ASTM C370-12(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products
Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method provides means to determine increases in physical dimension of fired whiteware materials which develop from the reaction of water and water vapor at elevated pressures and temperatures. These reactions can occur in time at normal atmospheric pressures and temperatures; changes in physical dimensions from water can influence the integrity and stability of an installation. In the case of glazed ware, moisture expansion can lead to crazing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation of whiteware bodies caused by rehydration as a result of autoclave treatment.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Oct-2020
- Technical Committee
- C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
- Drafting Committee
- C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns
Overview
ASTM C370-12(2020), Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products, is an internationally recognized method developed by ASTM for assessing the tendency of fired whiteware ceramics to expand upon exposure to moisture. This test quantifies the change in physical dimensions caused by water and water vapor, especially at elevated pressures and temperatures. Monitoring and controlling the moisture expansion of fired whiteware is critical for ensuring the quality, durability, and safety of ceramic products used in various applications, including construction and consumer goods.
Key Topics
- Moisture Expansion in Fired Whiteware: The standard outlines procedures for determining the increase in length of ceramic materials-specifically, whiteware-caused by rehydration.
- Autoclave Treatment: Test specimens are exposed to high-pressure steam in an autoclave to simulate long-term exposure to humid conditions.
- Precision Measurement: Dimensional changes are measured with high-precision micrometers or dial indicators, ensuring accuracy in detection of slight expansions.
- Test Specimen Preparation: It details the specimen size, shape, and preparation method needed to achieve consistent and reliable results.
- Reporting Requirements: The method requires documentation of both average and individual specimen results for comprehensive quality control.
Applications
- Quality Control in Ceramics Manufacturing: The standard enables manufacturers to detect and address moisture expansion issues during product development and routine production checks for whiteware-such as tiles, tableware, and sanitary ware.
- Prevention of Crazing in Glazed Products: Excessive moisture expansion can lead to crazing (surface cracks) in glazed whiteware. This standard provides a means to predict and prevent such defects, thereby improving product aesthetics and mechanical integrity.
- Installation Stability: By identifying potential for dimensional changes after installation, the test helps ensure the long-term stability and safety of ceramic installations in buildings and infrastructure.
- Product Development and Research: Engineers and product developers use the test data to improve raw material formulations, optimize firing processes, and enhance the performance characteristics of fired ceramic ware.
Related Standards
- ASTM C242 - Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products: Provides essential definitions and terminology referenced within ASTM C370.
- ASTM C373 - Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products: Assesses water interaction properties of ceramics.
- ISO 10545-10 - Ceramic Tiles - Determination of Moisture Expansion: An international standard addressing similar measurement of moisture-induced expansion in ceramic tiles.
- ASTM C21 - Committee on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products: Oversees the development and maintenance of standards related to whiteware testing and performance.
Practical Value
Implementing ASTM C370-12(2020) in quality assurance protocols helps manufacturers and installers avoid costly failures associated with moisture-related expansion in fired ceramic products. With its reproducible procedures and precise measurement guidelines, the standard plays a crucial role in delivering reliable, long-lasting whiteware, reducing warranty claims, and enhancing end-user satisfaction. Its use aligns with international best practices, facilitating market access and regulatory compliance across borders.
Keywords: ASTM C370, moisture expansion, fired whiteware, ceramic test methods, autoclave testing, crazing prevention, quality control, ceramic industry standards.
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C370-12(2020) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 2.1 This test method provides means to determine increases in physical dimension of fired whiteware materials which develop from the reaction of water and water vapor at elevated pressures and temperatures. These reactions can occur in time at normal atmospheric pressures and temperatures; changes in physical dimensions from water can influence the integrity and stability of an installation. In the case of glazed ware, moisture expansion can lead to crazing. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation of whiteware bodies caused by rehydration as a result of autoclave treatment. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 2.1 This test method provides means to determine increases in physical dimension of fired whiteware materials which develop from the reaction of water and water vapor at elevated pressures and temperatures. These reactions can occur in time at normal atmospheric pressures and temperatures; changes in physical dimensions from water can influence the integrity and stability of an installation. In the case of glazed ware, moisture expansion can lead to crazing. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation of whiteware bodies caused by rehydration as a result of autoclave treatment. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C370-12(2020) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 81.060.20 - Ceramic products; 97.040.60 - Cookware, cutlery and flatware. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C370-12(2020) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C370 − 12 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Micrometer, at least 3 to 4 in. (76 to 102 mm), reading
to 0.0001 in. (0.003 mm), or a dial indicator graduated in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elon-
0.0001-in. increments.
gationofwhitewarebodiescausedbyrehydrationasaresultof
3.3 Fixture, for mounting the micrometer or dial indicator
autoclave treatment.
and for holding the specimen in such a manner that reproduc-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ible results can be obtained. A fused silica reference shall be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used to calibrate the fixture before each measurement.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Test Specimen
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The specimens shall be unglazed, rod-like in shape,
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
about 3 to 4 in. (76 to 102 mm) long, and preferably cut from
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the center of production pieces of ware. The greatest thickness
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
shallnotexceed0.75in.(19mm),andtheleastdimensionshall
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
be not less than 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.2 The specimens shall be cut to size and measured
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
immediately after coming from the kiln or shall be stored in a
desiccator until they can be cut and measured.
2. Significance and Use
4.3 The ends of the specimens shall be cut perpendicular to
2.1 This test method provides means to determine increases
the length and parallel to each other. They then shall be
in physical dimension of fired whiteware materials which
smoothed with emery cloth and, finally, with jeweler’s rouge.
develop from the reaction of water and water vapor at elevated
4.4 At least five specimens shall be tested.
pressures and temperatures. These reactions can occur in time
at normal atmospheric pressures and temperatures; changes in
5. Procedure
physical dimensions from water can influence the integrity and
5.1 Markthespecimensforidentificationandmeasurethem
stability of an installation. In the case of glazed ware, moisture
with the micrometer or the dial indicator to the nearest
expansion can lead to crazing.
0.0001 in. (0.003 mm). Apply a reference mark to the speci-
mens for orientation in the measuring fixture.
3. Apparatus
5.2 Locate the specimens above the water in the autoclave
3.1 Autoclave, that can safely be operated at 150 psi
and subject them to 150-psi (1 MPa) steam pressure for 5 h.
(1 MPa), and that has sufficient capacity to contain at least five
Maximumpressureshallbereachedinnotlessthan45minnor
specimens. The apparatus shall be equippe
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