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ASTM D4991-07(2023)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method

Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Containers may be pressurized in accordance with this test method without modification to the closure or to the body of the container. This test method may be used for testing rigid containers intended for the transportation of some liquids by air in accordance with the ICAO TIs or in accordance with the UN TDG.  
5.2 This test method establishes the point at which leakage commences, with a limit of approximately 95 kPa (13.8 psi) differential. See Test Method D3078 for flexible packages.  
5.3 This test method may not be suitable for some packages, such as packages with paper cap seals, where the test fluid may rapidly deteriorate the packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of empty containers for resistance to leakage under differential pressure conditions such as those which can occur during air transport. It is suitable for testing rigid containers intended for the transportation of some hazardous liquids in accordance with the United Nations Recommendations On The Transport Of Dangerous Goods (UN TDG) and the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions For The Safe Transport Of Dangerous Goods By Air (ICAO TIs).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Mar-2023
ICS
23.160 - Vacuum technology
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D996-10a - Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Refers
ASTM D3078-02(2008) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Refers
ASTM D3078-02(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Refers
ASTM D996-04 - Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Refers
ASTM D3078-02 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Refers
ASTM D996-02 - Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Refers
ASTM D996-99 - Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM D4991-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum MethodASTM D4991-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method
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ASTM D4991-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4991 − 07 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4991; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 International Civil Aviation Organization:
DOC 9284-AN/905 Technical Instructions For The Safe
1.1 This test method covers the testing of empty containers
Transport Of Dangerous Goods By Air
for resistance to leakage under differential pressure conditions
such as those which can occur during air transport. It is suitable
3. Terminology
for testing rigid containers intended for the transportation of
some hazardous liquids in accordance with the United Nations
3.1 Definitions: Terms and definitions used in this test
Recommendations On The Transport Of Dangerous Goods method may be found in Terminology D996.
(UN TDG) and the International Civil Aviation Organization
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Technical Instructions For The Safe Transport Of Dangerous
3.2.1 rigid container—a container sufficiently rigid that
Goods By Air (ICAO TIs).
under a positive pressure of 100 kPa gauge the volumetric
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
expansion does not exceed 0.5 %, such as a glass bottle.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.1 An empty rigid container to be tested is pressurized by
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
immersion in an ethylene glycol-water solution in a transparent
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
test chamber and subjected to a gradually increasing partial
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
vacuum. The container is observed for signs of leakage, as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
evidenced by escaping air bubbles during depressurization or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fluid in the container after re-pressurization.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Containers may be pressurized in accordance with this
test method without modification to the closure or to the body
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the container. This test method may be used for testing rigid
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
containers intended for the transportation of some liquids by air
ments
in accordance with the ICAO TIs or in accordance with the UN
D3078 Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible
TDG.
Packaging by Bubble Emission
2.2 United Nations Document:
5.2 This test method establishes the point at which leakage
ST/SG/AC.10/1 Recommendations On The Transport Of commences, with a limit of approximately 95 kPa (13.8 psi)
Dangerous Goods
differential. See Test Method D3078 for flexible packages.
5.3 This test method may not be suitable for some packages,
such as packages with paper cap seals, where the test fluid may
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
rapidly deteriorate the packaging.
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved March 15, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally
6. Apparatus
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4991 – 07 (2015).
DOI: 10.1520/D4991-07R23.
6.1 Transparent Vessel, large enough to permit the test
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimen(s) to be immersed in the test fluid with a minimum
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from United Nations Sales Section, United Nations, New York, NY
10017. Available from Intereg Group, Inc., 5724 N. Pulaski Rd., Chicago, IL 60646.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4991 − 07 (2023)
headspace of 20 %, capable of withstanding at least 1 ⁄2-atm
pressure differential, fitted with a flat vacuum-tight cover is
required.
6.2 Vacuum Gauge, Inlet Tube from a Source of Vacuum,
and Outlet Tube to the Atmosphere, shall be sealed into the
cover. The inlet and outlet tubes shall be equipped with
handoperated valves. The vacuum gauge shall be laboratory
quality with a full-scale range from 0 kPa to 100 kPa (0 psi to
14.5 psi) with minimum graduations no greater than 2 kPa
(0.3 psi) and accuracy to within 1 %. A suitable moisture trap,
to prevent back-flow of liquid, should be fitted between the
vacuum gauge and the source of vacuum.
6.3 Solution of Ethylene Glycol in Water, 50 % by Volume
FIG. 1 Typical Test Setup for Leakage Testing of Containers by
for use as a test fluid, at ambient temperature unless otherwise Vacuum Method
specified, is required. Where a test temperature other than
ambient is specified, the solution shall be at the specified test
9.1.1 More than one specimen can be tested at one time
temperature. Other solutions may be required for high and low
provided that there is sufficient space in the test chamber to
temperatures.
allow clear observation of each specimen. If this is done, affix
the test specimens so closures are sufficiently separated to
NOTE 1—If ethylene glycol antifreeze solution is used, it should be
clarified by filtering through activated charcoal.
permit individual observation of each, to detect leakage.
6.4 A suitable means to hold the test specimen(s) with the
9.2 Seal the lid, open the hand valve on the inlet tube, and
closure(s) n
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
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1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
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1.2 This test method is applicable to composite structures of the sandwich type which involve a relatively thick layer of core material bonded on both faces with an adhesive to thin-face sheets composed of a denser, higher-modulus material, typically, a polymer matrix reinforced with high-modulus fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D3019/D3019M-17(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Lap Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-Fibered, and Fibered

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical requirements and testing of three types of lap cement for use with asphalt roll roofing. Type I is a brushing consistency lap cement intended for use in the exposed-nailing method of roll roofing application, and contains no mineral or other stabilizers. This type is further divided into two grades, as follows: Grade 1, which is made with an air-blown asphalt; and Grade 2, which is made with a vacuum-reduced or steam-refined asphalt. Both Types II and III, on the other hand, are heavy brushing or light troweling consistency lap cement intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application, only that Type II cement contains a quantity of short-fibered asbestos, while Type III cement contains a quantity of mineral or other stabilizers, or both, but contains no asbestos. The lap cements shall be sampled for testing, and shall adhere to specified values of the following properties: water content; distillation (total distillate at given temperatures); softening point of residue; solubility in trichloroethylene; and strength at indicated age.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lap cement consisting of asphalt dissolved in a volatile petroleum solvent with or without mineral or other stabilizers, or both, for use with roll roofing. The fibered version of these cements excludes the use of asbestos fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
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