ASTM E2700-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and imaging as compared to conventional UT employing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element (array) probes in which groups of elements are pulsed with pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element (“phasing”). The resulting constructive and destructive interference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of the sound beam.
5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and imaging. The two basic types of scans are the Linear or Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan (S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual scan, multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle. The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and dropping an element off the other end of the active group of elements within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is unique to phased arrays, the sound beam is electronically swept through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially changing the time delays applied to each element. Because the beam angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle, more complete data can be obtained and more complex geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice. Commercial software permits the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements.
5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combinations of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2).
1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be examined using this practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry.
1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This internat...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-May-2020
- Technical Committee
- E07 - Nondestructive Testing
- Drafting Committee
- E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2018
- Effective Date
- 15-Jun-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2013
- Effective Date
- 15-Jun-2013
Overview
ASTM E2700-20 is the internationally recognized standard practice for performing contact ultrasonic testing of welds using phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) methods. Developed and published by ASTM International, this standard outlines procedures and requirements for using phased array technology to inspect welds, primarily butt and tee welds, in metals such as ferrous and aluminum alloys. By leveraging the advanced capabilities of phased arrays-including electronic beam steering, focusing, and imaging-this standard enables enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and documentation compared to conventional ultrasonic testing (UT) methods.
Phased array ultrasonic testing, as described in ASTM E2700-20, supports rapid inspection, improved data quality, and the ability to evaluate complex weld geometries effectively. The standard covers both manual and mechanized scanning and sets out guidelines for equipment standardization, personnel qualification, examination procedures, and data evaluation.
Key Topics
- Phased Array Technology: Utilizes multi-element probes to electronically steer, shape, and focus ultrasonic beams, increasing the probability of flaw detection and producing detailed weld imaging.
- Scan Types: Includes both Electronic Scans (E-Scan) for a fixed angle, and Sectorial Scans (S-Scan) allowing coverage of a range of angles, improving inspection of complex or limited-access geometries.
- Equipment Requirements: Specifies features for phased array instruments, such as digital data storage, amplitude correction, and compatibility with a range of probe designs and frequencies.
- Calibration and Standardization: Details the use of reference blocks, such as the IIW block, and the need for angular and distance-amplitude correction to ensure accurate and reliable results.
- Personnel Qualification: Recommends certification in accordance with recognized NDT personnel standards (e.g., SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712) and provides for additional phased array-specific training.
- Examination Procedures: Covers scan planning, surface preparation, coupling conditions, and evaluation of scan data for both manual and encoded (automated) methods.
- Data Management: Emphasizes the value of digital data storage for auditability, traceability, and post-analysis of inspection results.
Applications
ASTM E2700-20 is widely used in industrial sectors where weld integrity is critical, such as:
- Power Generation: Inspection of structural welds in pressure vessels, boilers, and pipelines.
- Oil & Gas: Evaluation of welds in pipelines, tanks, and offshore structures.
- Aerospace & Transportation: Testing of critical welds in aircraft, rail, and automotive components.
- Structural Fabrication: Quality assurance in construction, bridges, and heavy machinery.
- Manufacturing of Ferrous and Aluminum Alloys: Suitable for fusion welding, solid-state bonding (such as friction stir welding), and electron beam welding processes.
The standard practice addresses weld thicknesses from 9 to 200 mm, and can be extended beyond this range with adequate demonstration of technique capability.
Related Standards
For comprehensive phased array ultrasonic testing and qualification, consider these related standards:
- ASTM E164: Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
- ASTM E2491: Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
- ASTM E317: Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments
- ASTM E587: Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
- ASTM E543: Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
- ISO 19675: Ultrasonic Testing - Calibration Block for Phased Array Testing (PAUT)
- ISO 2400: Reference Block for Calibration of Ultrasonic Equipment
- ISO 9712: Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
- ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code requirements for ultrasonic testing
For personnel qualification and certification, also refer to:
- SNT-TC-1A: Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
- NAS-410: Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel (AIA)
Keywords: ASTM E2700-20, phased array ultrasonic testing, PAUT, weld inspection, standard practice, nondestructive testing, S-scan, E-scan, ultrasonic weld testing, reference blocks, personnel qualification, flaw detection, industrial standards.
