ASTM E2026-99
(Guide)Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes
Standard Guide for the Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose-This guide defines and establishes good commercial, customary practice, and standard-of-care in the United States for conducting a probabilistic study of expected loss to buildings from damage associated with earthquakes and for the preparation of a narrative report containing the results of the study. As such, this guide permits a user to satisfy, in part, their real estate transactional due-diligence requirements with respect to assessing a property's potential for building losses associated with earthquakes.
1.1.1 Recognized Earthquake Hazards-Hazards addressed in this guide include earthquake ground shaking, earthquake caused sit instability, including faulting, land sliding, and densification, and earthquake caused tsunamis and seiches. Earthquake caused fires and toxic materials releases are not considered.
1.1.2 Other Federal, State, and Local Laws and Regulations-This guide does not address requirements of any federal, state, or local laws and regulations of building construction or maintenance. Users are cautioned that current federal, state, and local laws and regulations may differ from those in effect at the time of the original construction of the building(s).
1.2 Objectives-The objectives for this guide are as follows:
1.2.1 To synthesize and document good commercial, customary practices for the estimation of probable loss to buildings from earthquakes for real estate improvements;
1.2.2 To facilitate standardized estimation of probable losses to buildings from earthquakes;
1.2.3 To ensure that the standard of site observations, document review and research is appropriate, practical, sufficient, and reasonable for such an estimation;
1.2.4 To establish what reasonably can be expected of and delivered by a loss estimator in conducting an estimation of probable loss to buildings from earthquakes;
1.2.5 To establish an industry standard for appropriate observations and analysis in an effort to guide legal interpretation of the standard of care to be exercised for the conducting of an estimation of probable loss to buildings from earthquakes; and,
1.2.6 To establish the requirement that a loss estimator communicates observations, opinions, and conclusions in a manner meaningful to the user and not misleading either by content or by omission.
1.3 Considerations beyond this scope-The use of this guide is limited strictly to the scope set forth herein. Section 3 of this guide identifies, for information purposes, certain conditions that may exist on a property that are beyond the scope of this guide but may warrant consideration by the parties to a real estate transaction.
1.4 Organization of this guide-This guide has several parts (see Table of Contents).
1.5 Limitations-This guide does not purport to provide for the preservation of life safety, or prevention of building damage associated with its use, or both. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate life safety and damage prevention practices and determine the applicability of current regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 Commentary-See Appendix X1 for commentary on Section 1.
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An American National Standard
Designation:E2026–99
Standard Guide for the
1
Estimation of Building Damageability in Earthquakes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Lenders, insurers and equity owners in real estate are giving more intense scrutiny to earthquake
riskthaneverbefore.The1989LomaPrietaearthquake,whichcausedmorethan$6billionindamage,
accelerated an already established trend for improved loss estimation in California; the 1994
Northridge event with over $20 billion in damage has completed the process—loss analysis is now an
integral part of real estate financial decision making. Financial institutions are in need of specific and
consistentmeasuresoffuturedamagelossforthisdecisionprocess.Thelongusednotionof“probable
maximum loss” (PML) has become, for many, a catch phrase to encapsulate all earthquake issues into
asimplenumberthatcanbeusedtoqualifyordisqualityapotentialcommitment.Unfortunately,there
has been no previous industry or professional consensus on what PML means or how it is computed.
This guide presents specific approaches, which the real estate and technical communities can use to
characterize the earthquake vulnerability of buildings. It recommends use of new terms, probable loss
(PL), and scenario loss (SL) in the future to make specific the type of damageability measures used.
Use of the term Probable Maximum Loss (PML) is not encouraged for future use.
Introduction
1. Scope
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Considerations beyond scope
1.4 Organization of this guide
1.5 Limitations
1.6 Commentary
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Commentary
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Uses
3.2 Principles
3.3 Minimum reporting requirements
3.4 Qualifications of the loss estimator
3.5 Representation of seismic risk
3.6 Projects comprised of multiple buildings
3.7 Retrofit scheme development
3.8 Use of computer assessment tools
3.9 Additional services
3.10 Independent peer review
3.11 Commentary
4. Probabilistic ground motion hazard assessment
4.1 Objective
4.2 Levels of inquiry in probabilistic ground motion hazard assessment
4.3 Level G0 inquiry
4.4 Level G1 inquiry
4.5 Level G2 inquiry
4.6 Commentary
5. Building stability assessment
5.1 Objective
5.2 Levels of inquiry in building stability assessment
5.3 Conclusions and findings
5.4 Level BS0 inquiry
5.5 Level BS1 inquiry
5.6 Level BS2 inquiry
5.7 Level BS3 inquiry
5.8 Retrofit recommendations
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E2026
5.9 Commentary
6. Site stability assessment
6.1 Objective
6.2 Levels of inquiry in site stability assessment
6.3 Level SS0 inquiry
6.4 Level SS1 inquiry
6.5 Level SS2 inquiry
6.6 Level SS3 inquiry
6.7 Commentary
7. Damageability assessment
7.1 Objective
7.2 Levels of inquiry in damageability assessment
7.3 Requirements for all levels of damageability assessment D0–D3
7.4 Level D0 inquiry
7.5 Level D1 inquiry
7.6 Level D2 inquiry
7.7 Level D3 inquiry
7.8 Commentary
8. Contents damageability assessment
8.1 Objective
8.2 Type of damageability assessment
8.3 Levels of inquiry in site stability assessment
8.4 Level C0 inquiry
8.5 Level C1 inquiry
8.6 Level C2 inquiry
8.7 Level C3 inquiry
8.8 Commentary
9. Business interruption assessment
9.1 Objective
9.2 Related investigations
9.3 Type of business interruption assessment
9.4 Business interruption assessment
9.5 Levels of inquiry in business interruption assessment
9.6 Level B0 inquiry
9.7 Level B1 inquiry
9.8 Level B2 inquiry
9.9 Level B3 inquiry
9.10 Commentary
10. Subsequent use of damageability assessments
10.1 Objective
10.2 Comparison with subsequent inquiry
10.3 Continued viability of estimates of probable loss to buildings from earthquakes
10.4 Use of prior information
10.5 Prior assessment meets or exceeds
10.6 Current investigation
10.7 Actual knowledge exception
10.8 Contractual issues regarding prior estimation usage
10.9 Rules of engagement
10.10 Commentary
11. User’s Responsibilities
11.1 Scope
11.2 Relevant records
11.3 Access to property and records
11.4 Access to consultants
11.5 Investigation level
11.6 Return period
11.7 Commentary
12. Evaluation and report preparation
12.1 Report format
12.2 Documentation
12.3 Contents of report
12.4 Findings and conclusions
12.5 Deviations
12.6 Signature
12.7 Additional services
12.8 Commentary
13. Referenced Documents
Appendix X1 Commentary on the guide provisions
X1.1 Commentary for Section 1—Scope
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