ASTM D2724-19

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2724 − 07 (Reapproved 2015) D2724 − 19
Standard Test MethodsMethod for
Bond Strength of Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel
Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2724; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for characterizing the delamination, strength of bond, appearance, and shrinkage
propensity of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics after drycleaning and laundering.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
2.2 AATCC Standard:
124 Smoothness Appearance of Fabrics after Repeated Home Laundering
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: blister, bonded fabric, bond strength, bubble, crack mark, foam tear,
fused fabric, fusible fabric, interlining, laminated fabric, lot, puckering, solvent, relative humidity.
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Bench marks are placed at specified distances on the fabrics, which are then measured, and subsequently dry-cleaned, or
laundered and dried, or both, through a prescribed cycle that is repeated a specified number of times. The drycleaned or washed
specimens are examined for appearance and delamination and measured to determine any accompanying shrinkage and, if desired,
tested to determine the strength of the bond.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These test methods for the determination of properties of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, are considered
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of bonded and laminated apparel fabrics since the methods have been
used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
TheseThis test methods aremethod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and areis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric
Test Methods, General.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2019. Published September 2015January 2019. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20112015
as D2724 – 07(2011).(2015). DOI: 10.1520/D2724-07R15.10.1520/D2724-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM Wev site, website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM web site.website.
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.27709-2215,
http://www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material
as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in equal numbers to each
laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data and a
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results
for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 Drycleaning Machine, single-unit, coin-operated type, capable of providing a complete automatic dry-to-dry cycle using
perchlorethylene. It shall consist of a commercial rotating cage type, totally enclosed machine. The diameter of the rotating cage
shall be not less than 600 mm (24 in.) and not more than 1080 mm (42 in.). Its depth shall be not less than 300 mm (12 in.). It
shall be fitted with two to four lifters. The speed shall be such as to give a g-factor between 0.5 and 0.9 for cleaning and between
35 and 120 for extraction. The machine shall be equipped with thermometers for the measurement of the solvent temperature and
the air drying temperature.
NOTE 1—The g-factor is calculated using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
g 5 1.42n D/100 000 (1)
g 5 5.59n d/10 000 000 (2)
where:
n = revolutions per minute,
D = cage diameter, in., and
d = cage diameter, mm.
6.2 Domestic Automatic Washer, top-loading, spin-extracting type.
6.3 Domestic Automatic Tumble Dryer, front-loading type.
6.4 Aspirated Psychrometer, which meets the requirements of Test Method E337.
6.5 Marking Device —A thin sheet of stainless steel or other rigid flat material in which a square opening 254 by 254 mm (10
by 10 in.) has been cut.
6.6 Rule, 305-mm (12-in.) or longer, preferably divided into tenths of an inch. A premarked device calibrated to give the
percentage of shrinkage or growth may also be used.
6.7 Sewing Machine, suitable for sewing a single row of stitching, preferably with No. 00 mercerized cotton thread, 25 mm (1
in.) from the edge of the fabric specimen.
6.8 Steam Iron, hand type.
6.9 Steam Press, a press, 600 by 1250 mm (24 by 50 in.), or larger, provided with 60 to 70 psig steam pressure at the press.
Any steam press large enough for pressing a specimen 380 mm (15 in.) square may be used.
6.10 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to Specification D76, either a constant rate of traverse type or a constant rate of
extension type, equipped with clamps having a width of 76.2 mm (3.00 in.) and preferably calibrated in kilograms with a range
from 0 to 4.5 kg (0 to 160 oz). The constant rate of extension type machine is preferred because of the inherently lower
machine-induced errors in this type of machine.
6.11 Detergent, home laundry type.
6.12 Perchlorethylene, commercial grade.
NOTE 2—Warning: Perchlorethylene is toxic, and the usual precautions for handling chlorinated solvents should be taken. It should be used only under
well-ventilated conditions. The solvent is nonflammable.
6.13 Drycleaning Detergent, anionic drycleaning detergent.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicable
material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary
sampling units.
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability between rolls
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
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of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for acceptance testing, take a full width swatch 1 m (1 yd) long from the end
of each roll of fabric in the lot sample, after first discarding a minimum of 1 m (1 yd) of fabric from the very outside of the roll.
7.3 Test Specimens—Proceed as follows:
7.3.1 Drycleaning and Laundering—Cut four specimens from each swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen being
380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) in size, with the one side of the specimens from a single swatch parallel to the selvage. Locate two
of the specimens from each swatch about ⁄3 of the distance from one selvage and locate the other two specimens from each swatch
about ⁄3 of the distance from the other selvage. Locate each of the two specimens from one side of the swatch along a diagonal
line on the swatch so that they will contain different warp ends and filling picks. Sew a straight line of stitching around each
specimen 25 mm (1 in.) from each edge. Reserve the rest of the swatch for comparison with the drycleaned and laundered test
specimens.
