ASTM E1822-21

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1822 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
conducting these tests.
1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the
1.11 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see
burningbehaviorofstackingchairsusedinpublicoccupancies
IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for
bymeasuringspecificfire-testresponseswhenastackofchairs
information only.
is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ventilated conditions.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 This test method is limited to stacked chairs.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
following application of a specific ignition source, from
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ignition until all burning has ceased, a period of one hour has
1.13 This international standard was developed in accor-
elapsed, or flashover under test conditions appears inevitable.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.5 This test method does not provide information on the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fire performance of stacked chairs under fire conditions other
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
than those conditions specified in this test method. In
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering
ignition by cigarettes. See 5.11 for further information.
2. Referenced Documents
1.6 The rate of heat release of the burning test specimen is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.11.4 for
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
further information.
E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-
Building Materials
obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas
E176Terminology of Fire Standards
species in the combustion gases. See 5.11.5 for further infor-
E800GuideforMeasurementofGasesPresentorGenerated
mation.
During Fires
E1354Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photo-
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
graphic or video recordings.
sumption Calorimeter
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the
E1474Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
Calorimeter
assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under
E1537Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-
actual fire conditions.
ture
E1590Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings
and Contents. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1822–17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1822-21. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1822 − 21
IEEE/ASTM SI-10American National Standard for Use of 3.2.5 upholstery cover material, n—the outermost layer of
theInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetric fabric or related material used to enclose the main support
System system, or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furniture
unit.
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile
3.2.6 upholsterymaterial,n—thepadding,stuffing,orfilling
Products—Vocabulary
material used in a furniture item, which may be either loose or
ISO 9705Fire Tests—Full Scale Room Test for Surface
attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, or located
Products
between the upholstery cover material and support system, if
ISO 13943Fire Safety—Vocabulary
present.
2.3 UL Standards:
3.2.6.1 Discussion—This includes, but is not limited to,
UL 1056Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture (withdrawn)
material such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,
UL 1895Fire Test of Mattresses (withdrawn)
bonded cellulose, or down.
2.4 CA Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
CATB 129,Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for
Use in Public Buildings
4.1 Thisfire-test-responsetestmethoddeterminesanumber
CA TB 133,Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Fur-
of fire-test-response characteristics associated with a stack of
niture for Use in Public Occupancies (withdrawn)
five stacking chairs, ignited with a propane gas burner. Mea-
2.5 NFPA Standard: surements to be made include the rate of heat and smoke
NFPA289Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel
release, total amount of heat released, rates and concentrations
Packages of carbon oxides released, and rates and amounts of mass of
2.6 Other Document: test specimen lost. Other optional measurements are also
described.
Nordtest Method NT Fire 032Upholstered Furniture: Burn-
ing Behavior—Full Scale Test
4.2 In Test Configurations A and B, the test specimen is
placed on a weighing platform located in a test room. An
3. Terminology
exhausthood,connectedtoaduct,islocatedatthedoorwayof
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
the room.
method and associated with fire issues, refer to Terminology
4.3 In Test Configuration C, the test specimen is placed on
E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions in
a weighing platform located directly under a hood.
Terminology E176 shall prevail. For definitions of terms used
4.4 Heat, smoke, and combustion gas release instrumenta-
in this test method and associated with textile issues refer to
tion is placed in the duct.
Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, the
definitions in Terminology D123 shall prevail.
4.5 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the test
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
room is also described.
3.2.1 stacking chair, n—chair that is intended to be stacked
when not in use. 5. Significance and Use
3.2.2 test specimen, n—stack of five identical stacking 5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a
chairs.
varietyoffire-test-responsecharacteristicsresultingfromburn-
ing a stack of five stacking chairs. After ignition using a
3.2.3 upholstered, adj—covered with material (as fabric or
propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn
padding) to provide a soft surface.
freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important
3.2.4 upholstered seating furniture, n—a unit of interior
fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is
furnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, in
therateofheatrelease,whichquantifiestheintensityofthefire
whole or in part, with a fabric or other upholstery cover
generated.
material, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is intended
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of
or promoted for sitting upon.
oxygenconsumption.AnnexA3discussestheassumptionsand
limitations.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-
Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as
AvailablefromUnderwritersLaboratories(UL)(hardcopyonly),333Pfingsten
the rate of smoke release, total smoke released or optical
Rd., Northbrook, IL60062-2096, http://www.ul.com. UL1056 withdrawn /August
density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations
11, 2000. UL 1895 withdrawn Feb. 11, 2000.
of combustion gases), and mass loss, that are important to
Available from California Bureau of Household Goods and Services (BHGS),
State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange Grove Ave.,
making decisions on fire safety.
North Highlands, CA 95660-5595, https://bhgs.dca.ca.gov/industry/tb129.pdf and
5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous
https://bhgs.dca.ca.gov/industry/tb133.pdf
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
componentsofsmokearethecarbonoxidespresentinallfires.
