ASTM D8316-20a

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8316 − 20 D8316 − 20a
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Extreme
Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils with the Roller-Disk
Geometry Using SRV Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method represents the transformation of DIN 51834-4:2020.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers an extreme pressure (EP) lubricating oil’s coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear
when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. The test utilizes a roller-on-disc geometry, where the roller is
inclined/deflected by 10° to the oscillating movement. The procedure is identical to that described in DIN 51834, Part 4.
1.2 This test method can also be used to determine the ability of a non-EP lubricating oil to protect against wear and its coefficient
of friction under similar test conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A295 Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing Steel
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D5182 Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing Load Capacity of Oils (FZG Visual Method)
D5706 Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-Frequency, Linear-
Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.11D02.L0 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and LubricatesIndustrial Lubricants and Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020Dec. 1, 2020. Published May 2020January 2021. Originally approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D8316 – 20.
DOI: 10.1520/D8316-20.10.1520/D8316-20A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8316 − 20a
D6425 Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using SRV Test
Machine
D7421 Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Oils Using High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation
(SRV) Test Machine
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 DIN Standards:
DIN EN ISO 683-17 Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 17: Ball and roller bearing steels
DIN 5402-1 Rolling bearings – Parts of rolling bearings – Part 1: Cylindrical rollers
DIN 51631:1999 Mineral Spirits – Special Boiling Point Spirits – Requirements
DIN 51834-4 Tribological Test in the Translatory Oscillation Apparatus (Part 4: Determination of friction and wear data for
lubricating oils with the cylindrical roller-disk geometry)
DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface Texture: Profile Method; Surfaces Having
Stratified Functional Properties – Part 2: Height Characterization using the Linear Material Ratio Curve (replacement of DIN
4776:1990)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 break-in, n—in tribology, an initial transition process occurring in newly established wearing contacts, often accompanied
by transients in coefficient of friction or wear rate, or both, that are uncharacteristic of the given tribological system’s longterm
behavior. (Synonym: run-in, wear-in) G40
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction, μ or f,n—in tribology, the dimensionless ratio of the friction force (Ff) between two bodies to the
normal force (Fn) pressing these bodies together. G40
μ 5 F ⁄ F (1)
~ !
f n
3.1.3 EP lubricating oil, n—a liquid lubricant containing an extreme pressure (EP) additive.
3.1.4 extreme pressure (EP) additive, n—in a lubricant, a substance that minimizes damage to metal surfaces in contact under high
stress rubbing conditions.
3.1.5 Hertzian contact area, n—the apparent area of contact between two nonconforming solid bodies pressed against each other,
as calculated from Hertz’s equations of elastic deformation. G40
3.1.6 Hertzian contact pressure, n—the magnitude of the pressure at any specified location in a Hertzian contact area, as calculated
from Hertz’s equations of elastic deformation. D7421
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The Hertzian contact pressure can also be calculated and reported as maximum value P in the center of the contact or as P
max average
as average over the total contact area.
3.1.7 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the that reduces the friction or wear,
or both, between them. G40
3.1.8 P , n—geometric contact pressure describes the load carrying capacity at test end (see 9.3.6).
geom
3.1.9 Ra (C.L.A.), n—in measuring surface finish, the arithmetic average of the absolute distances of all profile points from the
mean line for a given distance.
3.1.10 Rpk, n—reduced peak height according to DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998; half the Rpk value is the mean height of the peak
sticking out above the core profile section.
Available from Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.(DIN), Am DIN-Platz, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany, http://www.din.de.
Amstutz, Hu, Surface Texture: The Parameters, Bulletin MI-TP-003-0785, Sheffield Measurement Division, Warner and Swazey, 1985, p. 21.
D8316 − 20a
3.1.11 Rvk, n—reduced valley height according to DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998; Rvk is the mean depth of the valley reaching into
the material below the core profile section.
3.1.12 Rz, (DIN), n—in measuring surface finish, the average of all Ry values (peak to valley heights) in the assessment length.
