CES - Roads

This European Standard specifies test methods for determining the bond strength between an asphalt layer and other newly constructed construction layers or existing substrates in road or airfield pavements. The tests can also be applied on laboratory prepared interlayers. Further informative test methods are defined for evaluating the complex bond stiffness between road construction layers.
The normative tests described in this standard are
- Torque Bond Test (TBT), generally applicable to any layer thicknesses
- Shear Bond Test (SBT), generally applicable to layer thicknesses ≥ 15 mm
- Tensile Adhesion Test (TAT), generally applicable to layer thicknesses < 15 mm
NOTE 1: Further non normative test methods are described in informative annexes:
- Annex A (informative) - Compressed shear bond test (CSBT)
- Annex B (informative) - Cyclic compressed shear bond test (CCSBT)
- Annex C (informative) - Alternative Shear bond test (ASBT)
- Annex D (informative) - Layer Adhesion Measuring Instrument (LAMI)

This document describes a test method for the determination of the compressive strength of specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures. This document applies to specimens manufactured in the laboratory or prepared from cores.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the relationship between the dry density and water content of a mixture using vibrating hammer compaction.
This document applies to mixtures which contain no more than 10 % by mass of the mixture retained on the 40 mm test sieve.
This document also describes the procedure for calculating and plotting the curves corresponding to 0, 5 and 10 % air voids.

This document specifies a number of test methods for the determination of the relationship between the water content and the density of unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures under specified test conditions. The test results provide an estimate of the mixture density that can be achieved and provides a reference parameter for assessing the density of the compacted layer of the mixture.
The test results are used as a basis for specifying requirements for hydraulically bound and unbound mixtures.
The test result also allows a conclusion to be drawn as to the water content at which a mixture can be satisfactorily compacted in order to achieve a given density.

This document specifies the test methods for the laboratory determination of the California bearing ratio and immediate bearing index.
The tests are appropriate to that part of the mixture up to a maximum particle size of 22,4 mm.
When immersion in water is specified as part of the curing of the specimen, this document also includes the determination of vertical swelling of the specimen before the determination of the California bearing ratio.

This European Standard specifies a visual method of determining the amount and components of coarse foreign matter in reclaimed asphalt. A method for determining the amount and components of finer foreign matter in reclaimed asphalt is given in Annex A. This method does not completely categorise the foreign matter that can occur in asphalt.
NOTE 1   For the use of reclaimed asphalt in asphalt mixtures, it is important to know the components in the reclaimed asphalt and to what extent coarse foreign matter is present that can influence the properties of the asphalt mix.
NOTE 2   The method is not intended to categorise all foreign materials but rather to ensure that the amount of coarse foreign materials are minimised.

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the dimensions of cylindrical, rectangular or non-rectangular bituminous test specimens by measurement.
The applicability of this European Standard is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.
The test is is applicable to laboratory-made specimens, trimmed by sawing, or specimens from cores cut from the road, trimmed by sawing.

This document describes test methods for the determination of the soluble binder content of samples of bituminous mixtures.
The test methods described are suitable for quality control purposes during the production of plant mix and for checking compliance with a product specification.
For the analysis of mixtures containing modified binders, the guidance of Annex D should be followed.

This European Standard describes a method to determine the in-situ relative hydraulic conductivity, at specific locations, of a road surfacing that is designed to be permeable. An estimate of the average value for the surfacing is obtained from the mean value of a number of determinations on each section of road.
The test measures the ability to drain water (drainability) achieved in-situ of a surfacing. As such, it can be used as a compliance check to ensure that a permeable surface course has the required properties when it is laid. The test can also be used subsequently to establish the change of drainage ability with time.
For the test to be valid, the surface of the test area should be clean and free from detritus. Measurements can be made when a road is either wet or dry, but not if it is in a frozen state.

This European Standard specifies a test method for measuring the indentation of mastic asphalt when it is penetrated at a given temperature, load and for a fixed time period by a standardised cylindrical indentor pin with a circular flat-ended base. This European Standard applies to mastic asphalt with aggregates of maximum nominal size less or equal to 16 mm

This European Standard describes a test method for the determination of the water content of samples of bituminous mixtures. The test method is suitable for checking conformity to a product specification, where required.

