SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
(Main)Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels - Cetane engine method (ISO 5165:2017)
Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels - Cetane engine method (ISO 5165:2017)
This document establishes the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetane numbers
(CNs) using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, indirect injected
diesel engine. The CN provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression
ignition engines. The CN is determined at constant speed in a pre-combustion chamber-type
compression ignition test engine. However, the relationship of test engine performance to full scale,
variable speed and variable load engines is not completely understood.
This document is applicable for the entire scale range from 0 CN to 100 CN but typical testing is in the
range of 30 CN to 65 CN. An interlaboratory study executed by CEN in 2013 (10 samples in the range
52,4 CN to 73,8 CN)[1] confirmed that paraffinic diesel from synthesis or hydrotreatment, containing up
to 7 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can be tested by this test method and that the precision is
comparable to conventional fuels.
This test can be used for unconventional fuels such as synthetics, vegetable oils, etc. However, the
relationship to the performance of such materials in full scale engines is not completely understood.
Samples with fluid properties that interfere with the gravity flow of fuel to the fuel pump or delivery
through the injector nozzle are not suitable for rating by this method.
NOTE This document specifies operating conditions in SI units but engine measurements are specified in
inch-pound units because these are the historical units used in the manufacture of the equipment, and thus some
references in this document include these units in parenthesis.
Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit von Dieselkraftstoffen - Cetan-Verfahren mit dem CFR-Motor (ISO 5165:2017)
Dieses Dokument legt die Bewertung von Dieselkraftstoff mittels einer willkürlichen Skala von Cetanzahlen (CN) unter Verwendung eines genormten Dieselmotors folgender Charakteristik fest: Viertakt Einzylinder Motor mit variablem Verdichtungsverhältnis und indirekter Einspritzung. Die CN stellt einen Maßstab zur Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit von Dieselkraftstoff in Selbstzündungsmotoren dar. Sie wird in einem Selbstzündungs Prüfmotor mit Vorkammer bei konstanter Geschwindigkeit bestimmt. Die Korrelation des Leistungsverhaltens des Prüfmotors zu dem von Vollmotoren bei variabler Geschwindigkeit und variabler Last ist jedoch nicht vollständig bekannt.
Dieses Dokument ist im gesamten Skalenbereich von 0 CN bis 100 CN anwendbar, die übliche Prüfung liegt jedoch im Bereich von 30 CN bis 65 CN. Ein Ringversuch, durchgeführt von CEN im Jahr 2013 (10 Proben im Bereich von 52,4 CN bis 73,8 CN) [1], hat bestätigt, dass paraffinischer Dieselkraftstoff aus Synthese oder Hydrierungsverfahren, der bis zu 7 % (V/V) Fettsäuremethylester (en: fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) enthält, mit dieser Methode geprüft werden kann und dass die Präzision mit der herkömmlicher Kraftstoffe vergleichbar ist.
Diese Prüfung kann auch für unkonventionelle Kraftstoffe wie synthetische Produkte, Pflanzenöle usw. verwendet werden. Die Korrelation des Leistungsverhaltens solcher Produkte in Vollmotoren ist jedoch nicht vollständig bekannt.
Proben mit Flüssigkeitseigenschaften, die den Schwerkraftzufluss des Kraftstoffs zur Kraftstoffpumpe oder die Zuführung durch die Einspritzdüse stören, sind zur Bewertung nach diesem Verfahren nicht geeignet.
ANMERKUNG Dieses Dokument legt die Betriebsbedingungen in SI Einheiten fest, die Motorenmaße sind jedoch in Inch Pfund Maßeinheiten festgelegt, da diese historischen Einheiten bei der Herstellung des Prüfgeräts verwendet werden; dies hat zur Folge, dass einige Verweisungen in diesem Dokument diese Einheiten in Klammern enthalten.
