ASTM D891-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Specific gravity, apparent, may be used as a qualitative test in establishing the identity of a chemical. It may be used to calculate the volume occupied by a product whose weight is known, or to calculate the weight of a product from its volume. It may be used to determine the composition of binary mixtures of pure chemicals. In the case of most refined industrial chemicals specific gravity, apparent, is of minimal value in defining quality, although it may detect gross contamination.
Of the two test methods described, the pycnometer method (Test Method B, 1.1.2) is the most accurate and precise. For this reason it is the preferred method in case of disputes. The hydrometer method (Test Method A, 1.1.1) is the least accurate and precise, but it is also the simplest and fastest to perform and is often entirely satisfactory for many purposes. If the sample is too viscous to permit the hydrometer to float freely, the pycnometer test method should be used.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity, apparent, of liquid industrial chemicals. Two test methods are covered as follows:
1.1.1 Test Method A, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a hydrometer.
1.1.2 Test Method B, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a pycnometer.
Note 1—Test Method D 4052 describes an instrumental procedure.
1.2 In common usage the term specific gravity, apparent, is understood to mean specific gravity. Since this test method is to be in conformity with Terminology E 12, all terms reading specific gravity were changed to specific gravity, apparent, without altering the meaning of specific gravity and, the term apparent could be dropped in everyday operations after establishing the use term equivalency.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in these test methods with the exception of Fahrenheit (°F) in 5.1 as an example of a possible industrial specification unit.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 Review the current Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity, apparent, of liquid industrial chemicals. Two test methods are covered: Test Method A, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a hydrometer and Test Method B, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a pycnometer.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D16 on Aromatic, Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals, these test methods were withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Designation: D891 −09
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
specific gravity, apparent, of liquid industrial chemicals. Two
E12Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
test methods are covered as follows:
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of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)
1.1.1 Test Method A, specific gravity, apparent, by means of
E100Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
a hydrometer.
E202Test Methods for Analysis of Ethylene Glycols and
1.1.2 Test Method B, specific gravity, apparent, by means of
Propylene Glycols
a pycnometer.
E302Test Methods for Monobasic Organic Acids (Discon-
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NOTE 1—Test Method D4052 describes an instrumental procedure.
tinued 2001) (Withdrawn 2001)
1.2 In common usage the term specific gravity, apparent, is E346Test Methods for Analysis of Methanol
understoodtomeanspecificgravity.Sincethistestmethodisto
be in conformity with Terminology E12, all terms reading 3. Terminology
specific gravity were changed to specific gravity, apparent,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
without altering the meaning of specific gravity and, the term
3.1.1 specific gravity, apparent—the ratio of the weight in
apparent could be dropped in everyday operations after estab-
air of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature to the
lishing the use term equivalency.
weight in air of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free
distilled water (see Note 2) at a stated temperature. It shall be
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in these stated as follows:
test methods with the exception of Fahrenheit (°F) in 5.1 as an
Specificgravity, apparent, x/y°C (1)
example of a possible industrial specification unit.
where x is the temperature of the material and y is the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
temperature of the water.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- NOTE 2—Gas-free distilled water is distilled water that has been boiled
to eliminate dissolved gases.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
1.5 Review the current Materials Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid
4.1 Specific gravity, apparent, may be used as a qualitative
procedures, handling, and safety precautions.
testinestablishingtheidentityofachemical.Itmaybeusedto
calculate the volume occupied by a product whose weight is
2. Referenced Documents
known,ortocalculatetheweightofaproductfromitsvolume.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Itmaybeusedtodeterminethecompositionofbinarymixtures
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
of pure chemicals. In the case of most refined industrial
chemicals specific gravity, apparent, is of minimal value in
1 defining quality, although it may detect gross contamination.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D16.15 on Industrial and Specialty General Standards.
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
3
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D891–95 (2004). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D0891-09. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or These definitions conform to those in Terminology E12 with this explanation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM modified as follows: specific gravity corresponds to apparent specific gravity as
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on defined in Terminology E12 and absolute specific gravity corresponds to specific
the ASTM website. gravity as defined in Terminology E12.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D891–95 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: D 891 – 09
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthedeterminationofthespecificgravity,apparent,ofliquidindustrialchemicals.Twotestmethods
are covered as follows:
1.1.1 Test Method A, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a hydrometer.
1.1.2 Test Method B, specific gravity, apparent, by means of a pycnometer.
NOTE 1—Test Method D4052 describes an instrumental procedure.
1.2 In common usage the term specific gravity, apparent, is understood to mean specific gravity. Since this test method is to be
inconformitywithTerminologyE12,alltermsreadingspecificgravitywerechangedtospecificgravity,apparent,withoutaltering
the meaning of specific gravity and, the term apparent could be dropped in everyday operations after establishing the use term
equivalency.
1.3
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthesetestmethods
with the exception of Fahrenheit (°F) in 5.1 as an example of a possible industrial specification unit.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.45 ReviewthecurrentMaterialsSafetyDataSheets(MSDS)fordetailedinformationconcerningtoxicity,firstaidprocedures,
handling, and safety precautions.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
E202 Test Methods for Analysis of Ethylene Glycols and Propylene Glycols
0
E302 Test Methods for Monobasic Organic Acids
E346 Test Methods for Analysis of Methanol
3. Terminology
4
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 specific gravity, apparent—theratiooftheweightinairofaunitvolumeofamaterialatastatedtemperaturetotheweight
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E15 on Industrial and Specialty Chemicals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E15.01
on General Standards.
CurrenteditionapprovedOct.1,2004.PublishedNovember2004.Originallyapprovedin1946asD891–46T.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2000asD891–95(2000).
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D891-95(2004).
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
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Forahighdegreeofaccuracy,thefollowingpaperdiscussesanapparatusandmethodofmuchmerit:LipkinandAssociates,“PycnometerforVolatileLiquids,” Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, Vol 36, Jan. 15, 1944, pp. 55–58.
4
These definitions conform to those in Terminology E12 with this explanation modified as follows: specific gravity corresponds to apparent specific gravity as defined
in Terminology E12 and absolute specific gravity corresponds to specific gravity as defined in Terminology E12.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D891–09
in air of equal density of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water (see Note 2) at a stated temperature. It shall be stated as
follows:
Specificgravity,apparent, x/y°C (1)
where x is the temperature of the material and y is the temperature of the water.
NOTE 2—Gas-free distilled water is distilled water that has been boiled to eliminate dissolved gases.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Specific gravity, apparent, may be used
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