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ASTM D3412-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn

Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns under boundary friction conditions.  
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 1.5 to 200 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges (15 to 1800 denier).  
Note 1--For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method D3108.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2001
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3412-95 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D3412-07 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3108/D3108M-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6611-23 - Standard Test Method for Wet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Resistance
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001

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ASTM D3412-01 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to YarnASTM D3412-01 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
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ASTM D3412-01 - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3412–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the tangential
force that is needed to maintain uniform relative motion
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional
between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force
properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns
holding them in contact.
under boundary friction conditions.
3.1.3 friction, n—theresistancetotherelativemotionofone
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear
body sliding, rolling, or flowing over another body with which
densities ranging from 1.5 to 200 tex, but may be used with
it is in contact.
yarns outside these ranges (15 to 1800 denier).
3.1.4 radian, n—the plane angle between two radii of a
NOTE 1—For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method
circle which intersects the circumference of the circle making
D 3108.
an arc equal in length to the radius.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Aradian is equal to 180° divided by p
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
and is approximately 57.3°.
information only.
3.1.5 stick-slip, n—a phenomenon occurring when bound-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
arylubricationisdeficient,manifestedbyalternativeperiodsof
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sticking and slipping of the surfaces in contact.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—At the specified sliding speed, in yarn
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
friction testing, stick-slip cycles are long enough that they can
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bereadilyrecorded.Duringsticking,thefrictionalforceslowly
rises to a peak value, at which the slipping occurs with the
2. Referenced Documents
frictional force rapidly decreasing to a minimum value.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 wrap angle, n—in yarn friction testing,thecumulative
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
angular contact of the test specimen against the friction-
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
inducing device, expressed in radians.
D 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
3.1.7 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
Number)by the Skein Method
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
4. Summary of Test Method
D 3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to
Metal
4.1 A length of yarn is moved at a known speed in contact
with itself or similar yarn at a specified wrap angle. The input
3. Terminology
and output tensions are measured and the coefficient of friction
3.1 Definitions:
calculated. Alternatively, apparatus may be used in which the
3.1.1 boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds
ratio of input to output tension is measured allowing the
(0.02 m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
coefficient of friction to be indicated directly.
lubricant conditions.
4.2 Two optional procedures are included. Option 1 is based
on theTwisted Strand Method, using a wrap angle of 15.71 rad
(900°). Option 2 is based on the Capstan Method, using a wrap
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
angle of 3.14 radians (180°).
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
General.
NOTE 2—Editions of Test Method D 3412 prior to the 1986 revision
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally
incorrectly stated the wrap angle for Option 1 to be 18.85 rad. This is
published as D 3412 – 75T. Last previous edition D 3412 – 95.
2 incorrect, since 3 turns of the swivel pulley do not result in a wrap angle
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
of18.85radians.Thishasnowbeencorrectedto15.71rad.Thisshouldbe
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
taken into account in comparing with earlier results.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3412–01
5. Significance and Use a controlled tension. The number of intertwisting wraps, the
apex angle between the i
...

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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
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Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
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SCOPE
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1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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