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ASTM E1855-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors

Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The neutron spectrum in a test (simulation) environment must be known in order to use a measured device response in the test environment to predict the device performance in an operational environment (see Practice E1854). Typically, neutron spectra are determined by use of a set of sensors that have response functions that are sensitive over the neutron energy region to which the device under test (DUT) responds (see Guide E721). In particular, for silicon bipolar devices exposed in reactor neutron spectra, this effective energy range is between 0.01 and 10 MeV. A typical set of activation reactions that lack fission reactions from nuclides such as 235U, 237Np, or 239Pu, will have very poor sensitivity to the spectrum between 0.01 and 2 MeV. For a pool-type reactor spectrum, 70 % of the DUT electronic damage response may lie in this range. Often, fission foils are not included in the sensor set for spectrum determinations because their use must be licensed, and they require special handling for health physics considerations. The silicon transistors provide the needed response to define the spectrum in this critical range.
If fission foils are a part of the sensor set, the silicon sensor provides confirmation of the spectrum shape.
Bipolar transistors, such as type 2N2222A, are inexpensive, are smaller than fission foils contained in a boron ball, and are sensitive to a part of the neutron spectrum important to the damage of modern silicon electronics. They also can be used directly in arrays to map 1-MeV(Si) equivalent fluence. The proper set of steps to take in reading the transistor-gain degradation is the primary subject of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of 2N2222A silicon bipolar transistors as dosimetry sensors in the determination of neutron energy spectra, and as silicon 1-MeV(Si) equivalent displacement damage fluence monitors.
1.2 The neutron displacement damage is especially valuable as a neutron spectrum sensor in the range 0.1 to 2.0 MeV when fission foils are not available. It has been applied in the fluence range between 2 × 10 12 n/cm2 and 1 × 1014 n/cm2 and should be useful up to 1015 n/cm2. This test method details the steps for the acquisition and use of silicon 1-MeV equivalent fluence information (in a manner similar to the use of activation foil data) for the determination of neutron spectra.
1.3 In addition, this sensor can provide important confirmation of neutron spectra determined with other sensors, and yields a direct measurement of the silicon 1-MeV fluence by the transfer technique.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2010
ICS
31.200 - Integrated circuits. Microelectronics
Technical Committee
E10 - Nuclear Technology and Applications
Drafting Committee
E10.07 - Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1855-05e1 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E1855-15 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1854-19 - Standard Practice for Ensuring Test Consistency in Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage of Electronic Parts
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM F1190-18 - Standard Guide for Neutron Irradiation of Unbiased Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM F980-16 - Standard Guide for Measurement of Rapid Annealing of Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage in Silicon Semiconductor Devices
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E721-22 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010

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ASTM E1855-10 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage MonitorsASTM E1855-10 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
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REDLINE ASTM E1855-10 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage MonitorsREDLINE ASTM E1855-10 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1855 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron
1
Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1855; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
2
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Standards:
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.1 This test method covers the use of 2N2222A silicon
Dosimetry
bipolar transistors as dosimetry sensors in the determination of
E261Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
neutron energy spectra, and as silicon 1-MeV(Si) equivalent
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
displacement damage fluence monitors.
E265Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-
1.2 Theneutrondisplacementdamageisespeciallyvaluable
Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
asaneutronspectrumsensorintherange0.1to2.0MeVwhen
E720Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for
fissionfoilsarenotavailable.Ithasbeenappliedinthefluence
Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-
12 2 14 2
range between2×10 n/cm and1×10 n/cm and should
Hardness Testing of Electronics
15 2
be useful up to 10 n/cm . This test method details the steps
E721Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from
fortheacquisitionanduseofsilicon1-MeVequivalentfluence
Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Elec-
information (in a manner similar to the use of activation foil
tronics
data) for the determination of neutron spectra.
E722PracticeforCharacterizingNeutronFluenceSpectrain
1.3 In addition, this sensor can provide important confirma- Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence
for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
tion of neutron spectra determined with other sensors, and
yields a direct measurement of the silicon 1-MeV fluence by E844Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for
Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIC)
the transfer technique.
E944Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjust-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ment Methods in Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E1854Practice for Ensuring Test Consistency in Neutron-
standard.
Induced Displacement Damage of Electronic Parts
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2005Guide for Benchmark Testing of Reactor Dosimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in Standard and Reference Neutron Fields
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2450Practice for Application of CaF (Mn) Thermolumi-
2
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nescence Dosimeters in Mixed Neutron-Photon Environ-
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
ments
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 The ASTM standards E170, E261, and E265 provide a
3.1 Symbols:
background for understanding how sensors are used in radia-
Φ =thesilicon1-MeVequivalentfluence(seePracticeE722).
1
tion measurements and general dosimetry. The rest of the
h = i /i where i is the collector current and i is the base
FE c b c b
standards referenced in the list discuss the choice of sensors,
current, in a common emitter circuit.
spectrumdeterminationswithsensordata,andthepredictionof
4. Summary of Test Method
neutron displacement damage in some semiconductor devices,
particularly silicon.
4.1 Gaindegradationof2N2222Asiliconbipolartransistors
measured in a test (simulation) environment is compared with
that measured in a reference neutron environment. The Φ in
1r
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE10onNuclear
Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ε1
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1855–05 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1855-10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1855 − 10
thereferenceenvironmentisderivedfromtheknownreference 5.3 Bipolar transistors, such as type 2N2222A, are
spectrum and is used to determine a measured Φ in the test inexpensive, are smaller than fission foils contai
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1855–05 Designation:E1855–10
Standard Test Method for
Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron
1
Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1855; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in September 2005.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheuseof2N2222Asiliconbipolartransistorsasdosimetrysensorsinthedeterminationofneutron
energy spectra, and as silicon 1-MeV(Si) equivalent displacement damage fluence monitors.
1.2 The neutron displacement damage is especially valuable as a neutron spectrum sensor in the range 0.1 to 2.0 MeV when
12 2 14 2
fission foils are not available. It has been applied in the fluence range between 2 3 10 n/cm and 1 3 10 n/cm and should
15 2
be useful up to 10 n/cm . This test method details the steps for the acquisition and use of silicon 1-MeV equivalent fluence
information (in a manner similar to the use of activation foil data) for the determination of neutron spectra.
1.3 In addition, this sensor can provide important confirmation of neutron spectra determined with other sensors, and yields a
direct measurement of the silicon 1-MeV fluence by the transfer technique.
1.4
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The ASTM standards E170, E261, and E265 provide a background for understanding how sensors are used in radiation
measurements and general dosimetry. The rest of the standards referenced in the list discuss the choice of sensors, spectrum
determinations with sensor data, and the prediction of neutron displacement damage in some semiconductor devices, particularly
silicon.
2
2.2 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
E265 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
E720 Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-Hardness
Testing of Electronics
E721 Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
E722 Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for
Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
E844 Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for Reactor Surveillance, E 706(IIC)
E944 Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjustment Methods in Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)
E1854 Practice for Ensuring Test Consistency in Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage of Electronic Parts
E2005 Guide for Benchmark Testing of Reactor Dosimetry in Standard and Reference Neutron Fields Guide for Benchmark
Testing of Reactor Dosimetry in Standard and Reference Neutron Fields
E2450 Practice for Application of CaF (Mn) Thermoluminescence Dosimeters in Mixed Neutron-Photon Environments
2
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.07
on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved JulyOct. 1, 2005.2010. Published August 2005.October 2010. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042005 as
´1
E1855–045 . DOI: 10.1520/E1855-05E01. DOI: 10.1520/E1855-10.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1855–10
3. Terminology
3.1 Symbols:
F =the silicon 1-MeV equivalent fluence (see P
...