3.1.13 wear, n—damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that
surface and a contacting substance or substances. G40
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 seizure, n—localized fusion of metal between the rubbing surfaces of the test pieces. D5706
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
In this test method, seizure is indicated by a sharp rise in the coefficient of friction, over steady state, of greater than 0.2 for over
20 s. In severe cases, a stoppage in the motor will occur.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 FZG, n—commonly referred to Forschungstelle für Záhnräder und Getriebebau (German); Research Site for Gears and
Transmissions) Visual Method (English translation) D5182
3.3.2 SRV, n—Schwingung, Reibung, Verschleiss (German); oscillating, friction, wear (English translation).
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method is performed on an SRV test machine using a test roller oscillated at constant frequency and stroke amplitude
and under constant load (F ), against a test disk that has been wetted with the lubricant specimen. The movement of the roller is
n
inclined/deflected by 10° to the oscillating axis (see Fig. 1). The test disk receiving block to which the test disk is attached is held
at a constant temperature.
NOTE 1—The frequency of oscillation, stroke length, test temperature, test load, test duration, and test roller and disk material can be varied from those
specified in this test method. The test roller yields Hertzian line contact geometry. To obtain point or area contact, test pieces of differing configurations
can be substituted for the test roller.
4.2 The friction force, F , is measured by a piezo-electric device in the test disk assembly. Peak values of coefficient of friction,
f
f, are determined and recorded as a function of time
4.3 After the preset test period, the test machine and data acquisition are stopped and the wear scar widths on the roller and disk
are measured using a microscope. If a profilometer is available, a trace perpendicular to the wear track on the test disk and to the
scar on the roller can also be used to obtain additional wear quantities.
FIG. 1 Schematics on the Roller Designs, the Wear Quantities, and the Wear Scar Width d on Roller (top) and Wear Track Width d on
1 2
Disk (bottom)
D8316 − 20a
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method can be used to determine antiwear properties and coefficient of friction of EP lubricating oils at selected
temperatures and loads specified for use in slip-rolling contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present
for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for
lubricants used in gears, rolling bearings or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results
correlate with field performance or other applications. In comparison to the ball-on-disk geometry as per Test Method D6425, the
initial contact pressure is better retained over test time in this roller-on-disk geometry.
6. Apparatus
6.1 SRV Test Machine , illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 consists of a linear oscillation drive, a test chamber (see Fig. 3) and a loading
device with a servomotor and a load cell. The machine is operated by a control device for the oscillating drive, a timer, a load
control, a frequency control, a stroke control, a data amplifier to determine the friction coefficient, and a switch and a controller
for the heating. An oscilloscope may be used for monitoring of quantities. Friction coefficients are recorded in relation to time by
data acquisition in a computer.
FIG. 2 SRV Test Machine (Model 5)
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Optimol Instruments, Prüftechnik GmbH, Flößergasse 3, D-81369 Munich, Germany.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
D8316 − 20a
1 Base of the receiving block 7 Upper specimen holder
2 Piezo force measurement elements 8 Drive rods of the load unit
Supporting surface (head plate) of the test disk receiving
3 9 Test disk
block
4 Lower specimen holder 10 Test roller
Position of the electrical resistance heating and resis-
5 F Normal force (test load)
n
tance thermometer
6 Oscillation drive rods F Friction force
f
FIG. 3 Test Chamber Elements of SRV Models IV and V
6.1.1 The roller is mounted in the holder so that the longitudinal axis of the roller is deflected by 10° to the sliding direction. This
test is limited to SRV IV&V models, because SRVIII and older models do not execute a movement of the roller exactly parallel
to the disk surface.
6.1.2 On the firmly mounted receiving block (1) in the test chamber (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), there is a piezoelectric device (2) to
measure the friction force, F , and the friction coefficient, f, the holder for the test disk (3) with a thermostat-controlled electrical
f
resistance heating element (4); a resistance thermometer (5); the oscillation drive rods (6); an exchangeable holder for the test roller
(7); and the load rods of the loading device (8).
6.1.3 The design of the receiving block for the test disk should be such that it has integrated cooling coils, or that cooling coils
are wound around it, so that the receiving block must be capable to maintaining test temperatures down to 233 K. The test disk
(9) and the test roller (10) are inserted into their respective holders (3,4) (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).
6.1.4 Disks are generally used as the lower test piece.
6.2 Microscope, equipped with a filar eyepiece graduated in 0.005 mm divisions or equipped with a micrometre stage readable to
0.005 mm. Magnification should be sufficient to allow for ease of measurement.
6.3 Syringe, suitable for applying 0.3 mL of the lubricating oil under test.
6.4 Tweezers, straight, round, about 200 mm long, with non-marring tips.
6.5 Torque Wrench, initial
...