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the stability, flow and the Marshall Quotient values of specimens of bituminous mixtures mixed according to EN 12697-35 and prepared using the impact compactor method of test EN 12697-30. It is limited to dense graded asphalt concrete and hot rolled asphalt

This document describes a test method for the determination of the binder content of samples of bituminous mixtures by ignition. As such, it is an alternative to the more traditional method of extracting the binder using solvents. The method can be used for evaluation of mixture composition because the remaining aggregate can be used for determining aggregate gradation and density, provided
excessive breakdown of the aggregate particles does not occur at the temperature reached.
The results can be used for process control or checks on the compliance of mixtures. However, the need for calibration of a mixture, either on the complete mixture or on each of its component materials separately, before an analysis can be carried out makes this method easier to use with regularly used mixtures rather than with an extensive range of different mixtures from different aggregate sources.
The test method is equally suitable for the analysis of mixtures containing unmodified or modified binders because the method has to be calibrated for each mixture being checked when calibration on mixtures is used. In case of doubt/dispute, the determination of the calibration value based on laboratory-prepared bituminous mixtures (see A.1 and A.2) is the reference method.

This European Standard specifies uniaxial tension tests for characterising the resistance of an asphalt mixture against low temperature cracking. The results of the uniaxial tension tests can be used to evaluate the following:
- tensile strength at a specified temperature, using the uniaxial tension stress test (UTST);
- minimum temperature that the asphalt can resist before failure, using the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST);
- tensile strength reserve at a specified temperature (using a combination of TSRST and UTST);
- relaxation time, using the relaxation test (RT);
- creep curve to back calculate rheological parameters, using the tensile creep tests (TCT);
- fatigue resistance at low temperatures due to the combination of cryogenic and mechanical loads, using the uniaxial cyclic tension stress tests (UCTST).

This European Standard describes test methods for determining the bulk density of a compacted bituminous specimen. The test methods are intended for use with laboratory compacted specimens or specimens from the pavement after placement and compacting, either by coring or sawing.
This European Standard describes the following four procedures, the choice of which is used being dependent on the estimated content and accessibility of voids in the specimen:
1. bulk density — dry (for specimens with a very closed surface);
2. bulk density — saturated surface dry (SSD) (for specimens with a closed surface);
3. bulk density — sealed specimen (for specimens with an open or coarse surface);
4. bulk density by dimensions (for specimens with a regular surface and with geometric shapes, i.e. squares, rectangles, cylinders, etc.).
NOTE Annex A (informative) gives general guidance on selecting the appropriate procedure.

This document describes test methods for determining the susceptibility of bituminous materials to deform under load. The test is applicable to mixtures with upper sieve size less than or equal to 32 mm.
The tests are applicable to specimens that have either been manufactured in a laboratory or cut from a pavement; test specimens are held in a mould with their surface flush with the upper edge of the mould.
The susceptibility of bituminous materials to deform is assessed by the rut formed by repeated passes of a loaded wheel at constant temperature. Three alternative types of device can be used according to this standard: large size devices, extra large size devices and small size devices. With large-size devices and extra large size devices, the specimens are conditioned in air during testing. With small-size devices, specimens are conditioned, in either air or water.
NOTE   Large size and extra large size devices are not suitable for use with cylindrical cores.

This European Standard specifies a test method to assess the durability of adhesion in base and binder course asphalt mixtures. The Saturation Ageing Tensile Stiffness (SATS) conditioning regime is used to age the specimens in the presence of water. A comparative test for assessing their performance before and after conditioning is also conducted. The applicability of this test method is limited to
bituminous specimens with consistent air voids contents and hard binder, in particular, to asphalt concrete mixtures with a binder content between 3,5 % and 5,5 %, air voids contents between 6 % and 10 % and 10/20 pen hard paving grade bitumen. The test is intended to be used as a screening test for the assessment of a combination of aggregate, filler and additives with respect to the
retained adhesion properties after simulated ageing in a moist atmosphere for lean/stiff base and binder course mixtures.
NOTE Alternative conditions for mixtures with binders other than 10/20 hard grade bitumen or other situations not covered by this European Standard are being developed.

