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ASTM E2081-00

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action

Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action

SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for conducting risk-based corrective action (RBCA) at chemical release sites based on protecting human health and the environment. The RBCA is a consistent decision-making process for the assessment and response to chemical releases. Chemical release sites vary greatly in terms of complexity, physical and chemical characteristics, and in the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The RBCA process recognizes this diversity by using a tiered approach that integrates site assessment and response actions with human health and ecological risk assessment to determine the need for remedial action and to tailor corrective action activities to site-specific conditions and risks. The evaluations and methods used in the RBCA process begin with simple analyses in Tier 1 and move to more complex evaluations in either Tier 2 or Tier 3, as applicable. The process of gathering and evaluating data is conducted in a scaled fashion. Consequently, only the data that are necessary for a particular tier's decision-making are collected at that tier.
1.2 This guide describes an approach for risk-based corrective action. It is intended to help direct and streamline the corrective action process and to complement but not to supersede federal, state and local regulations. It can be employed at sites where corrective action is being conducted including sites where there may not be a regulatory framework for corrective action, or where the user wishes to conduct corrective action such as sites in voluntary cleanup programs or under Brownfields initiatives. In addition, it can also be used as a unifying framework when several different agency programs affect the site. Furthermore, the user should be aware of the federal, state and local corrective action programs that are applicable for the site and, regardless of the program, federal, state and local agency approvals may be required to implement the processes outlined in this guide. Finally, regardless of whether a corrective action is specifically governed by a regulatory program, the user should consult the regulatory agency requirements to identify the appropriate technical policy decisions prior to implementing the RBCA process.
1.3 There are numerous technical policy decisions that must be made to implement the RBCA process, for example, defining data quality objectives, determining target risk levels, specifying the appropriate statistics and sample sizes for calculating exposure concentrations, selection of exposure assumptions, determining when and how to account for cumulative risks and additive effects among chemical(s) of concern and addressing resource protection. It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate technical policy decisions. The user must identify the appropriate technical policy decisions.
1.4 The general performance standard for this guide requires that:
1.4.1 Technical policy decisions be identified before beginning the process,
1.4.2 Data and information collected during the RBCA process, including historical data as well as new data collected during the site assessment, will be relevant to and of sufficient quantity and quality to answer the questions posed by and the decisions to be made in the RBCA process,
1.4.3 Actions taken during the risk-based decision process will be protective of human health and the environment,
1.4.4 Applicable federal, state and local regulations will be followed (for example, waste management requirements, ground water designations, worker protection) and,
1.4.5 Remedial actions implemented will not result in higher risk levels than existed before taking actions.
1.5 ASTM standards are not federal or state regulations, they are consensus standards that can voluntarily be followed.
1.6 The RBCA process is not limited to a particular class of compounds. This guide is intended to be a companion to Guide E1739, and does not supersede that document for petroleum releases. I...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
71.020 - Production in the chemical industry
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.04 - Corrective Action
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2081-00(2004)e1 - Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
Effective Date
01-Oct-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3358-23a - Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2435-05(2020) - Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2681-21 - Standard Guide for Environmental Management of Underground Storage Tank Systems Storing Regulated Substances
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1524-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation of Chemical Spills
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2205/E2205M-22 - Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological Resources
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3300-21 - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment— Evaluating Ebullition and Associated NAPL/Contaminant Transport
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2137-22 - Standard Guide for Estimating Monetary Costs and Liabilities for Environmental Matters
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2091-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2531-06(2020) - Standard Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Released to the Subsurface
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2876-13(2020) - Standard Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives into Cleanup