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Theyareindicatorsofthetoxicityoftheatmosphereandofthe
Available from Nordtest, P.O. Box 22, SF-00341, Helsingfors, Finland,
completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations
http://www.nordtest.info/wp/1991/05/14/upholstered-furniture-burning-behaviour-
full-scale-test-nt-fire-032/ of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire
E1822 − 21
hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of 5.11.5 As yet, there is not a known direct correlation
heat-release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, betweensmokeobscurationorsmoketoxicitymeasurementsin
whicharespecifictocertainmaterials,arealsoindicatorsofthe the exhaust duct and overall fire hazard.
toxicityoftheatmospheres,butarelesscrucialfordetermining
6. Apparatus
combustion completeness and are optional measures; however
fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.
6.1 Room Layout and Instrumentation:
6.1.1 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration A)—The test
5.5 Thetypeofignitionchosen(flamingsource)iscommon
room shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 6
in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies.
25 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by 8 ft). The room
This test method is thus applicable to stacked chairs in public
shallhavenoopeningsotherthanadoorwayopening0.76m 6
occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to,
6.4 mm by 2.03 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in.), located as
health-care facilities, old-age convalescent and board and care
indicated in Fig. 1, and other small openings, as necessary to
homes, college dormitories and residence halls, and hotels and
maketestmeasurements.Constructthetestroomofwoodenor
motels.
metal studs and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard or
5.6 One of the following three configurations is to be used
calcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described in
in this test method:
Annex A1, outside the room doorway, such that it collects all
5.6.1 Test Configuration A—Atest room with the following
of the combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to the
dimensions: 3.66 by 2.44 by 2.44 m high (12 by 8 by 8 ft).
air supply to the test setup.
5.6.2 Test Configuration B—Atest room with the following
NOTE 1—Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-
dimensions: 3.66 by 3.05 by 2.44 m high (12 by 10 by 8 ft).
boardwithanominalthicknessofatleast13mm(0.5in.)havebeenfound
5.6.3 Test Configuration C—An open calorimeter (or furni-
acceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard used is greater, it will not
affect the results of this test method.
ture calorimeter).
6.1.2 Test Room Layout (Test Configuration B)—The test
5.7 Rooms of other dimensions are acceptable where it has
room shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 6
been shown that equivalent test results are obtained.
25 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by 8 ft).The room
5.8 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in
5.6 have been shown to give similar results for heat release in
the duct and mass loss up to a rate of heat release of 600 kW
(1).
5.9 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, and
smoke obscuration in the room are dependent on room size.
5.10 Studies on the flammability performance of furniture
indicate that bench-scale fire tests are useful for preliminary
evaluations of component materials for substitution purposes
(see Appendix X3).
5.11 Limitations:
5.11.1 This test method is not applicable to ignition by
cigarettes or by any other smoldering source.
5.11.2 The ignition source in this test method is a flaming
source. Moreover, this particular ignition source has been
showntobeabletoprovideadistinctionamongdifferentkinds
of stacked chairs. However, the fraction of actual flaming
stackedchairfiresoccurringwithignitionsmoreorlessintense
than that used here is not known.
5.11.3 Itisnotknownwhethertheresultsofthistestmethod
will be equally valid when stacking chairs are burned under
conditions different from those specified. In particular, it is
unclearwhethertheuseofadifferentignitionsource,thesame
ignition source but having a different duration of flame
exposure, or a different gas-flow rate will change the results.
5.11.4 Thevalueofrateofheatreleasecorrespondingtothe
critical limit between propagating fires and nonpropagating
fires is not known.
NOTE 1—See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional.
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this test method. FIG. 1 Test Room Configuration for Test Configuration A
E1822 − 21
shallhavenoopeningsotherthanadoorwayopening0.97m 6 6.1.3.3 The air supply to the calorimeter shall be sufficient
6.4 mm by 2.06 m 6 6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), located as so that it does not affect the burning process.
indicated in Fig. 2, and other small openings, as necessary to 6.1.4 General Discussion of Room Layout:
maketestmeasurements.Constructthetestroomofwoodenor 6.1.4.1 Heatreleasemeasurementsintheduct,madeinTest
metal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard or Configurations A, B, and C have been shown to give similar
calcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described in results for heat release rates below 600 kW (see X1.4) (1).
Annex A1, outside the room doorway, such that it collects all 6.1.5 Other Test Room Furnishings—The test room shall
of the combustion gases. There shall be no obstructions to the contain no furnishings except for the test specimen.
air supply to the test setup. 6.1.6 Location of Test Specimen, for Test Configurations A
or B—Position the test specimen on a weighing platform in a
NOTE 2—Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-
corner.Ensurethatthetestspecimenisatadistanceofbetween
boardwithanominalthicknessofatleast13mm(0.5in.)havebeenfound
0.10and0.25m(4and10in.)frombothwalls(Fig.1andFig.
acceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard used is greater, it will not
affect the results of this test method.
2).