By following ASTM E2700-20, organizations ensure compliance with best practices and leverage advanced phased array technology to maintain safety, quality, and operational reliability in welded structures.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM E2700-20 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and imaging as compared to conventional UT employing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element (array) probes in which groups of elements are pulsed with pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element (“phasing”). The resulting constructive and destructive interference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of the sound beam. 5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and imaging. The two basic types of scans are the Linear or Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan (S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual scan, multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle. The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and dropping an element off the other end of the active group of elements within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is unique to phased arrays, the sound beam is electronically swept through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially changing the time delays applied to each element. Because the beam angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle, more complete data can be obtained and more complex geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice. Commercial software permits the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements. 5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combinations of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the a... SCOPE 1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2). 1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be examined using this practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry. 1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4. 1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam. Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This internat...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and imaging as compared to conventional UT employing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element (array) probes in which groups of elements are pulsed with pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element (“phasing”). The resulting constructive and destructive interference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of the sound beam. 5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and imaging. The two basic types of scans are the Linear or Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan (S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual scan, multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle. The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and dropping an element off the other end of the active group of elements within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is unique to phased arrays, the sound beam is electronically swept through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially changing the time delays applied to each element. Because the beam angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle, more complete data can be obtained and more complex geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice. Commercial software permits the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements. 5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combinations of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the a... SCOPE 1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2). 1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be examined using this practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry. 1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4. 1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam. Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This internat...
ASTM E2700-20 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM E2700-20 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM E1316-24, ASTM E587-15(2020), ASTM E1316-19b, ASTM E1316-19, ASTM E1316-18, ASTM E1316-17a, ASTM E1316-17, ASTM E1316-16a, ASTM E1316-16, ASTM E1316-15a, ASTM E1316-15, ASTM E1316-14, ASTM E1316-14e1, ASTM E1316-13d, ASTM E1316-13c. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM E2700-20 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2700 − 20
Standard Practice for
Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for exam-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and Note 2).
1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or
2. Referenced Documents
E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alter-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
native welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for
E164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are docu-
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
mented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
spot welds are not included.The practice is intended to be used
Testing
on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
may be examined using this practice if the technique can be
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the
E2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
same wall thickness and geometry.
E2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to
Phased-Array UltrasonicTesting Instruments and Systems
size indications using phased array. It is likely that without
2.2 ASME Standard:
proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam
ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4
divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the
2.3 ISO Standards:
same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4.
ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipment
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
for Ultrasonic Examination
as standard.
ISO 9712 Nondestructive Testing—Qualification and Certi-
NOTE 1—This practice is based on experience with ferrous and
fication of NDT Personnel
aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this
ISO 19675 Nondestructive Testing—Ultrasonic Testing—
practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate
that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an
Specification for a Calibration Block for Phased Array
ultrasonic beam.
Testing (PAUT)
NOTE 2—For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC
2.4 ASNT Documents:
Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cation of NDT Personnel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on www.asme.org.
Ultrasonic Method. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2700 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/ AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
E2700-20. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2700 − 20
2.5 AIA Standard: advantage over E-scans in that all the specified examination
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive angles can be covered at the same time.
Testing Personnel
5.4 The main advantages of using phased arrays for ultra-
sonic weld examinations are:
3. Terminology
5.4.1 Increased control of beam characteristics, including
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
capability for focusing and steering the beam;
practice, see Terminology E1316.
5.4.2 Faster scanning and increased probability of detection
due to multiple lines/angles acquired and displayed in a single
4. Summary of Practice
pass;
4.1 This practice provides procedural guidance for both 5.4.3 Increased ability to examine complex geometries and
manual and mechanized scanning of welds using phased array areas with limited access;
systems, including a discussion of general requirements for 5.4.4 Better imaging from the true depth S-scan;
standardization of range, angular and depth sensitivity and 5.4.5 Digital data storage capability, which is intended to
enable auditing, archiving, and off-line post-processing, re-
reference blocks for same; coupling considerations; examina-
tion procedures, including development of scan plans for processing, and comparison of data from different examina-
tions;
common butt and tee weld configurations; basic indication
evaluation; and reporting requirements. 5.4.6 Rapid and reproducible set-ups with electronic instru-
ments.