Produits pétroliers -- Détermination de la qualité d_inflammabilité des carburants pour moteurs diesel -- Méthode cétane (ISO 5165:2017)
ISO 5165:2017 spécifie une méthode de détermination de la qualité d'inflammabilité des carburants pour moteurs diesel, exprimés sur une échelle arbitraire d'indice de cétane (IC), en utilisant un moteur monocylindre diesel à injection indirecte fonctionnant selon un cycle quatre temps et à taux de compression variable. L'indice de cétane est déterminé à vitesse de rotation constante, sur un moteur d'essai à allumage par compression et à préchambre de combustion. Cependant, la relation entre la performance obtenue sur moteur d'essai et le comportement sur moteur de taille réelle, à régime de rotation et charge variable, n'est pas complètement comprise.
ISO 5165:2017 s'applique dans la gamme d'indices de cétane (IC) allant de 0 à 100, mais les essais classiques se font entre 30 IC et 65 IC. Une étude interlaboratoires, réalisée par le CEN en 2013 (10 échantillons dans l'intervalle 52,4 IC à 73,8 IC)[1], a confirmé que les diesel paraffiniques produits par synthèse ou par hydrotraitement, d'une teneur en esters méthyliques d'acides gras s'élevant jusqu'à 7 % (V/V), pouvaient être soumis à essai suivant cette méthode d'essai et que la fidélité est comparable aux carburants conventionnels.
Cet essai peut être utilisé pour des carburants non conventionnels comme des produits de synthèse, des huiles végétales, etc. Toutefois, la relation n'est pas complètement comprise entre la performance de ses produits et comportement sur moteur de taille réelle.
Les échantillons dont les propriétés de fluide interféreraient avec l'écoulement par gravité entre le réservoir et la pompe ou avec le débit au travers du nez de l'injecteur, ne peuvent être soumis à essai selon cette méthode.
NOTE Le présent document définit les conditions opératoires en unités SI mais les mesures du moteur sont définies en inches (in) et en livres car ce sont les unités historiques utilisées pour la construction de l'équipement, et certaines des références du présent document donnent ainsi ces unités entre parenthèses.
Naftni proizvodi - Določevanje kakovosti vžiga dieselskih goriv - Cetansko število po motorni metodi (ISO 5165:2017)
Ta dokument določa razvrstitev dizelskega kurilnega olja v smislu poljubne lestvice cetanskih števil (CN) z uporabo standardnega enojnega valja, štiritaktnega cikla, spremenljivega kompresijskega razmerja in dizelskega motorja s posrednim vbrizgom. Cetansko število ponuja merilo za lastnosti vžiga dizelskega kurilnega olja v motorjih s kompresijskim vžigom. Cetansko število je določeno pri stalni vrtilni frekvenci preskusnega motorja s kompresijskim vžigom z zgorevalnimi predprostori. Vendar zmogljivost preskusnega motorja v primerjavi s spremenljivo vrtilno frekvenco in spremenljivimi obremenitvami motorjev polnega obsega ni povsem znana.
Ta dokument se uporablja za celotno lestvico od 0 CN do 100 CN, vendar je običajno preskušanje izvedeno v obsegu med 30 CN in 65 CN. Medlaboratorijska študija, ki jo je leta 2013 opravil CEN (10 vzorcev v obsegu od 52,4 CN do 73,8 CN)[1], je potrdila, da je parafinsko dizelsko kurilno olje, ki je pridobljeno na podlagi sinteze ali s hidrogeniranjem in vsebuje do 7 % (V/V) metilnih estrov maščobnih kislin (FAME), mogoče preskusiti s to preskusno metodo ter da je natančnost primerljiva s konvencionalnimi gorivi.
Ta preskus se lahko uporablja za nekonvencionalna goriva (npr. sintetična goriva, rastlinska olja itd.), vendar zmogljivost takšnih materialov v motorjih polnega obsega ni povsem znana. Vzorci z lastnostmi tekočin, ki vplivajo na gravitacijski pretok goriva v črpalko za gorivo ali na dovajanje prek vbrizgalne šobe, niso primerni za ocenjevanje s to metodo.