6.1.7 Location of Test Specimen, for Test Configuration
6.1.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C):
C—Position the test specimen on a weighing platform under-
6.1.3.1 The area surrounding the test specimen in an open
neath the hood.
calorimeter layout shall be sufficiently large that there are no
heat radiation effects from the walls or any other nearby
6.2 Ignition Source:
objects. The airflow to the test specimen shall be symmetrical
6.2.1 Use as the ignition source a gas burner in the shape of
from all sides.
a T, as shown in Fig. 3.
6.1.3.2 If the heat release rate of the test specimen is below
6.2.2 Construct the burner of stainless steel with wall
600 kW, a load cell sited under a hood, and where the distance
thicknesses of 0.89 6 0.05 mm (0.035 6 0.002 in.). Make the
betweenthetestspecimenandanywallis1m(3.3ft)ormore,
head of theT205 6 10 mm (8 6 0.4 in.) long and 13 61mm
is acceptable.
(0.5 6 0.04 in.) outside diameter. Plug the ends of the T. As
showninFig.3(a)andFig.3(b),constructtheburnerwithtwo
sets of holes equally spaced and centered along the head of the
3(a) Burner Head Showing Top Set of Holes
3(b) Burner Head Showing Bottom Set of Holes
3(c) Side View of Burner Showing Orientation of the Head with the Handle
NOTE 1—See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional. NOTE 1—See text for tolerances.
FIG. 2 Test Room Configuration for Test Configuration B FIG. 3 View of T-Shaped Gas Burner
E1822 − 21
burner and oriented 90° to one another. One set consists of 14
holes and the other set of nine holes, each hole spaced 13 6 1
mm (0.5 6 0.04 in.) from the next. Make the holes 1 6 0.04
mm (0.039 6 0.002 in.) in diameter.
NOTE 3—It is common for the burner holes to become clogged
following a test. Inspect burner holes after each test and clean thoroughly
if required. Take care not to enlarge the holes when cleaning them.
6.2.3 Construct the handle of the burner of stainless steel
withthesamediameterandthicknessasthehead.Weldittothe
head in the orientation shown in Fig. 3(c). When the 14 holes
in the head are oriented 45° above the horizontal and the nine
holes are oriented 45° below the horizontal, the handle is
NOTE 1—This example of upholstered chairs has no gaps between the
seats or backs. The burner is placed below the bottom of the seat cushion
approximately 30° above the horizontal. Construct the handle
frame.
such that it is at least 450 mm (18 in.) long to facilitate its
FIG. 4 Positioning of the Ignition Source—T Burner
attachment to the support and the propane line.
NOTE 4—To align the burner to the test specimen properly, it is
6.3.2 Construct a thermal barrier large enough to prevent
necessary to position the head as described below; therefore, the angle
melting or falling material from the tested stacked chairs
between the handle and the head is not critical.
specimen from falling off the thermal barrier. The barrier shall
6.2.4 Usepropanegaswithaknownnetheatofcombustion
consist of a galvanized steel pan with a gypsum board lining
of46.5 60.5MJ/kgasafuelforthisignitionsource.Meterthe
placedonthetestspecimen.Thebarriershallbeusedtoprotect
flow rate of propane at 12 6 0.25 L/min, at a pressure of 101
theloadcell.Thepanshallbeconstructedofnominally1.6mm
6 5 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure measured at the flow
( ⁄16in.)thicksteel,andhavedimensionsofnolessthan1.0by
gage), and a temperature of 20 6 5 °C or at a flow equivalent
1.0 m (39 by 39 in.), with a uniform raised lip of the same
to these values. Use flexible tubing fed into the handle of the
material, 100 6 10 mm (approximately 4 in.) high, on each
burner to deliver the propane to the burner. Maintain the flow
side, to catch falling material. The bottom of the pan shall be
rate constant of propane while the flame is lit. Mount the
covered by a tight-fitting section of standard gypsum board
burneronanadjustablepole,withacounterweightifnecessary,
(finish side up), of nominally 13 mm (0.5 in.) thickness. The
to allow the burner to be positioned in the proper location for
gypsumboardshallbecleanbeforethestartofatest;theboard
ignition of the test specimen and then swung out of the way
shall be replaced for each test.
after the propane gas flame is turned off.
6.3.3 Measure the test specimen mass continuously with a
6.2.5 The approximate ratio of heat release rate output to device capable of an accuracy of no less than 6150guptoat
gas flow rate is 1.485 kW min/L under standard conditions. least 90 kg. Install it in such a way that neither the heat from
Thus, the calculated rate of heat release from the burner at the the burning test specimen nor any eccentricity of the load will
temperature and pressure given above is 17.8 kW. affect the accuracy. Do not make any range shifts during
measurements. Install all parts of the mass measuring device
6.2.6 Location of Gas Burner:
below the top level of the thermal barrier.