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the depth of indentation of mastic asphalt and other asphalt, when force is applied to them via a cylindrical indentor pin with a circular flat-ended base. This European Standard applies to aggregates of maximum nominal size less or equal to 16 mm.

This European Standard specifies a method for determining the vertical and horizontal permeability of cylindrical pecimens of bituminous mixtures with interconnecting voids. The standard applies to specimens cored out of the road, specimens from laboratory made slabs or laboratory specimens prepared with a compaction device provided the thickness of the specimen is not less than twice the nominal maximum particle size of the aggregate in the mixture. The nominal diameter of specimens should be either 100 mm or 150 mm unless the nominal maximum particle size of the aggregate size exceeds 22 mm, when the nominal diameter is 150 mm.

This European Standard describes test methods for preparing test portions for the determination of the binder, water content and grading of samples of bituminous mixtures, when the sample submitted to the laboratory has a mass greater than or equal to four times the test portion

This European Standard specifies procedures for the determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen and its influence on the susceptibility of the combination to stripping. This property is intended to be of assistance to the designer for mixture design rather than as a type test. Susceptibility to stripping, as determined by these procedures, is an indirect measure of the power of a binder to adhere to various aggregates, or of various binders to adhere to a given aggregate. The procedures can also be used to evaluate the effect of moisture on a given aggregate-binder combination with or without adhesion agents including liquids, such as amines, and fillers, such as hydrated lime or cement.
In the rolling bottle method, the affinity is expressed by visual registration of the degree of bitumen coverage on uncompacted bitumen-coated mineral aggregate particles after influence of mechanical stirring action in the presence of water.
NOTE 1 The rolling bottle test is a simple but subjective test and suitable for routine testing. It is not appropriate for aggregates that are highly abrasive.
In the static test method, the affinity is expressed by visual registration of the degree of bitumen coverage on uncompacted bitumen-coated mineral aggregate particles after storage in water.
NOTE 2 The static test is a simple, though subjective test that is generally less precise, but that can cope with high PSV-aggregates.
In the boiling water stripping test method, the affinity is expressed by determining the degree of bitumen-coverage on uncompacted bitumen-coated aggregate after immersion in boiling water under specified conditions.
NOTE 3 The boiling water stripping test is an objective test and has a high precision. However, it is a more specialist test because it requires greater skill of the operatives and uses chemicals as reagent. The latter point may also imply extra health and safety considerations.
NOTE 4 The boiling water stripping test procedure can be used for any binder-aggregate combinations in which the mineral aggregate is calcareous, silico-calcareous or siliceous by nature.

This European Standard specifies requirements for plant mixtures of the mix group Asphalt concrete with bituminous emulsion for use on roads, and other trafficked areas. Asphalt concrete with bituminous emulsion is used for surface courses, binder courses, regulating courses, and bases. It is a mixture in which mechanical properties evolve over time following installation. This is not just in terms of cooling, as other asphalts, but also includes curing effects.
NOTE   Asphalt concrete with bituminous emulsion is a mixture in which mechanical properties evolve over time following installation because of curing.
Mixtures utilizing bituminous emulsion based on in situ recycling are not covered by this standard.
This European Standard includes requirements for the selection of the constituent materials. It is designed to be read in conjunction with:
-   Annex A Product Type Assessment (Normative);
-   Annex B Performance characteristic assessment (Informative);
-   Annex C Factory Production Control (Normative).

This European Standard describes a series of accelerated protocols for curing of bituminous mixtures with bitumen emulsion in order to assess their properties.
The protocols should be selected according to the type of mixture, the type of specimen, the test to be carried out and the conditions of the place of use.
This European Standard applies on mixtures, specimens and cores, prepared in the laboratory and/or taken from the worksite.
The laboratory curing procedure is designed for asphalt mixtures containing bitumen emulsions, but it could also be used for other types of asphalt mixture that require curing in order to reach their potential strength.