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3163-18 - Standard Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2790-20 - Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5745-23 - Standard Guide for Developing and Implementing Interim and Early Actions for Waste Contamination Site Remediation
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2616-09(2020) - Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM E2081-00 - Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionASTM E2081-00 - Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
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ASTM E2081-00 - Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 2081 – 00
Standard Guide for
1
Risk-Based Corrective Action
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2081; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides guidance for the development of a Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)
program that integrates the sciences of ecological and human health risk-based decision making into
the corrective action process. The RBCA provides a flexible, technically defensible framework for
correctiveactionthatisapplicabletoawiderangeofsitesandchemical(s)ofconcern.Theframework
incorporates a tiered analytical approach, applying increasingly complex levels of data collection and
analysis as the user proceeds through the process. It provides a starting point for the integration of
multiple regulatory programs into a site-wide corrective action activity and a technically defensible
process for achieving “No FurtherAction.” The successful implementation of the RBCAframework
is dependent on an understanding by the user of the technical policy decisions that are critical to the
risk management process and the identification and determination of these technical policy decisions
prior to beginning the process (see 3.2.60). There are numerous technical policy decisions that must
be made to implement the RBCAprocess, for example, defining data quality objectives, determining
target risk levels and addressing resource protection. It is not the intent of this guide to define
appropriate technical policy decisions. The RBCA process is not intended to replace existing
regulatory programs, but rather to complement these programs. Regardless of whether a corrective
actionisspecificallygovernedbyaregulatoryprogram,theusershouldconsulttheregulatoryagency
requirements to identify the appropriate technical policy decisions prior to implementing the RBCA
process. The RBCA process encourages user-led initiatives and stakeholder involvement in both the
development of the technical policy decisions and the RBCAprogram. It recognizes the diversity of
sitesandprovidesappendixesforpossibleapplicationsandexamples.Theappendixesareprovidedfor
additionalinformationandarenotmandatorysectionsofthisstandardguide.ASTMstandardsarenot
federal or state regulations; they are consensus standards that can voluntarily be followed.
1. Scope and methods used in the RBCA process begin with simple
analyses in Tier 1 and move to more complex evaluations in
1.1 This is a guide for conducting risk-based corrective
either Tier 2 or Tier 3, as applicable. The process of gathering
action (RBCA) at chemical release sites based on protecting
and evaluating data is conducted in a scaled fashion. Conse-
human health and the environment. The RBCAis a consistent
quently, only the data that are necessary for a particular tier’s
decision-making process for the assessment and response to
decision-making are collected at that tier.
chemical releases. Chemical release sites vary greatly in terms
1.2 This guide describes an approach for risk-based correc-
ofcomplexity,physicalandchemicalcharacteristics,andinthe
tive action. It is intended to help direct and streamline the
risk that they may pose to human health and the environment.
corrective action process and to complement but not to
The RBCA process recognizes this diversity by using a tiered
supersede federal, state and local regulations. It can be em-
approach that integrates site assessment and response actions
ployed at sites where corrective action is being conducted
withhumanhealthandecologicalriskassessmenttodetermine
includingsiteswheretheremaynotbearegulatoryframework
the need for remedial action and to tailor corrective action
for corrective action, or where the user wishes to conduct
activities to site-specific conditions and risks. The evaluations
correctiveactionsuchassitesinvoluntarycleanupprogramsor
underBrownfieldsinitiatives.Inaddition,itcanalsobeusedas
a unifying framework when several different agency programs
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
affect the site. Furthermore, the user should be aware of the
AssessmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE50.04onPerformance
federal, state and local corrective action programs that are
Standards Related to Environmental Regulatory Programs.
applicable for the site and, regardless of the program, federal,
Current edition approvedApril 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally
published as PS 104–98. stateandlocalagencyapprovalsmayberequiredtoimplement
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
...

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Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process presented in this guide is a consistent, streamlined decision process for selecting corrective actions at chemical release sites.  
4.2 Risk assessment is a developing science. The scientific approach used to develop the RBSL and SSTL may vary by regulatory agency and by user due to regulatory requirements, guidance and use of alternative scientifically-based methods.  
4.3 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with current site characterization techniques, remedial action science and technology, current human health risk and exposure assessment methodologies, toxicology, and current ecological evaluation methodologies.  