OPOMBA: Ta dokument določa pogoje delovanja v merskih enotah SI, vendar so meritve motorja določene v palcih in funtih, ker sta se ti enoti uporabljali pri izdelavi opreme v preteklosti, zato nekateri sklici v tem dokumentu vključujejo zapis teh enot v oklepajih.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
01-april-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 5165:1999
1DIWQLSURL]YRGL'RORþHYDQMHNDNRYRVWLYåLJDGLHVHOVNLKJRULY&HWDQVNRãWHYLOR
SRPRWRUQLPHWRGL ,62
Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels - Cetane engine
method (ISO 5165:2017)
Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit von Dieselkraftstoffen - Cetan-
Verfahren mit dem CFR-Motor (ISO 5165:2017)
Produits pétroliers -- Détermination de la qualité d_inflammabilité des carburants pour
moteurs diesel -- Méthode cétane (ISO 5165:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 5165:2018
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
SIST EN ISO 5165:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
EN ISO 5165
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.160.20 Supersedes EN ISO 5165:1998
English Version
Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality
of diesel fuels - Cetane engine method (ISO 5165:2017)
Produits pétroliers - Détermination de la qualité Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit
d'inflammabilité des carburants pour moteurs diesel - von Dieselkraftstoffen - Cetan-Verfahren mit dem CFR-
Méthode cétane (ISO 5165:2017) Motor (ISO 5165:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 November 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 5165:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
EN ISO 5165:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European Foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
EN ISO 5165:2018 (E)
European Foreword
This document (EN ISO 5165:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28 " Petroleum
and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources" in collaboration with
Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of
petroleum, synthetic and biological origin” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 5165:1998.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5165:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 5165:2018 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5165
Fourth edition
2017-12
Petroleum products — Determination
of the ignition quality of diesel fuels —
Cetane engine method
Produits pétroliers — Détermination de la qualité d'inflammabilité
des carburants pour moteurs diesel — Méthode cétane
Reference number
ISO 5165:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Reagents and reference materials . 3
6 Apparatus . 4
7 Sampling and sample preparation . 8
8 Basic engine and instrument settings and standard operating conditions .8
8.1 Installation of engine equipment and instrumentation . 8
8.2 Engine speed . 8
8.3 Valve timing . 9
8.4 Valve lift . 9
8.5 Fuel pump timing . 9
8.6 Fuel pump inlet pressure . 9
8.7 Direction of engine rotation . 9
8.8 Injection timing . 9
8.9 Injector nozzle opening pressure . 9
8.10 Injection flow rate . 9
8.11 Injector coolant passage temperature . 9
8.12 Valve clearances . 9
8.13 Oil pressure .10
8.14 Oil temperature .10
8.15 Cylinder jacket coolant temperature .10
8.16 Intake air temperature .10
8.17 Basic ignition delay .10
8.18 Cylinder jacket coolant level.10
8.19 Engine-crankcase lubricating oil level .10
8.20 Crankcase internal pressure .10
8.21 Exhaust back-pressure .10
8.22 Exhaust and crankcase breather system resonance .10
8.23 Piston over-travel .11
8.24 Belt tension .11
8.25 Injector opening or release pressure .11
8.26 Injector spray pattern .11
8.27 Indexing handwheel reading .11
8.27.1 General.11
8.27.2 Basic setting of variable compression plug .11
8.27.3 Setting handwheel micrometer drum and scale .11
8.27.4 Setting handwheel reading .12
8.28 Basic compression pressure .12
8.29 Fuel pump lubricating oil level.12
8.30 Fuel pump timing gear-box oil level .13
8.31 Setting instrumentation reference pickups .13
8.32 Setting injector pickup gap .13
9 Engine qualification .13
9.1 Engine conformity .13
9.2 Checking performance on check fuels .13
9.3 Check in the case of nonconformity .14
10 Procedure.14
10.1 General .14
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
10.2 Sample introduction .14
10.3 Fuel flow rate .14
10.4 Fuel injection timing .14
10.5 Ignition delay .14
10.6 Equilibration .15
10.7 Handwheel reading .15
10.8 Reference fuel no. 1 .15
10.9 Reference fuel no. 2 .15
10.10 Number of blends of reference fuels .16
10.11 Repeat readings .16
11 Calculation .17
12 Expression of results .18
13 Precision .18
13.1 General .18
13.2 Repeatability, r . 18
13.3 Reproducibility, R . 18
13.4 Precision basis .19
14 Test report .19
Bibliography .20
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products and related
products of synthetic or biological origin.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 5165:1998), which has been technically
revised. It has been aligned with ASTM D613-15ae1.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the Scope has been extended to paraffinic diesel from synthesis or hydrotreatment, in line with the
[1]
outcome of the interlaboratory study organized by CEN/TC 19 in 2013 ;
— the possibility to use, as an alternative, the new digital (XCP) cetane panel has been added;
— the possibility to rate a sample with primary reference fuels (hexadecane and heptamethylnonane)
has been added;
— a determinability limit has been introduced;
— a new procedure for measuring samples having cetane numbers expected to be greater than “T”
secondary reference fuel has been introduced;
— cross-references to annexes that have been deleted in ASTM D613-15ae1 have been removed.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5165:2017(E)
Petroleum products — Determination of the ignition
quality of diesel fuels — Cetane engine method
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to
ensure the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the document.
