
5.1.2 Expressing da/dN as a function of ΔK provides results that are independent of planar geometry, thus enabling exchange and comparison of data obtained from a variety of specimen configurations and loading conditions. Moreover, this feature enables da/dN versus ΔK data to be utilized in the design and evaluation of engineering structures. The concept of similitude is assumed, which implies that cracks of differing lengths subjected to the same nominal ΔK will advance by equal increments of crack extension per cycle.  
5.1.3 Fatigue crack growth rate data are not always geometry-independent in the strict sense since thickness effects sometimes occur. However, data on the influence of thickness on fatigue crack growth rate are mixed. Fatigue crack growth rates over a wide range of ΔK have been reported to either increase, decrease, or remain unaffected as specimen...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of fatigue crack growth rates from near-threshold (see region I in Fig. 1) to Kmax  controlled instability (see region III in Fig. 1.) Results are expressed in terms of the crack-tip stress-intensity factor range (ΔK), defined by the theory of linear elasticity.  
1.9 Special requirements for the various specimen configurations appear in the following order:
The Compact Specimen  
Annex A1  
The Middle Tension Specimen  
Annex A2  
The Eccentrically-Loaded Single Edge Crack Tension Specimen  
Annex A3  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E468/E468M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E561-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for KR Curve Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The KR curve characterizes the resistance to fracture of materials during slow, stable crack extension and results from the growth of the plastic zone ahead of the crack as it extends from a fatigue precrack or sharp notch. It provides a record of the toughness development as a crack is driven stably under increasing applied stress intensity factor K. For a given material, KR curves are dependent upon specimen thickness, temperature, and strain rate. The amount of valid KR data generated in the test depends on the specimen type, size, method of loading, and, to a lesser extent, testing machine characteristics.  
5.2 For an untested geometry, the KR curve can be matched with the applied-K curves (crack driving curves) to estimate the degree of stable crack extension and the conditions necessary to cause unstable crack propagation (2). In making this estimate, KR curves are regarded as being independent of initial crack size ao and the specimen configuration in which they are developed. For a given material, material thickness, and test temperature, KR curves appear to be a function of only the effective crack extension Δae (3).  
5.2.1 To predict crack behavior and instability in a component, a family of applied-K curves is generated by calculating  K as a function of crack size for the component using a series of force, displacement, or combined loading conditions. The KR curve may be superimposed on the family of applied-K curves as shown in Fig. 1, with the origin of the KR curve coinciding with the assumed initial crack size ao. The intersection of the applied-K curves with the KR curve shows the expected effective stable crack extension for each loading condition. The applied-K curve that develops tangency with the KR curve defines the critical loading condition that will cause the onset of unstable fracture under the loading conditions used to develop the applied-K curves.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of KR curve and Applied K Curves to Predict Insta...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to fracture of metallic materials under Mode I loading at static rates using either of the following notched and precracked specimens: the middle-cracked tension M(T) specimen or the compact tension C(T) specimen. A KR curve is a continuous record of toughness development (resistance to crack extension) in terms of KR plotted against crack extension in the specimen as a crack is driven under an increasing stress intensity factor, K. (1)2  
1.2 Materials that can be tested for KR curve development are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, so long as specimens are of sufficient size to remain predominantly elastic to the effective crack extension value of interest.  
1.3 Specimens of standard proportions are required, but size is variable, to be adjusted for yield strength and toughness of the materials.  
1.4 Only two of the many possible specimen types that could be used to develop KR curves are covered in this method.  
1.5 The test is applicable to conditions where a material exhibits slow, stable crack extension under increasing crack driving force, which may exist in relatively tough materials under plane stress crack tip conditions.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Reco...

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ASTM
ASTM E23-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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