4.4 In order to properly apply the RBCA process, the user should AVOID the following:  
4.4.1 Prescribing Tier 1 RBSL or RESC as remedial action standards for all sites rather than screening levels,  
4.4.2 Limiting use of the RBCA process to Tier 1 evaluation only and not continuing with Tier 2 or Tier 3 analyses for sites where further tier evaluation is appropriate,  
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4.4.5 Conducting active remedial action to achieve only technology-based remedial limits (for example, asymptotic levels) prior to determining applicable corrective action goals,  
4.4.6 Using predictive modeling that is not supported by available data or knowledge of site conditions,  
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4.4.8 Using unjustified or inappropriate exposure factors,  
4.4.9 Using unjustifie...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for conducting risk-based corrective action (RBCA) at chemical release sites based on protecting human health and the environment. The RBCA is a consistent decision-making process for the assessment and response to chemical releases. Chemical release sites vary greatly in terms of complexity, physical and chemical characteristics, and in the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The RBCA process recognizes this diversity by using a tiered approach that integrates site assessment and response actions with human health and ecological risk assessment to determine the need for remedial action and to tailor corrective action activities to site-specific conditions and risks. The evaluations and methods used in the RBCA process begin with simple analyses in Tier 1 and move to more complex evaluations in either Tier 2 or Tier 3, as applicable. The process of gathering and evaluating data is conducted in a scaled fashion. Consequently, only the data that are necessary for a particular tier's decision-making are collected at that tier.  
1.2 This guide describes an approach for risk-based corrective action. It is intended to help direct and streamline the corrective action process and to complement but not to supersede federal, state and local regulations. It can be employed at sites where corrective action is being conducted including sites where there may not be a regulatory framework for corrective action, or where the user wishes to conduct corrective action such as sites in voluntary cleanup programs or under Brownfields initiatives. In addition, it can also be used as a unifying framework when several different agency programs affect the site. Furthermore, the user should be aware of the federal, state and local corrective action programs that are applicable for the site and, regardless of the program, federal, state and local agency approvals may be required to implement the proce...

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ASTM E3240-20(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a consistent and transparent decision-making process for selecting risk-based corrective actions at sediment sites (that is, a Sediment-RBCA). Sediment-RBCA shares the same process as other RBCAs described in E1739, E2081, and E2205/E2205M but with explicit consideration of the constraints on how the available sediment assessment techniques impact decision making. Several factors exist that distinguish sediment sites from upland sites and warrant unique consideration, including background, potential for recontamination, sediment stability, sediment processes, lack of control on exposure and transport, exposure pathways and receptors, and unique site characteristics such as public lands, lack of site control on use and access. The diversity of available assessment techniques for a sediment site is considerably larger than for other media. Guidance on the technical tools themselves are described in other ASTM guides and regulatory guidance manuals.  
4.2 Sediment-RBCA incorporates the same paradigm of planning and scoping, problem formulation, exposure and effects assessments, risk characterization, and uncertainty analysis that is common to ecological and human health risk assessment guidance documents. Irrespective of terminology, both Sediment-RBCA and risk assessment share the same science-based process and share the same goal of informing risk management decisions. The specific approach used to develop risk-based human health and ecological criteria and risk-based management plans may vary from site to site based on jurisdictional requirements, site complexity, TPDs, and best professional judgment regarding the appropriate use of different assessment techniques. Some attributes of Sediment-RBCA are:  
4.2.1 Description of a tiered approach, including process flow charts, to identify critical steps and provide an overview of the entire RBCA process;  
4.2.2 Identification, development, and use of TPDs throughout the Sediment-RBCA process...
SCOPE
1.1 Sediment-RBCA is based on protecting human health and the environment. The guide supplements the RBCA (Guide E2081) and Eco-RBCA (Guide E2205/E2205M) processes and provides a decision-making process for the management of contaminated sediment. Contaminated sediment sites vary greatly in terms of setting, usage, spatial and temporal complexity, and physical and chemical characteristics; and, therefore, they also vary greatly in terms of the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The Sediment-RBCA recognizes this diversity by using a tiered approach for gathering and evaluating data to determine the need for additional evaluation or risk management tailored to site-specific conditions and risks.  
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4.1 The risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process presented in this guide is a consistent, streamlined decision process for selecting corrective actions at chemical release sites.  
4.2 Risk assessment is a developing science. The scientific approach used to develop the RBSL and SSTL may vary by regulatory agency and by user due to regulatory requirements, guidance and use of alternative scientifically-based methods.  
4.3 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with current site characterization techniques, remedial action science and technology, current human health risk and exposure assessment methodologies, toxicology, and current ecological evaluation methodologies.  
