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ASTM C411-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms of thermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-surface application conditions. The term "hot-surface performance" has reference to a simulated use-temperature test in which the heated testing surface is in a horizontal position.  
1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperature insulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures in excess of 200°F (93°C). It may be used for materials such as preformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, etc., by proper laboratory preparation of the samples.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-1997
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.31 - Chemical and Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C411-04 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1668-20 - Standard Specification for Externally Applied Reflective Insulation Systems on Rigid Duct in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1393-19 - Standard Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented Mineral Fiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes and Tanks
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C449-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C656-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1696-20 - Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1427-21 - Standard Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C547-22a - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C195-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1071-19 - Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material)
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C591-22 - Standard Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C534/C534M-23 - Standard Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1086-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C356-22 - Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat
Effective Date
10-May-1997

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ASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
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ASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 411 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal
1
Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope afterward, changes in the material and its properties. Measure-
ment of these changes may be used for predicting what may
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perfor-
occur in service as a result of exposure to temperatures
mance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms of
corresponding to those of the tests.
thermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-
surface application conditions. The term “hot-surface perfor-
5. Apparatus
mance” has reference to a simulated use-temperature test in
5.1 Heating Plate—The heating plate shall consist of a
which the heated testing surface is in a horizontal position.
corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant plate with a preferred
1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperature
exposed test area of 36 by 18 in. (914 by 457 mm), but having
insulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures in
a minimum test area of 18 by 18 in. (457 by 457 mm). The
excess of 200°F (93°C). It may be used for materials such as
heated area shall have an insulated, heated guard area having a
preformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, etc., by
minimum width of 3 in. (76 mm) around the entire periphery of
proper laboratory preparation of the samples.
the test area. The plate shall be supported in a horizontal plane
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
at a sufficient number of points to prevent sagging. It shall be
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
heated on the under side by gas or electricity. The surface
information only.
temperature of the plate shall be measured by not less than five
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
thermocouples. Four of the thermocouples shall be located
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
along the diagonals that extend from the corners of the exposed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
area of the plate and at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) in from
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
each corner. A fifth thermocouple shall be located near the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
center of the test plate area. The temperature at no point of
2. Referenced Documents measurement shall vary more than 65% or 625°F (614°C),
whichever is less, from the desired temperature. A heating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
chamber beneath the heating plate shall be formed to retain the
C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
2
heat generated by the heating means. A6-in. thickness of
als
insulation shall form the bottom and the sides, and the heating
3. Terminology
plate shall form the top of the chamber. Two suitable types of
heating plates are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology C 168 shall apply to the
5.2 Heating Pipe—The heating pipe shall consist of a
terms used in this test method.
corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant pipe having a length of
4. Significance and Use
not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) and preferably 6 ft 6 in. (1.98 m). It
shall be supported horizontally. The nominal diameter of the
4.1 Performance in service is the final measure of value for
pipe shall preferably be 3 in. (76 mm). The pipe shall be heated
a thermal insulation, but simulative service tests may give
electrically with a spiral heating coil placed along the inside of
useful indications. One type involves application for a speci-
the pipe. Supplementary end heaters, and a guard section at
fied time to a surface heated at a temperature approximately
least 3 in. long of the same insulation as that being placed on
that of intended service, and noting during the test and
the test section, shall also be provided to guard against
excessive losses from the ends of the test specimen. (Where
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-16 on
possible, the use of standard thermal conductivity pipe test
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on
apparatus to serve as the heating pipe is recommended.) The
Chemical and Physical Properties.
surface temperature of the pipe shall be measured by means of
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published August 1997. Originally
e1
published as C 411 – 58 T. Last previous edition C 411 – 82 (1992) . thermocouples, not less than one for each 1 ft (0.3 m) of le
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.  
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4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these products range from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.). Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installed thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation techniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.  
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1.1.1 The annex shall apply to this specification for marine applications.  
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* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
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Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
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1.2 This test method is a laboratory procedure for use by manufacturers of loose-fill insulation for product design, label development, and quality control testing. The apparatus used produces installed thickness results at a given mass/unit area.  
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1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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This specification covers self-supported spray applied cellulosic thermal insulation for use as thermal insulation or acoustical absorbent material, or both. The chemically-treated cellulosic materials that are also covered in this specification are used for pneumatic applications operating within a specific temperature range. The materials are classified into two types based on the type of adhesive used and exposure of the application. Specimens for testing should be prepared and tested using the prescribed methods and should conform to the specified values of density, thermal resistance, surface bonding characteristics, adhesive strength, cohesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance permanency, substrate deflection, and air erosion.
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1.1 The specification covers the physical properties of self-supported spray applied cellulosic fibers intended for use as thermal insulation or an acoustical absorbent material, or both.  
1.2 This specification covers chemically treated cellulosic materials intended for pneumatic applications where temperatures do not exceed 82.2°C and where temperatures will routinely remain below 65.6°C.  
1.2.1 Type I—Material applied with liquid adhesive and suitable for either exposed or enclosed applications.  
1.2.2 Type II—Materials containing a dry adhesive that is activated by water during installation and intended only for enclosed or covered applications.  
1.3 This is a material specification only and is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal conductivity measurements on small insulation specimens are important during new product development processes or when larger specimens cannot be collected during forensic investigation (that is, failure analysis) (1, 2).  
5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
5.3 This practice provides a standardized procedure to enable the thermal characterization of small specimens of insulation materials. Accurate, and reliable thermal metrology to assess thermal properties of new insulation materials, such as novel very low thermal conductivity (  
5.4 The ratio of the area of the specimen and the heat flux transducer has a significant impact on the uncertainty of the results obtained from this practice. As the specimen area decreases this ratio decreases, a smaller percentage of the total heat flow is associated with the unknown specimen. Information from the literature (4) shows that some heat-flow-meter apparatus, generally not available commercially and used by the research laboratories only, can be modified to change out the heat flux transducer so that transducers of varying sizes can be deployed. The observat...
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1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with Test Method C518 for testing a small specimen. This practice is limited to only small specimens and, in all other particulars, the requirements of Test Method C518 apply.  
1.3 This practice characterizes small specimens having lateral dimensions less than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer used to measure the heat flow. The procedure in Test Method C518 shall be used for specimens having lateral dimensions equal to or larger than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer.
Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
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ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
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1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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ASTM
ASTM C1155-95(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.  
5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.  
5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.  
5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data empl...
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1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.  
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.  
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.  
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.  
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize...