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ASTM E1855-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The neutron test spectrum must be known in order to use a measured device response to predict the device performance in an operational environment (Practice E1854). Typically, neutron spectra are determined using a set of sensors with response functions sensitive over the neutron energy region to which the device under test (DUT) responds (Guide E721). For silicon bipolar devices exposed in reactor neutron spectra, this effective energy range is between 0.01 and 10 MeV. A typical set of activation reactions that lack fission reactions from nuclides such as 235U, 237Np, or 239Pu, will have very poor sensitivity to the spectrum between 0.01 and 2 MeV. For a pool-type reactor spectrum, 70 % of the DUT electronic damage response may lie in this range making its determination of critical importance.  
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1.1 This test method covers the use of 2N2222A silicon bipolar transistors as dosimetry sensors in the determination of neutron energy spectra and as 1-MeV(Si) equivalent displacement damage fluence monitors.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The neutron test spectrum must be known in order to use a measured device response to predict the device performance in an operational environment (Practice E1854). Typically, neutron spectra are determined using a set of sensors with response functions sensitive over the neutron energy region to which the device under test (DUT) responds (Guide E721). For silicon bipolar devices exposed in reactor neutron spectra, this effective energy range is between 0.01 and 10 MeV. A typical set of activation reactions that lack fission reactions from nuclides such as 235U, 237Np, or 239Pu, will have very poor sensitivity to the spectrum between 0.01 and 2 MeV. For a pool-type reactor spectrum, 70 % of the DUT electronic damage response may lie in this range making its determination of critical importance.  
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5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6390-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Draindown Characteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine whether the amount of draindown measured for a given asphalt mixture is within specified acceptable levels. The test provides an evaluation of the draindown potential of an asphalt mixture during mixture design and/or during field production. This test is primarily used for mixtures with high coarse aggregate content such as porous asphalt (open-graded friction course) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA).
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of draindown in an uncompacted asphalt mixture sample when the sample is held at elevated temperatures comparable to those encountered during the production, storage, transport, and placement of the mixture. The test is particularly applicable to mixtures such as porous asphalt (open-graded friction course) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B472-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nickel Alloy Billets and Bars for Reforging

ABSTRACT
This specification covers UNS N06002, UNS N06030, UNS N06035, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N06230, UNS N06600, UNS N06617, UNS N06625, UNS N08020, UNS N08026, UNS N08024, UNS N08120, UNS N08926, UNS N08367, UNS N10242, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675, UNS N12160, UNS R20033, UNS N06059, UNS N06686, UNS N10629, UNS N08031, UNS N06045, UNS N06025, and UNS R30556 nickel alloy billets and bars for reforging. The products shall be hot worked from ingots by rolling, forging, extruding, hammering, or pressing. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed by the reference material. The chemical composition of the material shall be determined by chemical analysis in accordance with test method E1473.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers UNS N06002, UNS N06030, UNS N06035, UNS N06022, UNS N06200, UNS N10362, UNS N06230, UNS N06600, UNS N06617, UNS N06625, UNS N08020, UNS N08026, UNS N08024, UNS N08120, UNS N08926, UNS N08367, UNS N10242, UNS N10276, UNS N10665, UNS N10675, UNS N12160, UNS R20033, UNS N06059, UNS N06686, UNS N10629, UNS N08031, UNS N06045, UNS N06025, UNS N06699, and UNS R305562 billets and bars for reforging.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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