6.2.6.1 Orienttheburnerwithrespecttothetestspecimenas
6.3.4 The distance from the upper surface of the thermal
shown in Fig. 3 (a, b, and c).
barrier to floor level shall not exceed 0.3 m (12 in.). The area
6.2.6.2 Ensure that the horizontal plane of the head of the
betweenthethermalbarrierandthefloorlevelshallbeshielded
burner (depicted in Fig. 3(c)) is level with the bottom horizon-
byaskirtattheperimeterofthebarriertopreventliftingforces
tal surface of the lowest chair in the test specimen. This
due to fire-induced air flow that influence the measurement.
orientation shall be such that the 14 holes are directed at the
6.4 Exhaust Collection System:
test specimen at an angle of 45° above the horizontal, and the
6.4.1 General:
nine holes are directed under the lowest chair in the test
6.4.1.1 Construct the exhaust collection system with the
specimenatanangle45°belowthehorizontal.Thehandlewill
following minimal requirements: a blower, steel hood, duct,
be set, nominally, at 30 ° above the horizontal.
bidirectional probe, thermocouple(s), oxygen measurement
6.2.6.3 Locate the burner during ignition in such a way that
system, smoke obscuration measurement system (white light
the burner is parallel with the front edge of the lowest chair in
photocelllamp/detectororlaser),andcombustiongassampling
the test specimen, 25 62mm(1 6 0.1 in.) from the vertical
andanalysissystem.Constructtheexhaustcollectionsystemas
edge of the chair and 50 62mm(2 6 0.1 in.) below the
shown in Fig. 5 and as explained in Annex A1.
bottomhorizontaledgeofthelowestchairinthetestspecimen,
6.4.1.2 Ensurethatthesystemforcollectingthesmoke(that
as shown in Fig. 4.
includes gaseous combustion products) has sufficient exhaust
6.3 Mass Loss Measurements:
capacity and is designed in such a way that all of the
6.3.1 Use a weighing platform to measure the mass of the combustion products leaving the burning test specimen are
burning test specimen continuously. Construct a weighing collected. Design the capacity of the evacuation system such
platformconsistingofahorizontalthermalbarrier,asdescribed that it will exhaust minimally all combustion gases leaving the
in 6.3.2, and placed on top of a mass measuring device. test specimen (see A1.1.4).
E1822 − 21
response time to a stepwise change of the duct flow rate shall
not exceed5sto reach 90% of the final value.
6.6 Combustion Gas Analysis:
6.6.1 SamplingLine—Constructthesamplinglinetubesofa
material not influencing the concentration of the combustion
gas species to be analyzed. The following sequence of the gas
train has been shown to be acceptable: sampling probe, soot
filter, cold trap, gas path pump, vent valve, plastic drying
column and carbon dioxide removal columns (if used), flow
controller, and oxygen analyzer (see Fig. 6 and Annex A2).
Alternative designs of the sampling line must yield equivalent
results. The gas train shall also include appropriate spanning
and zeroing facilities.
6.6.2 Oxygen Measurement—Measure the oxygen concen-
tration with an accuracy of 60.01 vol % oxygen, or better, in
order to have adequate measurements of rate of heat release.
Take the combustion gas sample from the end of the sampling
FIG. 5 Design of Hood and Exhaust System
line. Calculate the time delay, including the time constant of
the instrument, from the test room; it is a function of the
exhaust duct flow rate. This time delay shall not exceed 60 s
6.4.1.3 Placeprobesforsamplingofcombustiongasandfor
(see Annex A2).
measurement of flow rate in accordance with 6.5.
6.6.3 Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
6.4.1.4 Make all measurements of smoke obscuration, gas
Measurement—Measure the combustion gas species with an
concentrations, or flow rates at a position in the exhaust duct
instrument having an accuracy of at least 60.1 vol % for
where the exhaust is mixed uniformly so there is a nearly
carbon dioxide and 60.02 vol % for carbon monoxide. A
uniform velocity across the duct section.
suitableoutputrangeisfrom0to1vol%forcarbonmonoxide
6.4.1.5 To ensure uniform mixing of the exhaust, provide a
andfrom0to6vol%forcarbondioxide.Takethecombustion
straight section of duct before the measuring system having a
gas sample from the end of the sampling line. Calculate the
length equal to at least eight times the inside diameter of the
time delay, including the time constant of the instrument, from
duct. If a measuring system is positioned at a distance of less
the test room; it is a function of the exhaust duct flow rate. It
than eight diameters, demonstrate the achievement of equiva-
shall be a maximum of 60 s (see Annex A2).
lent results.
6.6.4 For optional measurement of other combustion gases
6.5 Instrumentation in Exhaust Duct:
see A2.3.3.
6.5.1 The following specifications are minimum require-
6.7 Smoke Obscuration Measurement:
mentsforexhaustductinstrumentation.Additionalinformation
is given in Annex A2. 6.7.1 Install an optical system for measurement of the light
6.5.2 Flow Rate—Measure the flow rate in the exhaust duct obscuration across the centerline of the exhaust duct. Deter-
by a bidirectional probe or an equivalent measuring system mine the optical density of the smoke by measuring the light
with an accuracy of at least 66% (see Annex A2). The transmitted with a photometer system consisting of a white
FIG. 6 Schematic of Gas Train
E1822 − 21
light source and a photocell/detector or a laser system for 8.2.2 Asuitablecalibrationburnerisasanddiffusionburner
measurement of light obscuration across the centerline of the with a 0.3 by 0.3 m (12 by 12 in.) top surface and a 0.15 m (6
exhaust duct. in.) depth. Construct such a gas burner with a 25 mm (1 in.)