7.3.2 Strength of Bond—Prepare three test specimens, each measuring 76 mm (3 in.) wide, and 152 mm (6 in.) long, the length
of the specimens corresponding to the lengthwise direction of the fabric. Do not take the test specimens closer to the selvage than
a distance equal to 20 % of the fabric width.
NOTE 4—Samples that are 51 mm (2 in.) wide may be used as the minimum width.
8. Conditioning
8.1 Bring the samples from the prevailing atmosphere and condition them for at least 4 h in the standard atmosphere for testing
textiles as directed in Practice D1776 if shrinkage is to be determined. Preconditioning is not necessary.
9. Specimen Preparation
9.1 Using an indelible fineline marker, mark a 254 by 254 mm (10 by 10 in.) reference square centrally located on the face of
each test specimen. Apply three sets of reference markings 254 6 2 mm (10 6 0.1 in.) apart, as measured with a rule, in the
direction of the fabric length. Locate the markings within 25 mm (1 in.) of each end and at the midpoint of each side of the square.
Similarly, apply three sets of markings in the direction of the fabric width. Any other method of accurately locating the 254-mm
(10-in.) reference marks is satisfactory as long as the three marks on each side of the square are at least 105 mm (4 in.) apart.
10. Drycleaning Procedure
NOTE 5—Launderable fabrics are expected normally to be drycleanable, except where the face fabric is not drycleanable and is so labeled. For example,
the fabric could contain a functional finish soluble in the solvent, or the fiber could be degraded by the solvent, which would be the case with poly(vinyl
chloride) fiber.
10.1 Solvent Preparation—Prepare a standard detergent/drycleaning solvent mixture by adding sufficient detergent to the
solvent to make a 1 % volume/volume solution. Add sufficient water to the solution to give a solvent relative humidity level of
75 % for the particular drycleaning detergent used. Put this solvent in the machine storage tank. The same solution can be used
for repeated cleanings until it becomes dirty and needs replacing as long as the necessary water additions to maintain the solvent
relative humidity constant are made prior to each test run. This is so because the specimens being run could conceivably alter the
solvent relative humidity for succeeding test runs while the detergent level would remain constant.
10.2 Sample and Dummy Load Preparation— Prepare a load consisting of all specimens to be tested and made up to 3.6 kg (8
lb) total with dummy load of approximately 380 by 380-mm (15 by 15-in.) fabric pieces of similar material. Condition this load
at least 4 h in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. After the drycleaning operation, condition the load again before running
through each additional drycleaning cycle. Conditioning before each drycleaning cycle is intended to minimize depletion of water
from the drycleaning solution specified in 10.1 which may affect shrinkage results.
10.3 Drycleaning Procedure—Run through the complete dry-to-dry cycle in the machine. Run the solvent phase of the
drycleaning cycle with the solvent no higher than 32°C (90°F). During the drying phase of the drycleaning cycle, either the air
outlet temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F) or the inlet air temperature should not exceed 80°C (175°F). If heat-sensitive
fibers, for example, modacrylic fibers, are involved, the outlet air temperature should not exceed 40°C (105°F) or the inlet air
temperature should not exceed 60°C (140°F). After the complete drycleaning cycle, remove the sample from machine for
examination and reconditioning.
10.4 Repeat the drycleaning operation through two additional cycles. At the end of the third cycle remove the test specimens
from the machine, lay on a flat surface, smooth the test specimens by hand, and examine. Press the test specimens using the steam
press according to the following cycle:
10.4.1 Five seconds steam with head up.
10.4.2 Five seconds dry hot press with head down, 145 to 151°C (293 to 303°F) of steam pressure at the press.
10.4.3 Five seconds vacuum, steam off, head down.
10.4.4 Five seconds vacuum, steam off, head up.
10.4.5 Allow the pressed specimens to condition in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles for at least 4 h.
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10.5 Measure the distance between each of the six sets of reference marks on each test specimen.
10.6 Lay the fabric flat on a table or board with a surface rough enough so that the fabric side touching the table will not readily
slide. Examine each test specimen for any evidence of delamination. Place the fingers on the specimen and attempt to slide the
upper fabric layer over the bottom or intermediary substrate. If in doubt, make a small cut through the specimen with scissors to
determine if any separation of substrates has occurred. Turn the fabric over and make the same type of examination on the other
side.
10.7 Examine the face fabric for any alteration in appearance as compared with the original sample. This may be done with
conventional room lighting, or with “Lighting Equipment for Viewing Test Specimens,” as described in Fig. 1 of AATCC
Method 124. Examine only the area of the test specimen bounded by the stitching.