5. Significance and Use
6. Basis of Application
5.1 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection,
ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.
sizing, and imaging as compared to conventional UT employ-
ing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element
6.2 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual
(array) probes in which groups of elements are pulsed with
agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard
pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element
shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-
(“phasing”). The resulting constructive and destructive inter-
tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or
ference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of
standardsuchasANSI/ASNTCP-189,SNT-TC-1A,ISO9712,
the sound beam.
NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer
or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard
5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving
used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the
ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and
contractual agreement between the using parties.
imaging. The two basic types of scans are the Linear or
6.2.1 Inaddition,thereshouldalsobetrainingorknowledge
Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan
and experience related to phased array equipment and tech-
(S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual scan,
niques. Personnel performing examinations to this standard
multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle.
should list the qualifying credentials in the examination report.
The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of
the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
dropping an element off the other end of the active group of
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
elements within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated
and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-
by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is
cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the
uniquetophasedarrays,thesoundbeamiselectronicallyswept
contractual agreement.
through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially chang-
6.4 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and tech-
ing the time delays applied to each element. Because the beam
niques to be used shall be as specified in the contractual
angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle,
agreement. Guide E2491 recommends methods of assessing
more complete data can be obtained and more complex
performance characteristics of phased array probes and sys-
geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With
tems.
their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require
6.5 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination surface
special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this
preparation criteria shall be in accordance with 9.1, unless
practice. Commercial software permits the operator to easily
otherwise specified.
make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing
requirements.
6.6 Timing of Examination—The timing of examination
shall be determined by the contracting parties and in accor-
5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or
dance with the stage of manufacture or in-service conditions.
encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combina-
tions of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display
6.7 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall
will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the
be suitable to examine the volume of the weld plus the heat
affected zone, unless otherwise specified.
6.8 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org. teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
E2700 − 20
13.1, unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are 1D arrays or dual arrays configured with side-by-side
not specified in this standard, they shall be specified in the transmitter-receiver arrays (as in Transmit-Receive Longitudi-
contractual agreement. nal wave probes) are recommended. For 2D arrays, standard-
ization should be performed at all skewed angles.
6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—
7.2.4 Phased array probes may be used with a removable or
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
integral wedge, delay-line, or in an immersion or localized
this standard and, if required, shall be specified in the contrac-
bubblersystemmode.Insomecases,aphasedarrayprobemay
tual agreement.
be used without a refracting wedge or delay-line (that is, just a
hard wear-face surface).
7. Equipment
7.2.5 When refracting wedges are used to assist beam
7.1 Phased Array Instruments:
steering, the natural incident angle of the wedge shall be
7.1.1 Theultrasonicphasedarrayinstrumentshallbeapulse
selected such that the angular sweep range of the examination
echo type with multiple independent pulser/receiver channels
technique used does not exceed the manufacturer’s recom-
equipped with a standardized dB gain or attenuation control
mended limits for the probe and mode (compression or
stepped in increments of 1 dB minimum. The system shall be
transverse) used; this will minimize spurious indications/
capable of generating and displaying both B-scan and S-scan
interference due to grating lobes.
images (ideally C-Scan image capability should also be
7.2.6 Refracting wedges used on curved surfaces shall
available), which can be stored and recalled for subsequent
require contouring to match the surface curvature if the
review.
curvature causes a gap between the wedge and examination
7.1.2 Thephasedarraysystemshallhaveon-boardfocallaw
surface exceeding 0.5 mm at any point.
generation software that permits direct modification to ultra-
sonic beam characteristics. Specific delay calculations may be
8. Standardization
performed by the system itself or imported from external
8.1 General:
calculations.