6.7.2 One photometer system found suitable consists of a thick plenum. Alternatively, use a minimum 100 mm (4 in.)
lamp, lenses, an aperture, and a photocell (see Fig. 7 and layer of Ottawa sand to provide the horizontal surface through
AnnexA2).Constructthesystemsosootdepositsontheoptics which the gas is supplied. This burner is shown in Fig. 9. The
duringatest.Donotreducethelighttransmissionbymorethan gas supply to the burner shall be propane (the same quality
5%. usedfortheignitionburner)ormethane.Thegasfortheburner
6.7.3 Alternatively, instrumentation constructed using a 0.5 flameshallnotbepremixedwithair.Metertheflowrateofgas
to2.0mWhelium-neonlaserinsteadofawhite-lightsystemis and keep it constant throughout the calibration test.
also acceptable (see Fig. 8, Fig. A1.1, and Annex A2). It has
8.2.3 Another suitable calibration burner is a pipe with an
been shown that white-light and laser systems will provide innerdiameterof100 61.5mm(4in.)suppliedwithgasfrom
similar results (see Refs (2-5)).
beneath (see ISO 9705).The gas for the burner flame shall not
be premixed with air.
7. Test Specimen
8.2.4 Obtain a minimum of two calibration points. Obtain a
7.1 The test specimen is a stack of five identical stacking lower heat release rate value of 40 kW and then a higher heat
chairs, or prototype thereof. release rate value of 160 kW.Approximate propane flow rates
for any required heat release rate value are estimated using the
7.2 If prototype stacking chairs are used, the prototypes
following constant: 1.485 kW min/L, determined at a pressure
shall, in all respects, reflect the construction of the actual
of 101 6 5 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure; measured at
stacking chairs.
the flow gage) and a temperature of 20 6 5 °C.
7.3 Fire tests of stacking chairs have shown that the fire
8.2.5 Take measurements at least once every 6 s and start 1
performance of stacked chairs is significantly affected by chair
min prior to ignition of the burner. Determine the average rate
design and configuration, the gap between adjacent seat
of heat release over a period of at least 1 min by the oxygen
surfaces, and the vertical gap between adjacent seat backs.
consumption method and calculating the heat release rate from
Therefore,itiscriticaltoensurethatthefivestackingchairsare
the gas mass flow rate and the net heat of combustion. The
carefully stacked in accordance with the design features of the
difference between the two values shall not exceed 5%. This
chairs to be tested.
comparison shall be made only after steady-state conditions
have been reached.
8. Calibration
8.2.6 Perform a calibration test in accordance with 8.5 prior
8.1 Calibrateallinstrumentscarefullywithstandardsources
to each continuous test series. Perform a full basic calibration
afterinitialinstallation.Amongtheinstrumentstobecalibrated
on a new system or when modifications are introduced.
are load cells or weighing platforms, smoke meters, flow or
8.2.7 When calibrating a new system, or when modifica-
velocity transducers, and gas analyzers. Perform recalibration
tions are introduced, check the response time of the measuring
tests on the entire system, for example using standard output
system by the following test sequence:
burners.
Time, min Burner Output, kW
8.2 Heat Release: 0–5 0
5–10 40
8.2.1 Perform the calibration of the heat release instrumen-
10–15 160
tation in the exhaust duct by burning propane or methane gas
15–20 0
and comparing the heat release rates calculated from the
The response of the system to a stepwise change of the heat
metered gas input and those calculated from the measured
output from the burner shall be a maximum of 12 s to 90% of
oxygen consumption. The value of net heat of combustion for
final value.
methaneis50.0MJ/kgandforpropaneis46.5MJ/kg.Position
8.2.8 Perform the calibration given in 8.2.7 with the initial
theburnerinthesamelocationwherethetestspecimenistobe
duct air flow rate equal to that to be used in the test procedure.
placed during the test. Measure the gas flow rate at a pressure
8.2.9 The change in measured rate of heat release, compar-
of 101 6 5 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure, measured at
ing time average values over 1 min, shall not be more than
the flow gage) and a temperature of 20 6 5 °C.
10% of the actual heat output from the burner.
8.2.10 The use of a higher rate of heat release for
calibration, for example 500 kW, will generally lead to higher
accuracy in the test results.
8.3 Mass Loss—Perform calibration of the mass-measuring
device by loading the weighing platform with known masses
correspondingtothemeasuringrangeofinterest,toensurethat
the requirements of accuracy in 6.3.3 are fulfilled. Carry out
this calibration daily, prior to testing.
8.4 SmokeObscuration—Calibratethesmokemeterinitially
FIG. 7 Optical System Using a White Light to read correctly for two neutral density filters of significantly
E1822 − 21
FIG. 8 Laser Extinction Beam
8.5 GasAnalysis—Calibratethegasanalyzersdaily,priorto
testing (see Guide E800).