This European Standard defines three procedures to evaluate the compatibility of the constituent materials of a bituminous mixture with bitumen emulsion. These organoleptic methods can be used together to evaluate the compatibility of the constituent materials after a hand mixing procedure for given emulsion and water content:
-   Method A describes a test method to determine visually the degree of coating;
-   Method B describes a test method to determine the hydric aspect;
-   Method C describes a test method to determine the consistency.
This European Standard applies on mixtures prepared in laboratory or taken from the plant.

The aim of the test is to determine the cohesion increase of a bituminous mixture in fixed temperature and hygrometry conditions, using a spreadability-meter.
This European Standard specifies a method to measure the spreadability characteristics of asphalt which are able to vary with time. It may be used for the determination of the delay between manufacturing and laying. It is intended to be assistance for mixture design rather than a type test.
This European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures both those made up in laboratory and those resulting from work site sampling, with an upper aggregate size not larger than 31,5 mm. It is not applicable to mastic asphalt.

This European Standard specifies a method for compacting cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures, to be used for subsequent testing. A given mass of bituminous mixture is compacted in a cylindrical mould by applying static compression loads on the top and the bottom of the specimen.

This European Standard specifies the mathematical processing of digitized longitudinal profile measurements to produce evenness indices. The document describes the calculation procedure for the International Roughness Index (IRI), Root Mean Square (RMS) and Longitudinal Profile Variance (LPV) from three separate wavelength bands and the σWLP and ΔWLP from the Weighted Longitudinal Profile (WLP).
The purpose of this document is to provide a standard practice for calculating and reporting estimates of road evenness from digitized longitudinal profiles. Other aims with the standard are to facilitate the comparison of evenness measurement results carried out with different profiling instruments in European countries.
The evenness range covered in this standard is defined as the wavelength range 0.5 m to 50 m. It should be noted that both shorter and longer wavelengths can also influence the driving comfort but those are not covered in this standard.
The quantified evenness indices derived from the standard are useful support for pavement management systems. The output can also be used for type approval and performance control of new and old pavements. The indices can be used on rigid, flexible and gravel road surfaces.
The standard doesn´t define from what position on the road the longitudinal profile should be obtained.
The derived indices are portable in the sense that they can be obtained from longitudinal profiles measured with a variety of instruments.

This European Standard specifies a procedure for the determination of the particle size distribution of the aggregates of bituminous mixtures by sieving. The test is applicable to aggregates recovered after binder extraction in accordance with EN 12697-1 or EN 12697-39.
The applicability of this European Standard is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.
NOTE   Fibres, solid (non-soluble during extraction) additives and (some) binder modifiers influence the test result.

This European Standard describes a function test for hot-applied joint sealants intended to be used in areas where the joints are subjected to combined conditions of temperature ≤ - 20 °C and crack joint movement ≤ 35 % in construction joints as well as in spontaneously formed cracks in road and airfield pavements.

This European Standard describes test methods for the preparation of samples for testing hot applied joint sealants for use in joints in roads, airfields and other concrete pavements.

This European Standard describes a test method for the preparation of bituminous test specimens using a
vibratory compaction technique.
This European Standard is applicable to loose mixtures and cores and is used to establish a refusal density
for a bituminous mixture, or to determine the ease of compaction as described in EN 12697-10.
If the mixture has been reheated, the specimen shall not be used for determining further mechanical
characteristics.

This draft European Standard specifies a function test for cold applied joint sealants intended for use in joints in roads and airfield pavements in cold climate areas where the total joint movement can be greater than 35 % and the temperature can go below -25 °C.

This draft European Standard specifies the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test method to determine the tensile strength or fracture toughness of an asphalt mixture for the assessment of the potential for crack propagation. The results of the test can be used to calculate:
-   the maximum load that the material containing a notch (crack) can resist before failure;
-   when the presence of a notch is critical.
It should be noted that the test only describes a method to determine the resistance to crack propagation of an asphalt mixture. The crack propagation phase describes the second part of failure mechanism during dynamic loading. The first phase, which is the crack initiation phase, is mainly covered by the fatigue test (EN 12697-24).