11. Laundering Procedure
11.1 Machine Laundering—Wash the test specimens in the automatic home laundry machine, using 50 g of laundry detergent,
or a sufficient amount to give a safe suds level, at the applicable domestic automatic temperature and procedure under which the
fabric is to be marketed. In the absence of this information use the “normal” cycle and high water level settings and determine the
washing temperature according to the fabric type and construction as follows:
11.1.1 Face fabrics containing 20 % or more of wool, acetate, modacrylic, or acrylic fibers, 41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F).
11.1.2 Face fabrics of tricots, circular knits, woven nylon, and print fabrics other than those described under 11.1.1, 49 6 3°C
(120 6 5°F).
11.1.3 All other woven face fabrics, 60 6 3°C (140 6 5°F).
11.2 Load for Machine Laundering—Use a total load of 1.8 kg (4 lb) including test specimens plus a dummy load of
approximately 380 by 380 mm (15 by 15 in.) fabrics of similar fabric construction. Load all fabrics in the flat position.
11.3 Hand Laundering—If the fabrics are to be designated “Hand Washable,” dissolve 20 g of laundry detergent in 7.6 L (2 gal)
of water at 41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F) in a 9.5-L (10-qt) pail and then add two test specimens. Wash by lifting each specimen out of
the bath followed by immediate reimmersion at least ten times. Just before the final reimmersion, lightly rub by hand the center
of each specimen separately for a period of 1 min. Rinse by transferring the specimens to 7.6 L of water at 41 6 3°C (105 6 5°F)
and gently agitating the specimens by hand for a period of 2 min with no twisting or wringing. Remove the specimens and dry
as directed in 11.6.
11.4 Tumble Drying—Immediately after the first wash cycle, as directed in 11.1, remove the test specimens and dummy load
from the laundry machine and transfer to the tumble dryer. Run the dryer at the “moderate” setting and dry for the minimum time
required for adequately drying the fabrics being tested. Remove the test specimens and dummy load immediately following the
shut-off and examine.
11.5 Repeat the washing and drying cycles as directed in 11.1 and 11.4 four more times. After the fifth cycle, remove the test
specimens, lay on a flat surface, smooth by hand, and examine. Press the face fabric side lightly with a sliding action using the
hand steam iron, with no pressure other than the weight of the iron. If no ironing temperature is specified for the face fabric, use
the safe ironing temperature guide appearing in Table 1. Allow the specimens to condition on a flat surface in the standard
atmosphere for testing textiles for a minimum of 4 h before rating and measuring as directed in 10.5 – 10.7.
11.6 Drip Drying—Remove the specimens from the pail or from the automatic washer just before the water begins to drain for
the final spin-dry cycle, squeeze by hand without wringing or twisting, and hang each specimen by two adjacent corners, with the
fabric length in the vertical direction, in still air at room temperature until dry and examine.
11.7 Repeat the washing and drying cycles as directed in 11.2 or 11.3, and 11.6, four more times. After the fifth cycle, lay on
a flat surface, smooth the test specimens by hand, and examine. Press the face fabric side lightly with a sliding action using a hand
steam iron with no pressure other than the weight of the iron. If no ironing temperature is specified for the face fabric, the safe
ironing temperature guide appearing in Table 1 may be used. Allow the specimens to condition on a flat surface in the standard
atmosphere for testing textiles for a minimum of 4 h before rating and measuring as directed in 10.5 – 10.7.
NOTE 6—All specimens hand washed as directed in 11.3 should be drip dried. Specimens machine washed as directed in 11.1.1 should be drip dried
only when the fabrics are to be marketed as “Machine Wash, Drip Dry.”
12. Calculation
12.1 Calculate the shrinkage or gain in each direction by averaging the three measurements in each direction on each test
specimen and using these average measurements in accordance with Eq 3:
Shrinkage,%5 A 2 B 100/A (3)
~ !
where:
A = average original distance between bench marks, and
B = average final distance between bench marks.
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12.2 Calculate the average length shrinkage and the average width shrinkage of both test specimens separately for drycleaning
and for each laundering and drying procedure used.
13. Precision and Bias
13.1 Interlaboratory Test Data —An interlaboratory test, in which nine different bonded and laminated fabrics were used, was
run during 1969. Five laboratories participated and calculated the percent shrinkage in length and width as a result of drycleaning,
hand washing followed by line drying, and machine washing followed by tumble drying. The calculated components of variance
expressed as standard deviations and the degrees of freedom on which they are based are shown in Table 2.
NOTE 7—The within-laboratory (multioperator) component was not determined separately and is included in the between-laboratory component.
13.2 Precision—Based upon the components of variance stated in Table 2, the average test results should be considered
significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the differences listed in Table 3.