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ASTM
ASTM C518-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately.  
4.2 Proper calibration of the heat flow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s) having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Methods C177, or C1114.
Note 1: Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials, thermal conductances, thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens.  
4.3 The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material; be affected by moisture or other conditions; change with time; change with mean temperature and temperature difference; and depend upon the prior thermal history. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions.  
4.3.1 As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables, such as mean temperature and temperature difference. These dependencies should be measured or the test made at conditions typical of use.  
4.4 Special care shall be taken in the measurement procedure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies, rigidity, or especially high or low resistance to heat flow (see Practice C1045). The use of a heat flow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission through flat slab specimens using a heat flow meter apparatus.  
1.2 The heat flow meter apparatus is used widely because it is relatively simple in concept, rapid, and applicable to a wide range of test specimens. The precision and bias of the heat flow meter apparatus can be excellent provided calibration is carried out within the range of heat flows expected. This means calibration shall be carried out with similar types of materials, of similar thermal conductances, at similar thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients, as expected for the test specimens.  
1.3 This a comparative, or secondary, method of measurement since specimens of known thermal transmission properties shall be used to calibrate the apparatus. Properties of the calibration specimens must be traceable to an absolute measurement method. The calibration specimens should be obtained from a recognized national standards laboratory.  
1.4 The heat flow meter apparatus establishes steady state one-dimensional heat flux through a test specimen between two parallel plates at constant but different temperatures. By appropriate calibration of the heat flux transducer(s) with calibration standards and by measurement of the plate temperatures and plate separation. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used to calculate thermal conductivity, and thermal resistivity or thermal resistance and thermal conductance.  
1.5 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045. Many advances have been made in thermal technology, both in measurement techniques and in improved understanding of the principles of heat flow through materials. These advances have prompted revisions in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the thermal transmission properties (1-4).2 All users of this test method should be aware of these concepts.  
1.6 This test method is ...

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