8.1.1 A baseline assessment of probe element activity shall
7.1.3 The phased array system shall have a means of data
be made in accordance with Annex A3 of Guide E2491.
storage for archiving scan data. An external storage device,
8.1.2 Standardization shall include the complete ultrasonic
flash card, or USB memory stick can be used for data storage.
phased array system and shall be performed prior to use of the
Aremote portable PC connected to the instrument may also be
system in the thickness range under examination.
used for this purpose. If instruments do not inherently store
8.1.3 Standardization on reference block(s) shall be per-
A-scan data, such as some manual instruments, the final image
formed from the surface (clad or unclad; convex or concave)
only may be recorded.
corresponding to the surface of the component from which the
7.1.4 The phased array system shall be standardized for
examination will be performed.
amplitudeandheightlinearityinaccordancewithGuideE2491
8.1.4 The same couplant to be used during the examination
annually, at a minimum.
shall be used for standardization.
7.1.5 The instrument shall be capable of pulsing and receiv-
ing at nominal frequencies of 1 MHz to 10 MHz. For special 8.1.5 The same contact wedges or immersion/bubbler sys-
tems used during the examination shall be used for standard-
applications, higher frequencies can be used, but may require
ization.
specialinstrumentationwithappropriatedigitizationcapability.
8.1.6 The same focal law(s) used in standardization shall be
7.1.6 The instrument shall be capable of digitization of
A-scans at a minimum of five times the nominal frequency of used for examination.
8.1.7 Any control which affects instrument amplitude re-
the probe used. Amplitude shall be digitized at a resolution of
at least 8-bit (that is, 256 levels). sponse (for example, pulse-duration, filters, averaging, etc.)
7.1.7 The instrument shall be capable of equalizing the shall be in the same position for standardization and examina-
amplitude response from a target at a fixed sound path for each tion.
angle used in the technique (angle corrected gain (ACG)), 8.1.8 Any control which affects instrument linearity (for
thereby providing compensation for wedge attenuation varia- example, clipping, reject, suppression) shall not be used.
tion and echo-transmittance.
8.2 Reference Blocks:
7.1.8 Theinstrumentshallalsobeequippedwithfacilitiesto
8.2.1 Reference blocks shall be made of the same material
equalize amplitudes of signals across the time-base (time-
as the test piece or an acoustically similar material acceptable
corrected gain (TCG)).
to the customer.
7.2 Phased Array Probes: 8.2.2 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude stan-
7.2.1 The application requirements will dictate the design, dardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not vary
including number of elements, element dimensions, and pitch, with beam angle when angle beam examination is used.
of the phased array probe used. Sensitivity amplitude reference standards that accomplish this
7.2.2 The probe selected shall not have more elements than are side-drilled holes parallel to the major surfaces of the plate
the number of elements addressable by the pulser-receivers andperpendiculartothesoundpath,flat-bottomedholesdrilled
available in the phased array instrument being used. at the examination angle, and equal-radius reflectors. Surface
7.2.3 Phased array probes used for weld examination may notches may be used under some circumstances but are not
be of 1D, 1.5D, or 2D design. For manual scanning techniques, generally recommended.
E2700 − 20
8.2.3 Commercial reference blocks such as the PAUT IIW 9.1.3 The area of the base material through which the sound
Block (ISO 19675), the IIW Block (ISO 2400), or other will travel in the angle-beam examination should be com-
reference blocks discussed in Practice E164 may be used to pletely scanned with a straight-beam search unit to detect
facilitate the adjustment and standardization of the PAUT reflectors that might affect the interpretation of angle-beam
equipment. results by obstructing the sound beam. Consideration must be
given to these reflectors during interpretation of weld exami-
8.3 Range:
nation results, but their detection is not necessarily a basis for
8.3.1 The instrument display shall be adjusted using the
rejection of the base material.