9. Conditioning
9.1 Prior to testing, condition the chairs for at least 48 h in
an atmosphere at a temperature of 21 64°C(70 6 7 °F) and
a relative humidity of less than 60%. Test the specimen as
soon as possible after removal from such conditions if the test
room conditions differ from the above. Report the time
between removal from the conditioning room and the start of
testing.
10. Procedure
10.1 Initial Conditions:
10.1.1 The ambient temperature shall be above 15 °C (60
°F) and the relative humidity shall be below 75%.
10.1.2 The horizontal air flow, measured at both the surface
and at a horizontal distance of 0.5 m (20 in.) from the edge of
−1
the weighing platform, shall not exceed 0.5 m/s .
10.1.3 Position the test specimen centrally on the weighing
platform.
10.1.4 Have available means for extinguishing a fully de-
veloped fire.
10.2 Test Procedure:
10.2.1 Perform the measurements needed to obtain the
descriptive information needed for the test report.
10.2.2 Weigh the test specimen immediately upon removal
from conditioning room and immediately before the start of
NOTE 1—See text for tolerances.
test.
FIG. 9 Calibration Gas Burner
10.2.3 PlacetheT-shapedpropanegasburnerinfrontofthe
test specimen, as specified in 6.2.6. Confirm that burner holes
have been cleaned (see Note 3).
10.2.4 Begin all recording and measuring devices 2 min
different values, and also at 100% transmission. The use of
before starting the ignition burner.
neutral density filters at 0.5 and 1.0 values of optical density
hasbeenshowntobesatisfactoryforthiscalibration.Oncethis 10.2.5 Light the ignition burner.
calibration is set, only the zero value of extinction coefficient 10.2.6 Exposethetestspecimentothegasburnerflamesfor
(100% transmission) must be verified each day, prior to 80s,ataflowrateof12L/min,determinedatapressureof101
testing. Investigate any excessive departure from the zero line 6 5 kPa (standard atmospheric pressure, measured at the flow
at the end of a test, and correct it. gage) and a temperature of 20 6 5 °C.
E1822 − 21
10.2.7 Extinguishthegasflameandremovetheburnerafter 12.2 Include the following test results in the test report (see
the specified burning period (80 s). also appendixes):
10.2.8 Perform a photographic or a video recording before 12.2.1 Table of numerical results containing the following:
andduringeachtest.Anindicationofelapsedtime,givingtime 12.2.1.1 Peak rate of heat release (in kW), and the time at
to the nearest 1 s, shall appear in all photographic records. which it occurred,
10.2.9 During the test, record the following events and the 12.2.1.2 Total heat released (in MJ),
timewhentheyoccur,withrespecttothetimeofignitionofthe
12.2.1.3 Total heat released at 10 min (in MJ),
2 −1
burner: 12.2.1.4 Peakrateofsmokerelease(inm /s ),andthetime
10.2.9.1 Ignition of the first igniting chair,
at which it occurred,
10.2.9.2 Location of the flame front at various appropriate 12.2.1.5 Total smoke released (in m ),
times,
12.2.1.6 Total smoke released at 10 min (in m ),
10.2.9.3 Melting and dripping, 12.2.1.7 Total mass loss (in kg),
10.2.9.4 Formation of flaming droplets, 12.2.1.8 Total mass loss at 10 min (in kg),
10.2.9.5 Occurrence of pool fire under the test specimen,
12.2.1.9 Total percentage of mass loss (in %),
10.2.9.6 General description of the burning behavior, and 12.2.1.10 Peak concentration of carbon monoxide (in ppm),
10.2.9.7 Any other event of special interest.
12.2.1.11 Peak temperatures (in °C),
10.2.10 Terminate the test after the first of the following: 12.2.1.12 Equation used to calculate rate of heat release,
10.2.10.1 All signs of combustion have ceased,
12.2.1.13 Peak optical density of smoke (optional),
10.2.10.2 One hour of testing has elapsed, or 12.2.1.14 Average optical density of smoke, over the 10-
10.2.10.3 Flashover appears inevitable. min period including the peak (optional),
10.2.11 Note, from visual inspection of the specimen after 12.2.1.15 Total percentage of combustible mass loss (in %)
the test, the approximate percentage of each surface that was (optional),
burned or charred, and the approximate depth of fire damage. 12.2.1.16 Average yield of carbon monoxide (in g CO/g
fuel) (optional),
11. Calculation 12.2.1.17 Average yield of carbon dioxide (in g CO /g fuel)
(optional),
11.1 Considerations for heat release measurements are pre-
12.2.1.18 Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide molar yield ra-
sented in AnnexA3. Calculate the heat release data, using the
tio (optional), and
equations presented in A4.1. The testing laboratory shall
12.2.1.19 Average yield of any other measured combustion
choose one of the equations given in A4.1 for calculating heat
gas (in g combustion gas/g fuel) (optional).
release, based on the gas analyzers installed.
12.2.2 Graphical Results (Optional):
11.2 Calculate the smoke release data using the equations
12.2.2.1 Plot of rate of heat release versus time,
presented in A4.2.