NOTE 8—The critical differences listed in Table 3 were calculated using the values of t that correspond to the degrees of freedom listed in Table 2.
13.3 Bias—The procedure in Test Methods D2724 for measuring dimensional stability during drycleaning or laundering has no
bias because the value of this property can be defined only in terms of a test method.
STRENGTH OF BOND (OPTIONAL)
14. Test Conditions
14.1 Bond strength tests may be made on the fabric as bonded or laminated, or after the three specified drycleaning cycles or
after the five specified laundering cycles. These tests also may be made on dry specimens (conditioned in the standard atmosphere
for testing textiles for a minimum of 4 h), or on wet specimens (saturated with perchlorethylene at room temperature following
the drycleaning tests or saturated with water at room temperature following the laundering tests).
14.2 Alternatively, following the drycleaning tests, wet strength-of-bond tests may be made on flame-laminated fabrics with the
specimens saturated in water instead of perchlorethylene. An interlaboratory test run in 1975 showed no significant differences
between perchlorethylene and water in wet tests on flame-laminated fabrics. However, there were significant differences on
adhesive-bonded fabrics. Therefore, water is not a suitable substitute for perchlorethylene in wet tests on these fabrics.
15. Procedure for Bonded and Fused Fabrics
15.1 Manually separate the two layers of fabric along the 76.2 mm (3 in.) width of each test specimen for a distance of
approximately 25 mm (1 in.) in the direction of the specimen length.
15.2 Set the lower clamp at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.) from the upper clamp. Secure the separated face fabric of a test specimen
in the upper clamp of the tensile testing machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a right angle with
the closed clamping surface. Secure the separated backing fabric in the lower clamp of the machine in such a way that the
longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a right angle with the closed jaws of the lower clamp.
15.3 If the indicating scale on the machine is provided with a pawl and ratchet mechanism, disengage the mechanism to permit
readings of variable force when the machine is placed in operation.
15.4 Operate the machine at a pulling speed of 5.1 6 0.2 mm/s (12 6 0.5 in./min).
15.5 Estimate the bond strength to the nearest 140 mN (0.5 ozf) as the average of at least the five highest and the five lowest
peak loads of resistance per inch of width, registered for 100 mm (4 in.) of delamination.
15.6 Repeat the operations described in 15.2 – 15.5 for each of the remaining two test specimens.
16. Procedure for Laminated Fabrics
16.1 Manually separate the face fabric from the foam along the 76.2-mm (3-in.) width of each test specimen for a distance of
approximately 25 mm (1 in.) in the direction of the specimen length.
16.2 Set the lower clamp at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.) from the upper clamp. Secure the separated face fabric of a test specimen
in the upper clamp of the tensile testing machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a right angle with
the closed clamping surface. Secure the separated foam or foam and backing fabric in the lower clamp of the machine in such a
way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a right angle with the closed jaws of the lower clamp.
16.3 Proceed as instructed in 15.3 – 15.6.
16.4 If foam is laminated to a backing fabric, retain each test specimen from 16.3 after the bond strength has been determined
for face to foam. Manually separate the backing fabric from the foam as instructed in 16.1 except that the manual separation should
be made at the opposite end of the test specimen separated for the face fabric-to-foam test.
16.5 Set the lower clamps at a distance of 25 mm (1 in.) from the upper clamp. Secure the separated foam or foam and face
fabric of a test specimen in the upper clamp of the tensile testing machine in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen
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forms a right angle with the closed clamping surface. Secure the separated backing fabric in the lower clamp of the machine in
such a way that the longitudinal axis of the specimen forms a right angle with the closed jaws of the lower clamp.
16.6 Proceed as instructed in 15.3 – 15.6.
16.7 Examine both sides of the foam on the test specimens after testing for bond strength. Determine whether the foam portion
ruptured during delamination allowing some foam to adhere to either fabric surface. If this has occurred, make the notation “foam
tear” for that test specimen for the side or sides where “foam tear” occurred. If “foam tear” occurs on only one side of one test
specimen, disregard this result and report the average bond strength for that side of the remaining two specimens. If “foam tear”
occurs on the same side of two or three specimens, report the bond strength for that side as “foam tear.”
16.8 In the event it is impossible to separate manually the foam from either the face or the backing fabric as instructed in 16.1
and 16.4 without rupturing the foam, report the bond strength for the side or sides where this occurs as “foam tear.”
17. Report
17.1 State that the tests were made as directed in ASTM Test Methods D2724. Describe the material or product sampled and
the method of sampling used.
17.2 Report the following information:
17.2.1 The individual length and width dimensional changes to the nearest 0.5 % for each test specimen as well as the average
length and width shrinkage for both test specimens
...