A-scans for each focal law used to provide an accurate
9.2 Couplant:
indication of sound travel in the test material. Range standard-
9.2.1 Acouplant, usually a liquid or semi-liquid, is required
ization shall include correction for wedge travel time so that
between the face of the search unit and the surface to permit
the zero-depth position in the test piece is accurately indicated
transmission of the acoustic energy from the search unit to the
for each focal law.
material under examination. The couplant should wet the
8.3.2 Time base linearity and accuracy shall be verified in
surfaces of the search unit and the test piece, and eliminate any
accordance with the guidelines in Guide E2491 or Practice
air space between the two.Typical couplants include water, oil,
E317, or both.
grease, glycerin, and cellulose gum. The couplant used should
8.3.3 Volume-corrected B-scan or S-scan displays shall
not be injurious to the material to be examined, should form a
indicate the true depth to known targets to within 5 % of the
thin film, and, with the exception of water, should be used
physical depth or 3 mm, whichever is less.
sparingly. When glycerin is used, a small amount of wetting
8.3.4 Range standardization shall be established using the
agent is often added, to improve the coupling properties.When
radius surfaces in reference blocks such as those noted in 8.2.
water is used, it should be clean and de-aerated if possible.
8.4 Angular Sensitivity:
Inhibitors or wetting agents, or both, may be used.
8.4.1 Sensitivity standardization, also referred to as angle
9.2.2 The coupling medium should be selected so that its
corrected gain (ACG), equalizes the amplitude at all angles or
viscosity is appropriate for the surface finish of the material to
focal laws in the active group on a single reference target (see
be examined.
8.2.2). Consistency in coupling and pressure is crucial for
9.3 For contact examination, the temperature differential
accurate standardization.
between the reference block and examination surface shall be
8.4.2 The instrument sensitivity shall be standardized using
within 15 °C.
the manufacturer’s recommended procedure; or alternatively,
byfirstchoosingthedesiredstandardizationamplitude(usually
10. Distance-Amplitude Correction (DAC)/Time-
80 % FSH), then sliding the probe back and forth over the
Corrected Gain (TCG)
selected target so that the raw target amplitude for each angle
10.1 Reference standards for distance-amplitude standard-
is captured, and finally, invoking the instrument’s automatic
ization should be constructed of materials with similar surface
ACG calculation feature to generate and save required gain
finish, nominal thickness and metallurgically similar in terms
correction factors for each angle.
of alloy and thermal treatment to the weldment.
8.4.3 Successful angular sensitivity standardization shall be
verified by sliding the probe over the reference block and
10.2 Alternative methods of distance-amplitude of correc-
visualizing all focal laws corrected to the chosen standardiza-
tion of sensitivity may be used, provided the results are as
tion amplitude (usually 80 % FSH), within tolerance.
reliable as those obtained by the acceptable method. In
addition, the alternative method and its equipment shall meet
9. Coupling Conditions
all the perform
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2700 − 14 E2700 − 20
Standard Practice for
Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for inspectingexamining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see
Note 1 and Note 2).
1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative
welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam
welding) can be inspectedexamined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved.
Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to
200 mm (0.375 to 8 in.). mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be testedexamined using this standard practice if the technique
can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry.