12.2.2.2 Plot of rate of smoke release versus time,
11.3 Calculate the gas yield data using the equations pre- 12.2.2.3 Plot of optical density versus time,
sented in A4.3.
12.2.2.4 Plot of mass loss versus time,
12.2.2.5 Plot of concentration of carbon monoxide versus
12. Report time,
12.2.2.6 Plot of concentration of carbon dioxide versus
12.1 Report the following descriptive information:
time,
12.1.1 Name and address of the testing laboratory,
12.2.2.7 Plots of concentration of any other measured com-
12.1.2 Date and identification number of the report,
bustion gas versus time,
12.1.3 Name and address of the test requester,
12.2.2.8 Plot of mass flow rate in the exhaust duct versus
12.1.4 Test configuration used: A, B, or C,
time,
12.1.5 Nameofproductmanufacturerorsupplier,ifknown,
12.2.2.9 Plot of duct temperature versus time, and
12.1.6 Name or other identification marks and description
12.2.2.10 Report smoke obscuration, carbon monoxide and
of the chairs,
temperature measurements in the room in the same fashion, if
12.1.7 Linear dimensions (height, width, depth) of each
they have been made.
individual chair and of the test specimen,
12.2.3 Descriptive Results:
12.1.8 Total mass, thickness of the main components and
12.2.3.1 Photographs or videotape of the fire development,
mass of combustible portion of each test specimen,
and
12.1.8.1 Weight change of the test specimen between re-
12.2.3.2 All available information requested in 10.2.9
moval from conditioning room and start of test,
through 10.2.11.
12.1.9 Density, or mass per unit surface area of the main
components in each chair, if known,
13. Precision and Bias
12.1.10 Conditioning of the chairs,
12.1.11 Date of the test, 13.1 Precision:
12.1.12 Test number and any special remarks, and 13.1.1 Initial Repeatability—The results of a repeatability
12.1.13 Time between the removal from conditioning room study from one laboratory, involving six different sets of
and start of testing. stacked chairs are shown in Table 1 and Table X4.1 to Table
E1822 − 21
TABLE 1 Stacking Chair Test Results—Chair Set 6 (See X4.6)
NOTE 1—A and B represent the constant and coefficient of the equation:
r srepeatabilityd 5 A1B*property
NOTE2—RSD%andAvgrepresenttheaveragesof,respectively,thepercentagerelativestandarddeviationsandaveragevaluesforeverytypeofstack
tested.
Peak Heat Total Heat Peak Smoke Total Smoke Time to Peak
Initial Mass, Mass Loss,
Release Rate, Released, Release Rate, Released, Heat Release Rate,
kg kg
2 2
kW MJ m /s m min
A 0.14 −79 41 0.48 163 0.30 −0.59
B 0.011 0.25 −0.065 −0.0058 0.022 0.075 0.26
Avg 37.7 863 265 5.1 1235 9.6 12.1
RSD% 1 14 14 17 18 16 20
X4.6. Three tests were conducted for each type of stacking statistical considerations and information from the test lab
chair in Test Configuration C (furniture calorimeter). The reports submitted. It should be noted that some tests in some
percentage relative standard deviation or coefficient of varia- laboratories were incorrectly terminated before the mandated
tion) (100 times the ratio of the standard deviation and the end point, after some guidelines were exceeded. The complete
average) for various properties (initial mass, peak heat release set of major data was also analyzed, without eliminating any
rate, total heat release, peak smoke release rate, total smoke datapoint,withthestatisticalanalysisincludedasTable3.Itis
release, mass loss, and time to peak heat release rate) were
possible to conduct an analysis of the data that excludes all
averaged for all tests (see Table 1). The constant (A) and
incorrect data but does not exclude outliers, but that was not
coefficient (B) correspond to the terms in the equation:
done. A Research Report has been submitted to ASTM which
includesalltheinformationrequiredforafullunderstandingof
Repeatability ~r! 5 A1B*property (1)
results. The user is encouraged to consult this research report
The results shows that the average of the relative standard
entitled: “Test Methods E1537 & E1822 Interlaboratory Pre-
deviations is less than 25% for all properties analyzed,
cision Study, Prepared by:ASTM E05.15” (2001). The abbre-
although some individual relative standard deviations also
viations used are as follows: peak rate of heat release (Pk
exceed 20%.
RHR), total heat released (THR), mass loss at 10 min (Mass
13.1.2 Interlaboratory Repeatability and Reproducibility—
Loss @ 10), peak rate of smoke release (Pk RSR), total smoke
Table 2 and Table 3 show the precision obtained in an
released (RSR), standard deviation for repeatability and repro-
interlaboratory round-robin evaluation conducted with 4
ducibility (STD repeat and STD Repro), relative standard
laboratories, using three sets of stacking chairs (labeled S1 to
deviationforrepeatabilityandreproducibility(RSDrepeatand
S3), stacked in groups of 5 for test, supplied by different
RSD Repro), repeatability (r) and Reproducibility (Repro).