4.4 In order to properly apply the RBCA process, the user should AVOID the following:  
4.4.1 Prescribing Tier 1 RBSL or RESC as remedial action standards for all sites rather than screening levels,  
4.4.2 Limiting use of the RBCA process to Tier 1 evaluation only and not continuing with Tier 2 or Tier 3 analyses for sites where further tier evaluation is appropriate,  
4.4.3 Placing arbitrary time constraints on the corrective action process; for example, requiring that Tiers 1, 2, and 3 be completed within time periods that do not reflect the actual urgency of and risks posed by the site,  
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4.4.5 Conducting active remedial action to achieve only technology-based remedial limits (for example, asymptotic levels) prior to determining applicable corrective action goals,  
4.4.6 Using predictive modeling that is not supported by available data or knowledge of site conditions,  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods for analyzing this data. More than one analytical method may be listed. The most suitable method must be chosen for each application. (A) This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Support Project—Engineering Forum. Additional information and methods can be found in 40 CFR 136, EPA SW-846, and Standard Methods for Evaluation of Water and Wastewater, most current edition.(B) Estimated sensitivity and detection ranges are method/kit specific. Detection ranges are estimates. Verify these methods are suitable for the samples at this site. Consult the method or manufacturer's catalogs for details.(C) Spectrometers and meters are instruments that can be used to analyze for many parameters. Kits cost much less, but usually analyze for only one parameter. There are many manufacturers of field test equipment. Verify that the field methods are applicable to the m...
SCOPE
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5.3 The AIChE organization Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has recommended the use of this standard in one of their recent monographs (1).5 This work is currently available for free download from: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/reactivechemicals/index.html.
SCOPE
1.1 A binary chemical compatibility chart also called inter-reactivity chart, documents the hazards associated with the mixing of pairs of materials. This guide provides an aid for the preparation these charts. It reviews a number of issues that are critical in the preparation of such charts: accurate assessment of chemical compatibility, suitable experimental techniques for gathering compatibility information, incorporation of user-friendliness, and provision for revisions.  
1.2 The uses of chemical compatibility charts are summarized in this standard.  
1.3 This guide also reviews existing public domain compatibility charts, the differences therein, and their advantages and disadvantages.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a consistent and transparent decision-making process for selecting risk-based corrective actions at sediment sites (that is, a Sediment-RBCA). Sediment-RBCA shares the same process as other RBCAs described in E1739, E2081, and E2205/E2205M but with explicit consideration of the constraints on how the available sediment assessment techniques impact decision making. Several factors exist that distinguish sediment sites from upland sites and warrant unique consideration, including background, potential for recontamination, sediment stability, sediment processes, lack of control on exposure and transport, exposure pathways and receptors, and unique site characteristics such as public lands, lack of site control on use and access. The diversity of available assessment techniques for a sediment site is considerably larger than for other media. Guidance on the technical tools themselves are described in other ASTM guides and regulatory guidance manuals.  
4.2 Sediment-RBCA incorporates the same paradigm of planning and scoping, problem formulation, exposure and effects assessments, risk characterization, and uncertainty analysis that is common to ecological and human health risk assessment guidance documents. Irrespective of terminology, both Sediment-RBCA and risk assessment share the same science-based process and share the same goal of informing risk management decisions. The specific approach used to develop risk-based human health and ecological criteria and risk-based management plans may vary from site to site based on jurisdictional requirements, site complexity, TPDs, and best professional judgment regarding the appropriate use of different assessment techniques. Some attributes of Sediment-RBCA are:  
4.2.1 Description of a tiered approach, including process flow charts, to identify critical steps and provide an overview of the entire RBCA process;  
4.2.2 Identification, development, and use of TPDs throughout the Sediment-RBCA process...
SCOPE
1.1 Sediment-RBCA is based on protecting human health and the environment. The guide supplements the RBCA (Guide E2081) and Eco-RBCA (Guide E2205/E2205M) processes and provides a decision-making process for the management of contaminated sediment. Contaminated sediment sites vary greatly in terms of setting, usage, spatial and temporal complexity, and physical and chemical characteristics; and, therefore, they also vary greatly in terms of the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The Sediment-RBCA recognizes this diversity by using a tiered approach for gathering and evaluating data to determine the need for additional evaluation or risk management tailored to site-specific conditions and risks.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    7 pages
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3337-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.  
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1210-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.  
1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.  
1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).  
1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.  
1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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