1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper
procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same
indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
NOTE 1—This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided
reference standards can be developed thatto demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
NOTE 2—For additional pertinent information, see Practices ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without the
Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
E2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
2.2 ASME Standard:
ASME B and PV CodeBPVC Section V, Article 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014June 1, 2020. Published October 2014July 2020. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
E2700E2700 – 14.–09. DOI: 10.1520/E2700-14.10.1520/E2700-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2700 − 20
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipment for Ultrasonic Examination
ISO 9712 Nondestructive Testing—Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
ISO 19675 Nondestructive Testing—Ultrasonic Testing—Specification for a Calibration Block for Phased Array Testing (PAUT)
2.4 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
2.5 AIA Standard:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E1316.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Phased arrays are used for weld inspections for numerous applications. Industry specific requirements have been developed
to control the use of this technology for those applications. A general standard practice document is required to define the
requirements for wider use of the technology. Several manufacturers have developed portable, user-friendly instruments. Codes
and code cases have been developed, or are being developed, to cover phased array weld inspection requirements by organizations
such as ASME. Practice This practice provides procedural guidance for both manual and mechanized scanning of welds using
phased array systems, including a discussion of general requirements for standardization of range, angular and depth sensitivity
and reference blocks for same; coupling considerations; examination procedures, including development of scan plans for common
butt and tee weld configurations; basic indication evaluation; and reporting requirements.E2491 covers setting up of phased arrays
for weld inspections. Training programs for phased arrays have been set up worldwide. This practice provides procedural guidance
for both manual and mechanized scanning of welds using phased array systems.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Industrial phased arrays differ from conventional monocrystal ultrasonic transducers since they permit the electronic control
of ultrasound beams. The arrays consist of a series of individual transducer elements, each separately wired, time-delayed and
electrically isolated; the arrays are typically pulsed in groups to permit “phasing,” or constructive-destructive interference.Phased
array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and imaging as
compared to conventional UT employing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element (array) probes in which groups
of elements are pulsed with pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element (“phasing”). The resulting constructive and
destructive interference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of the sound beam.
5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and
imaging. While some scan patterns emulate manual technology, other scans (for example, S-scans) are The two basic types of scans
are the Linear or Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan (S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual
scan, multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle. The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of
the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and dropping an element off the other end of the active group of elements
within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is unique to
phased arrays. arrays, the sound beam is electronically swept through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially changing the
time delays applied to each element. Because the beam angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle, more complete
data can be obtained and more complex geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With their distinct features and
capabilities, phased arrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice. Commercial software permits
the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements.
5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combinations of
displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the advantage over
E-scans in that all the specified inspectionexamination angles can be covered at the same time.
5.4 The main advantages of using phased arrays for ultrasonic weld examinations are:
5.4.1 Increased control of beam characteristics, including capability for focusing and steering the beam;
5.4.2 Faster scanning and increased probability of detection due to multiple angles on display at the same time,lines/angles
acquired and displayed in a single pass;
5.4.3 Increased ability to examine complex geometries and areas with limited access;
5.4.4 Better imaging from the true depth S-scan,S-scan;
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
E2700 − 20
5.4.5 Data storage, for example, selected reflectors, for auditing, and archiving.Digital data storage capability, which is intended
to enable auditing, archiving, and off-line post-processing, re-processing, and comparison of data from different examinations;
5.4.6 Rapid and reproducible set-ups with electronic instruments.
6. Basis of Application
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
6.2 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard shall
be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such
as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer or certifying
agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement
between the using parties.
6.2.1 In addition, there should also be training or knowledge and experience related to phased array equipment and techniques.
Personnel performing examinations to this standard should list the qualifying credentials in the examination report.
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and
evaluated as described in PracticeSpecification E543. The applicable edition of PracticeSpecification E543 shall be specified in the
contractual agreement.
6.4 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and techniques to be used shall be as specified in the contractual agreement.
PracticeGuide E2491 recommends methods of assessing performance characteristics of phased array probes and systems.
6.5 Surface Preparation—The pre-examination surface preparation criteria shall be in accordance with 9.1, unless otherwise
specified.
6.6 Timing of Examination—The timing of examination shall be determined by the contracting parties and in accordance with
the stage of manufacture or in-service conditions.
6.7 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall be suitable to examine the volume of the weld plus the heat affected
zone, unless otherwise specified.
6.8 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with 13.1,
unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shall be specified in the contractual
agreement.
6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this standard
and, if required, shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
7. Equipment
7.1 Phased Array Instruments:
7.1.1 The ultrasonic phased array instrument shall be a pulse echo type and shall be with multiple independent pulser/receiver
channels equipped with a standardized dB gain or attenuation control stepped in increments of 1 dB minimum, containing multiple
independent pulser/receiver channels. minimum. The system shall be capable of generating and displaying both B-scan and S-scan
images, images (ideally C-Scan image capability should also be available), which can be stored and recalled for subsequent review.