This draft European Standard specifies a test method for determination of the resistance to flame of cold applied joint sealants for use in joints in roads, air fields and other trafficked areas.

This European Standard specifies the method for compaction of cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures using a gyratory compactor. Such compaction is achieved by combining a rotary shearing action and a vertical resultant force applied by a mechanical head.
The method is used for:
- determination of the air voids content of a mixture for a given number of gyrations or derivation of a curve density (or void content) versus number of gyrations;
- preparation of specimens of given height and/or at a predetermined density, for subsequent testing of their mechanical properties.
Annex A, Annex B and/or Annex C describe method of complying for the equipment
This European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures (both those made up in laboratory and those resulting from work site sampling), with an upper aggregate size not larger than 31,5 mm.

This document describes a test method to determine the average depth of pavement surface
macrotexture (see Clause 3) by measuring the profile of a surface and calculating the texture depth
from this profile. The technique is designed to provide an average depth value of only the pavement
macrotexture and is considered insensitive to pavement microtexture and unevenness characteristics.
The objective of this document is to make available an internationally accepted procedure for
determination of pavement surface texture depth which is an alternative to the traditionally used
volumetric patch technique (generally using sand or glass beads), giving comparable texture depth
values. To this end, this document describes filtering procedures that are designed to give the best
possible representation of texture depths determined with the volumetric patch method[13].
Modern profilometers in use are almost entirely of the contactless type (e.g. laser, light slit or light
sheet, to mention a few) and this document is primarily intended for this type. However, this does not
exclude application of parts of it for other types of profilometers.
This ISO 13473 series has been prepared as a result of a need identified when specifying a test surface
for vehicle noise measurement (see ISO 10844:2014[6]). Macrotexture depth measurements according
to this document are not generally adequate for specifying test conditions of vehicle or traffic noise
measurements, but have limited applications as a supplement in conjunction with other ways of
specifying a surfacing.
This test method is suitable for determining the mean profile depth (MPD) of a pavement surface.
This MPD can be transformed to a quantity which estimates the macrotexture depth according to
the volumetric patch method. It is applicable to field tests as well as laboratory tests on pavement
samples. When used in conjunction with other physical tests, the macrotexture depth values derived
from this test method are applicable to estimation of pavement skid resistance characteristics (see e.g.
Reference [15]), estimation of noise characteristics and assessment of the suitability of paving materials
or pavement finishing techniques.
The method, together with other measurements (where applicable), such as porosity or microtexture,
can be used to assess the quality of pavements.
This document is adapted for pavement texture measurement and is not intended for other applications.
Pavement aggregate particle shape, size and distribution are surface texture features not addressed
in this procedure. The method is not meant to provide a complete assessment of pavement surface
texture characteristics. In particular, it is known that there are problems in interpreting the result if
the method is applied to porous surfaces or to grooved surfaces (see Annex B).
NOTE Other International Standards dealing with surface profiling methods include, for example,
References [1], [2] and [3]. Although it is not clearly stated in these, they are mainly used for measuring surface
finish (microtexture) of metal surfaces and are not intended to be applied to pavements.

This European Standard specifies the methods for compacting parallelepipedal specimens (slabs) of bituminous mixtures, to be used directly for subsequent testing, or from which test specimens are cut.
For a given mass of bituminous mixture, the specimens are prepared either under controlled compaction energy, or until a specified volume and therefore air voids content is obtained.
This European Standard describes the following methods of compaction:
-   pneumatic tyre method;
-   steel roller method;
-   steel roller sector method.
This European Standard is applicable to bituminous mixtures manufactured in the laboratory or in a mixing plant.

This draft European Standard describes a test method for determining the resistance to hydrolysis of cold applied joint sealants after treatment at elevated temperature and high humidity.

