ASTM D1038-83(2000)

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Designation:D1038–83(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Veneer and Plywood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1038; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
adhesive—a substance capable of holding materials together platen or both against marring and staining, to prevent
by surface attachment. sticking, to facilitate press loading, or to impart a desired
surface texture or finish, and to provide uniform pressure
NOTE 1—adhesive is the general term and includes, among others,
distribution.
cement, glue, mucilage, and paste. All of these terms are loosely used
interchangeably. Various descriptive adjectives are applied to the term
NOTE 2—Cauls may be made of any material such as aluminum,
adhesive to indicate certain characteristics as follows:
stainless steel, hardboard, fiberboard, or plastic, with the length and width
(1) Physical form, that is, liquid adhesive, tape adhesive
generally equal to the platen size of the press in which they are employed.
(2) Chemical type, that is, silicate adhesive, resin adhesive
(3) Materials bonded, that is, paper adhesive, metal-plastic adhesive, can center—inner layers whose grain direction runs parallel to that
label adhesive
of the outer plies; may be of parallel laminated plies. (See
(4) Conditions of use, that is, hot-setting adhesive
also core.)
clipper—the shearing machine used to dimension dry or green
back—the side reverse to the face of a panel, or the poorer side
veneers to width.
of a panel in any grade of plywood calling for a face and
compreg—synthetic resin-treated, compressed wood with re-
back.
duced swelling and shrinking characteristics and increased
balanced construction—See under construction.
density and strength properties.
banding (railing)—a portion of wood or other material
construction—details of arrangement or thickness or both, of
extending around one or more edges of a plywood panel.
veneers and other components used in the fabrication of
bleed through—glue or components of glue that have seeped
plywood.
through the outer layer or ply of a glued wood product and
all-veneer construction—plywood in which all plies are
that show as a blemish or discoloration on the surface.
veneer. Ordinarily no single ply of veneer will exceed ⁄16 in.
blemish—anything marring the appearance of the veneer that
(7.9 mm) in thickness.
is not classifiable as a defect.
balanced construction—a construction such that the
blister—in plywood, an elevation of the surface of an adherend
forces induced by uniformly distributed changes in moisture
(separation between plies), somewhat resembling in shape a
content will not cause warpage.
blister on the human skin; its boundaries may be indefinitely
composite construction—a panel assembly consisting of
outlined and it may have burst or become flattened.
veneers and other wood-based materials. Normally the
bolt (veneer)—a short log cut to length suitable for peeling in
non-veneer component is identified in describing the con-
a lathe; also block.
struction.
bond, n—the attachment at an interface between an adhesive
lumber core construction—plywood in which the center
and an adherend.
ply or core is of lumber rather than of veneer. Ordinarily
bond, v—to attach materials together by means of an adhesive.
cores that are ⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) or greater in thickness will be
borer holes—voids made by wood-boring insects.
of lumber.
broken grain (shelling, leafing, grain separation)—a sepa-
symmetrical construction—plywood panels in which the
ration on veneer surface between annual rings.
plies on one side of the panel center line are essentially equal
cauls, n—sheets of material employed singly or in pairs in hot
in thickness, grain direction, properties, and arrangement to
or cold pressing of assemblies being bonded. Cauls are
those on the other side of the center line.
employed usually to protect either the faces or the press
core—(1) in decorative or hardwood plywood, the center most
ply. It may be of lumber (either edgeglued or closely
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood
assembled) or other wood-based panel material, or of one or
and is the responsibility of Subcommittee D 07.03 on Panel Products.
more thicknesses of veneer.
Current edition approved Feb. 25, 1983. Published April, 1983. Originally
(2) in construction plywood,allpliesorlayersbetweenthe
published as D 1038 – 49 T. Last previous edition D 1038 – 82.
These definitions are specific to veneer and plywood. Other definitions relating
face and back.
to timber appear in ASTM Terminology D 9, Relating to Wood, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
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D1038–83 (2000)
core block—in cutting rotary veneer, the portion of the bolt open joint—failure of bond or separation of two adjacent
remaining after available veneer has been removed. pieces of veneer so as to leave veneers.
cross band, n—inner layers of veneer whose grain direction is
starved joint—a glue joint that is poorly bonded because
usually perpendicular to that of the face plies, applied of an insufficient quantity of glue.
particularly to plywood of five or more plies and lumber-
sunken joint—in the case of plywood, a depression in the
core panels.
surface of the face ply directly above an edge joint in a
cross band, v—to place the grain of the inner layer of veneer
lumber core or crossband. Usually the result of localized
at right angles to that of the face and back. shrinkage in the edge-jointed layer.
delamination, n—the separation of layers in a laminate
jointed—veneer or other ply components that have machined
because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesive
edges for tightest possible layup.
itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the
knotholes—voids remaining after removal of knots.
adherend.
lap—a condition in which adjacent veneers overlap one
dryer—a kiln or chamber, or machine through which the green
another instead of making a smooth edge joint.
veneers are passed to remove excess moisture.
lathe—the machine on which rotary, half-round, and rift
durability—(1) as applied to wood, its lasting qualities or
veneer is cut.
permanence in service with particular reference to decay.
layer—a single veneer ply or two or more plies laminated with
(2) as applied to the glue bond, its resistance to deterio-
grain direction parallel. Two or more plies laminated with
ration related to exposure conditions. (See also delamination.)
grain direction parallel is a parallel laminated layer.
exterior type plywood—a term applied to plywood that is loose side—in knife-cut veneer, the side of the sheet that was in
capable of withstanding prolonged exposure to severe ser-
contact with the knife as the sheet was being cut, and that
vice conditions including prolonged and repeated wetting contains cutting checks. (See tight side.)
without failure in the glue bonds; the commercial classifi-
matching—in plywood, the arrangement of strips of veneer to
cationisafunctionofveneergradeaswellasgluedurability.
obtain a particular repetitive pattern.
face—thebettersideofapanelinanygradeofplywoodcalling
book matching—turning alternative adjacent strips of
for a face and back; also either side of a panel where the veneer of a flitch over.
grading rules draw no distinction between faces.
mismatching—making sheets of face veneer from spe-
cially selected dissimilar (in color or grain or both) strips of
flitch—a portion of a log sawed on two or more sides and
veneer.
intended for remanufacture into sliced or sawn veneer. The
term is also applied to the resulting sheets of veneer stacked reversed matching—turning alternate adjacent strips of
veneer of a flitch end for end; also calle
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