7.1.2 The phased array system shall have on-board focal law generation software that permits direct modification to ultrasonic
beam characteristics. Specific delay calculations may be performed by the system itself or imported from external calculations.
7.1.3 The phased array system shall have a means of data storage for archiving scan data. An external storage device, flash card,
or USB memory stick can be used for data storage. A remote portable PC connected to the instrument may also be used for this
purpose. If instruments do not inherently store A-scan data, such as some manual instruments, the final image only may be
recorded.
7.1.4 The phased array system shall be standardized for amplitude and height linearity in accordance with PracticeGuide E2491
annually, asat a minimum.
7.1.5 The instrument shall be capable of pulsing and receiving at nominal frequencies of 1 MHz to 10 MHz. For special
applications, frequencies up to 20 MHz higher frequencies can be used, but may require special instrumentation with appropriate
digitization, and special approval.digitization capability.
7.1.6 The instrument shall be capable of digitization of A-scans at a minimum of five times the nominal frequency of the probe
used. Amplitude shall be digitized at a resolution of at least 8-bit (that is, 256 levels).
7.1.7 The instrument shall be capable of equalizing the amplitude response from a target at a fixed soundpath sound path for
each angle used in the technique (angle corrected gain (ACG)(ACG)), thereby providing compensation for wedge attenuation
variation and echo-transmittance).echo-transmittance.
7.1.8 The instrument shall also be equipped with facilities to equalize amplitudes of signals across the time-base (time-corrected
gain).gain (TCG)).
7.2 Phased Array Probes:
E2700 − 20
7.2.1 The application requirements will dictate the design of the phased array probe used. Phased array probes may be used with
a removable or integral wedge, delay-line, or in an immersion or localized bubbler system mode. In some cases a phased array
probe may be used without a refracting wedge or delay-line (that is, just a hard wear-face surface).design, including number of
elements, element dimensions, and pitch, of the phased array probe used.
7.2.2 The probe selected shall not have more elements than the number of elements addressable by the pulser-receivers available
in the phased array instrument being used.
7.2.3 Phased array probes used for weld examination may be of 1D, 1.5D1.5D, or 2D design. Only For manual scanning
techniques, 1D arrays or dual arrays configured with side-by-side transmitter-receiver arrays (as in Transmit-Receive Longitudinal
wave probes) shall be used with manual scanning techniques. are recommended. For 2D arrays, which use electronic oscillation,
calibration standardization should be performed at all skewed angles.
7.2.4 The number of elements in the Phased array probes may be used with a removable or integral wedge, delay-line, or in
an immersion or localized bubbler system mode. In some cases, a phased array probe and the element dimensions and pitch shall
be selected based on the application requirements and the manufacturer’s recommended limitations.may be used without a
refracting wedge or delay-line (that is, just a hard wear-face surface).
7.2.4 The probe selected shall not have more elements than the number of elements addressable by the pulser-receivers available
in the phased array instrument being used.
7.2.5 When refracting wedges are used to assist beam steering, the natural incident angle of the wedge shall be selected such
that the angular sweep range of the examination technique used does not exceed the manufacturer’s recommended limits for the
probe and mode (compression or transverse) used.used; this will minimize spurious indications/interference due to grating lobes.
7.2.6 Refracting wedges used on curved surfaces shall require contouring to match the surface curvature if the curvature causes
a gap between the wedge and examination surface exceeding 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) 0.5 mm at any point.
8. Standardization
8.1 Range:
8.1.1 The instrument display shall be adjusted using the A-scans for each focal law used to provide an accurate indication of
sound travel in the test material. Range standardization shall include correction for wedge travel time so that the zero-depth
position in the test piece is accurately indicated for each focal law.
8.1.2 Time base linearity and accuracy shall be verified in accordance with the guidelines in Practice E2491, or Practice E317,
or both.
8.1.3 Volume-corrected B-scan or S-scan displays shall indicate the true depth to known targets to within 5 % of the physical
depth or 3 mm, whichever is less.
8.1.4 Range standardization shall be established using the radius surfaces in reference blocks such as the IIW Block and these
blocks shall be made of the same material or acoustically similar material as the test piece.