This draft European Standard specifies test methods for determining the maximum density of a bituminous mixture (voidless mass). It specifies a volumetric procedure, a hydrostatic procedure and a mathematical procedure.
The test methods described are intended for use with loose bituminous materials containing paving grade bitumens, modified binders or other bituminous binders used for hot mix asphalt. The tests are suitable for both fresh or aged bituminous materials.
Samples may be supplied as loose material or as compacted material; the latter should be separated first.
NOTE   General guidance on selection of a test procedure to determine the maximum density of a bituminous mixture is given in Annex A.

This draft European Standard specifies methods of moulding specimens from bituminous mixtures by impact compaction. Such specimens are primarily used to determine bulk density and other technological characteristics e.g. Marshall stability and flow according to EN 12697-34.
This draft European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures (both those made up in a laboratory and those resulting from work site sampling), with not more than 15 % by mass retained on the 22,4 mm sieve and none on the 31,5 mm sieve.

This European Standard describes a procedure for calculating volumetric characteristics of a compacted bituminous specimen: the air voids content (Vm), the voids content in the mineral aggregate filed with binder (VFB) and the voids content in the mineral aggregate filed with binder and additives (VFBad) for the case of mixtures containing additives in their composition.
The method is suitable for specimens which are laboratory compacted or specimens cut from the pavement after placement and compacting, either by coring or sawing.
These volumetric characteristics can be used as mix design criteria or as parameters for evaluating the mixture after placing and compacting in the road.

This European Standard describes a method for determining the joint sealant resistance to fuel spillage by calculating the change in mass, after immersion in the standard reference fuel.

This document describes a test method for the recovery of soluble bitumen from bituminous mixtures used in road, airfield or similar pavements in a form suitable for further testing. The test can be undertaken on either loose or compacted asphalt materials. The procedure is suitable for the recovery of paving grade bitumens, for which materials this European Standard is the reference method. The fractionating column procedure (see EN 12697-4) is the reference method for mixtures containing volatile matter such as cut-back bitumen.
For recovery of polymer modified bitumens, the rotary evaporator procedure is recommended.

This European Standard specifies requirements for unbound mixtures used for construction and maintenance of roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. The requirements are defined with appropriate cross-reference to EN 13242.
This European Standard applies to unbound mixtures of natural, artificial and recycled aggregates (see annex A) with a upper sieve size (D) from 8 mm to 80 mm and lower sieve size (d) = 0 at the point of delivery.
NOTE 1   Mixtures with an upper sieve size (D) greater than 80 mm are not covered by this European Standard but may be specified in the place of use.
NOTE 2   Water content of the mixture and the density of the installed layer are not specified mixture requirements. Both parameters are related to the control of the construction of the layer, and are outside the scope of this European Standard.

This European Standard describes a method for determining the cohesive extensibility and the adhesion to concrete of hot applied sealant-systems with or without priming simulating the moving of concrete pavement slabs during cooling conditions in wintertime.

This European Standard specifies the methods for characterising the fatigue of bituminous mixtures using alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of specimens and supports.
The procedure is used:
a) to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of resistance to fatigue;
b) as a guide to relative performance in the pavement;
c) to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour of the road; and
d) to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures.
Because this European Standard does not impose a particular type of testing device, the precise choice of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the device used. For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures need to be respected. The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.
Results obtained from different test methods or using different failure criteria are not assured to be comparable.

This European Standard specifies the methods for characterising the stiffness of bituminous mixtures by alternative tests, including bending tests and direct and indirect tensile tests. The tests are performed on compacted bituminous material under a sinusoidal loading or other controlled loading, using different types of specimens and supports.
The procedure is used to rank bituminous mixtures on the basis of stiffness, as a guide to relative performance in the pavement, to obtain data for estimating the structural behaviour in the road and to judge test data according to specifications for bituminous mixtures.
As this standard does not impose a particular type of testing device the precise choice of the test conditions depends on the possibilities and the working range of the used device.
For the choice of specific test conditions, the requirements of the product standards for bituminous mixtures should be respected.
The applicability of this document is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures.