ASTM A47/A47M-99(2022)e1

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation:A47/A47M −99 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A47/A47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Footnote 4 was updated editorially in October 2022.
1. Scope E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
2 terials
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambi-
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
ent to approximately 400°C [750°F].
terials
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
tweenthepropertiesoftheironinvariouslocationsofthesame
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
(see Appendix X1).
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
2.2 Military Standard:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
2.3 Federal Standard:
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
Agencies)
with the standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
iron are found in Terminology A644.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Classification
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Castings ordered and produced under this specification
are classified under the following grades based on tests on
2. Referenced Documents
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
A153/A153MSpecification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
andshallbeheattreatedwiththosecastingsexceptasprovided
Iron and Steel Hardware
in 7.2.3.
A247Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
Graphite in Iron Castings
4.1.1.1 The first three digits of the grade designation indi-
A644Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
catetheminimumyieldstrength(×100psi[MPa]),andthelast
two digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in.
[50mm]).
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
5. Ordering Information
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A47/A47M–99
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specification shall state the specification designation, the year
(2018) . DOI: 10.1520/A0047_A0047M-99R22E01.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi- in which the specification was issued, and the grade of
cation SA-47 in Section II of that code.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center,
the ASTM website. https://vsc.gsa.gov/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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A47/A47M−99 (2022)
malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions
to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly
and fully stipulated.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 Thechemicalcompositionoftheironshallbesuchasto
produce the structural and mechanical properties required by
this specification.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
NOTE1—Modificationsmaybemadeinthedimensionsindicatedabove
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
castings are discussed in Appendix X1. testing procedure and equipment.
7.2 Tension Test Specimens:
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings. At least
three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle
of iron either from each batch-melted heat or, in continuous
melting, from each 4h pour period during which the purchas-
er’s castings were poured, or as otherwise agreed upon
between manufacturer and purchaser.
7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the
designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period
of a continuous heat.
7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
NOTE 1—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends
productionfurnacesandinthesamecyclesasthecastingsthey
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical that the load shall be axial.The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
of the central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for
tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the
FIG. 3Machined Tension Test Specimen
production lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or
hardness,orboth,inbothspecimenandcastings.Insuchcases
the hardness of the specimens shall be tested and reported
7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately
along with the tensile test results.
half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving
7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined
head of the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./min
specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be
[12.5mm⁄min] through the breaking load.
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are
in Fig. 3.
notidentical,theyaresufficientlycloseformostapplicationsof
ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may
7.3 Tension Test Method:
be determined by any of the approved techniques described in
7.3.1 Thegagelengthofthestandardtensionspecimenshall
the paragraphs on Determination of Yield Strength and Yield
be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
PointofTestMethodsE8/E8M.Ifdeterminedasyieldstrength,
7.3.2 Thediameterusedtocomputethecross-sectionalarea
that stress producing an extension under load of 0.01 in.
shallbetheaveragebetweenthelargestandsmallestdiameters
[0.25mm] over the 2 in. [50 mm] gage length (for example,
in that section of the 2 in. [50 mm] gage length having the
0.5% extension) or an offset of 0.2% shall be taken as the
smallestdiameterandshallbemeasuredtothenearest0.001in.
yield stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by
[0.2 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than
dividing by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length
0.590in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test.
found in accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the
nearest 100psi [MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be
determined as the stress that produces an extension under load
of 0.5% of the gage length.
7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load
carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original
cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance
with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].
7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after
FIG. 1Tension Test Specimen fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
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A47/A47M−99 (2022)
[0.25 mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage 7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5%. hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated
and a test location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
7.4 Retesting:
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hard-
7.4.1 If, after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
ness testing in accordance with Test Method E10 shall be
defect, another tension test may be made on a companion
employed whenever possible.
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
occurs outside the central 50% of the gage length.
Brinell testing with the standard 3000 kgf load, the 500 kgf
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the
may be employed, the hardness number being reported as HB
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use
either retest fails to meet the specification, the castings repre-
theBrinellmethod,theRockwelltestmaybesubstituted,using
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected.Avalid test is
Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Con-
one wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and
versions of hardness values from one method to another
appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure
according to Hardness Conversion Tables E140, which does
has been followed.
not specifically cover cast irons, are approximate only and,
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the
therefore, are generally inadvisable.
manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut
7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
from a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the
surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed
7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
from a production casting will not necessarily correspond to
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in
Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
Table 1 do not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the
of the producer.
test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the
7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
averageofthosefromsimilartestspecimensremovedfromthe
rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating
same location from two castings of the same design where
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
separately cast test bars meet the requirements of Table 1.
7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of mal-
7.4.4 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment
leable iron are listed in Table 2.
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
8. Microstructure Requirements
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
8.1 Themicrostructureofthemalleableironshallconsistof
with 7.4.1 – 7.4.3.
tempercarbonnodulesdistributedthroughaferr
...