8.1 Sensitivity:General:
8.1.1 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude standardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not vary with
beam angle when angle beam testing is used. Sensitivity amplitude reference standards that accomplish this are side-drilled holes
parallel to the major surfaces of the plate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holes drilled at the testing angle, and
equal-radius reflectors. Surface notches may be used under some circumstances but are not generallyA baseline assessment of
probe element activity shall be made in accordance with Annex A3 of Guide E2491recommended.
8.1.2 Standardization shall include the complete ultrasonic phased array system and shall be performed prior to use of the
system in the thickness range under examination.
8.1.3 Standardization on reference block(s) shall be performed from the surface (clad or unclad; convex or concave)
corresponding to the surface of the component from which the examination will be performed.
8.1.4 The same couplant to be used during the examination shall be used for standardization.
8.1.5 The same contact wedges or immersion/bubbler systems used during the examination shall be used for standardization.
8.1.6 The same focal law(s) used in standardization shall be used for examination.
8.1.7 Any control which affects instrument amplitude response (for example, pulse-duration, filters, averaging, etc.) shall be in
the same position for standardization and examination.
8.1.8 Any control which affects instrument linearity (for example, clipping, reject, suppression) shall not be used.
8.2.9 A baseline assessment of element activity shall be made in accordance with Annex A3 of Practice E2491.
8.2 Reference Blocks:
8.2.1 Reference blocks shall be made of the same material as the test piece or an acoustically similar material acceptable to the
customer.
8.2.2 Reference standards for sensitivity-amplitude standardization should be designed so that sensitivity does not vary with
beam angle when angle beam examination is used. Sensitivity amplitude reference standards that accomplish this are side-drilled
holes parallel to the major surfaces of the plate and perpendicular to the sound path, flat-bottomed holes drilled at the examination
angle, and equal-radius reflectors. Surface notches may be used under some circumstances but are not generally recommended.
E2700 − 20
8.2.3 Commercial reference blocks such as the PAUT IIW Block (ISO 19675), the IIW Block (ISO 2400), or other reference
blocks discussed in Practice E164 may be used to facilitate the adjustment and standardization of the PAUT equipment.
8.3 Range:
8.3.1 The instrument display shall be adjusted using the A-scans for each focal law used to provide an accurate indication of
sound travel in the test material. Range standardization shall include correction for wedge travel time so that the zero-depth
position in the test piece is accurately indicated for each focal law.
8.3.2 Time base linearity and accuracy shall be verified in accordance with the guidelines in Guide E2491 or Practice E317, or
both.
8.3.3 Volume-corrected B-scan or S-scan displays shall indicate the true depth to known targets to within 5 % of the physical
depth or 3 mm, whichever is less.
8.3.4 Range standardization shall be established using the radius surfaces in reference blocks such as those noted in 8.2.
8.4 Angular Sensitivity:
8.4.1 Sensitivity standardization, also referred to as angle corrected gain (ACG), equalizes the amplitude at all angles or focal
laws in the active group on a single reference target (see 8.2.2). Consistency in coupling and pressure is crucial for accurate
standardization.
8.4.2 The instrument sensitivity shall be standardized using the manufacturer’s recommended procedure; or alternatively, by
first choosing the desired standardization amplitude (usually 80 % FSH), then sliding the probe back and forth over the selected
target so that the raw target amplitude for each angle is captured, and finally, invoking the instrument’s automatic ACG calculation
feature to generate and save required gain correction factors for each angle.
8.4.3 Successful angular sensitivity standardization shall be verified by sliding the probe over the reference block and
visualizing all focal laws corrected to the chosen standardization amplitude (usually 80 % FSH), within tolerance.
9. Coupling Conditions
9.1 Preparation:
9.1.1 Where accessible, prepare the surface of the deposited weld metal so that it merges into the surfaces of the adjacent base
materials; however, the weld may be examined in the as-welded condition, provided the surface condition does not interfere with
valid interpretation of indications.
9.1.2 Clean the scanning su
...
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