manufacturers, and all commercially available. Two of the
13.2 Bias:
laboratories conducted the tests using the “ASTM room,” and
the other two used the “California room.” The data obtained 13.2.1 No information is presented on the bias of the
from all four laboratories were analyzed. In Table 2, outliers procedure in this test method because correct values of
and "obviously incorrect data" were excluded, using standard fire-test-response characteristics of stacked chairs can only be
TABLE 2 Intralaboratory and Interlaboratory Precision Results of Round Robin Evaluation Excluding Outliers and Incorrect Data
Stack Property/Units Average STD repeat STD Repro r R RSD repeat RSD Repro
S1 Pk RHR/kW 14.7 4.3 4.3 12.0 12.0 29.2 29.2
S2 Pk RHR/kW 23.6 8.7 8.7 24.5 24.5 37.0 37.0
S3 Pk RHR/kW 503.4 156.4 156.4 437.8 437.8 31.1 31.1
S1 THR @ 10/MJ 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.4 4.4 94.4 94.4
S2 THR @ 10/MJ 3.8 2.1 2.1 5.8 5.8 53.8 53.8
S3 THR @ 10/MJ 70.8 39.8 39.8 111.6 111.6 56.3 56.3
S1 time to Pk RHR/s 110.9 29.9 64.7 83.8 181.1 27.0 58.3
S2 time to Pk RHR/s 436.0 745.2 745.2 2086.5 2086.5 170.9 170.9
S3 time to Pk RHR/s 595.5 131.2 131.2 367.3 367.3 22.0 22.0
S1 Mass Loss @ 10/kg 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 167.0 167.0
S2 Mass Loss @ 10/kg 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 49.9 75.6
S3 Mass Loss @ 10/kg 7.2 2.4 2.4 6.6 6.6 32.6 32.6
S1 Pk RSR, m /s 0.6 1.1 1.1 3.1 2.1 174.3 174.3
S2 Pk RSR, m /s 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.9 2.4 67.7 85.1
S3 Pk RSR, m /s 1.9 0.7 0.7 2.0 2.0 37.0 37.0
S1 TSR, m 91.6 45.4 78.3 127.1 219.3 49.6 85.5
S2 TSR, m 78.2 61.1 64.5 171.1 180.6 78.1 82.4
S3 TSR, m 697.1 210.1 350.1 588.2 980.3 30.1 50.2
S1 time to Pk RSR/s 119.9 45.1 45.1 126.3 126.3 137.6 137.6
S2 time to Pk RSR/s 82.9 6.0 6.0 16.9 16.9 7.3 7.3
S3 time to Pk RSR/s 793.2 955.8 955.8 2676.3 2676.3 120.5 120.5
E1822 − 21
TABLE 3 Intralaboratory and Interlaboratory Precision Results of Round Robin Evaluation of Without Excluding Outliers or Incorrect
Data
Stack # labs Average STD repeat STD Repro r R RSD repeat RSD Repro
Peak RHr/kW
S1 4 63.2 86.02 119.3 240.9 334.0 136.1 188.8
S2 4 38.2 50.8 53.2 142.2 149.0 133.0 139.3
S3 4 505.7 78.9 163.6 220.9 458.1 15.6 32.4
Total Heat Released @ 10 min/MJ
S1 4 1.74 0.79 0.79 2.2 2.2 45.4 45.4
S2 4 3.73 1.11 2.08 3.1 5.8 29.8 55.8
S3 4 71.5 20.8 46.7 58.2 130.8 29.1 65.3
time to peak RHR/s
S1 4 349 430 556 1204.0 1556.8 123.2 159.3
S2 4 631 820 979 2296.0 2741.2 130.0 155.2
S3 4 592 72.8 173.7 203.8 486.4 12.3 29.3
Mass Loss @ 10 min/kg
S1 4 0.19 0.15 0.24 0.4 0.7 78.9 126.3
S2 4 1.47 4.11 4.29 11.5 12.0 279.6 291.8
S3 4 7.15 1.16 4.73 3.2 13.2 16.2 66.2
Peak RSR/m /s
S1 4 0.71 0.55 0.78 1.5 2.2 77.5 109.9
S2 4 1.02 0.68 1.27 1.9 3.6 66.7 124.5
S3 4 4.32 3.78 5.97 10.6 16.7 87.5 138.2
Total Smoke Released @ 10 min/m
S1 4 68.3 74.3 92.3 208.0 258.4 108.8 135.1
S2 4 259 52.8 433 147.8 1212.4 20.4 167.2
S3 4 929 964 10010 2699.2 28028.0 103.8 1077.5
Total Smoke Released entire test/m
S1 4 177.5 299.6 301.5 838.9 844.2 168.8 169.9
S2 4 1539 1165 3073 3262.0 8604.4 75.7 199.7
S3 4 816 484 721 1355.2 2018.8 59.3 88.4
time to peak RSR/s
S1 4 218 201 264 562.8 739.2 92.2 121.1
S2 4 442 804 969 2251.2 2713.2 181.9 219.2
S3 4 715 509 717 1425.2 2007.6 71.2 100.3
defined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, this testing relevant to this test method, this is not practical, since
testmethodhasnoknownbias
...