1 Scope
This document establishes the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetane numbers
(CNs) using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, indirect injected
diesel engine. The CN provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression
ignition engines. The CN is determined at constant speed in a pre-combustion chamber-type
compression ignition test engine. However, the relationship of test engine performance to full scale,
variable speed and variable load engines is not completely understood.
This document is applicable for the entire scale range from 0 CN to 100 CN but typical testing is in the
range of 30 CN to 65 CN. An interlaboratory study executed by CEN in 2013 (10 samples in the range
[1]
52,4 CN to 73,8 CN) confirmed that paraffinic diesel from synthesis or hydrotreatment, containing up
to 7 % (V/V) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can be tested by this test method and that the precision is
comparable to conventional fuels.
This test can be used for unconventional fuels such as synthetics, vegetable oils, etc. However, the
relationship to the performance of such materials in full scale engines is not completely understood.
Samples with fluid properties that interfere with the gravity flow of fuel to the fuel pump or delivery
through the injector nozzle are not suitable for rating by this method.
NOTE This document specifies operating conditions in SI units but engine measurements are specified in
inch-pound units because these are the historical units used in the manufacture of the equipment, and thus some
references in this document include these units in parenthesis.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 4787, Laboratory glassware — Volumetric instruments — Methods for testing of capacity and for use
ASTM D613-15ae1, Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
ASTM E832-81, Standard Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
cetane number
CN
measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to reference fuels in a
standardized engine test
Note 1 to entry: Ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delay (3.3) of the fuel as determined
when the standard test engine is operated under controlled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection timing (3.4) and
compression ratio (3.2).
3.2
compression ratio
ratio of the volume of the combustion chamber including the pre-combustion chamber with the piston
at bottom-dead-centre (b.d.c.) to the comparable volume with the piston at top-dead-centre (t.d.c.)
3.3
ignition delay
period of time between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion expressed in degrees of
crank angle rotation
3.4
injection timing
injection advance
time in the combustion cycle at which fuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated expressed
in degrees of crank angle
3.5
handwheel reading
arbitrary numerical value, related to compression ratio (3.2), obtained from a micrometer scale that
indicates the position of the variable compression plug in the pre-combustion chamber of the engine
3.6
cetane meter
ignition delay meter
electronic instrument which displays injection timing (3.4) and ignition delay (3.3) derived from input
pulses of multiple transducers (pickups)
Note 1 to entry: Three generations of apparatus have been approved for use as cetane meters. These are (with
the year of introduction in parenthesis) the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter (1974), the Dual Digital Cetane Meter
(1990) and the XCP Cetane Panel (2014).
3.7
injector nozzle opening pressure
fuel pressure that overcomes the resistance of the spring which normally holds the injector nozzle
pintle closed, and thus forces the pintle to lift and release an injection spray from the nozzle
3.8
reference pickup
transducers or optical sensors mounted over the flywheel of the engine, triggered by a flywheel
pointer, used to establish a top-dead-centre (t.d.c.) reference and a time base for calibration of the
cetane meter (3.6)
3.9
injector pickup
transducer to detect motion of the injector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of injection
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5165:2018
ISO 5165:2017(E)
3.10
combustion pickup
pressure transducer exposed to cylinder pressure to indicate the start of combustion
3.11
primary reference fuel
PRF
hexadecane (n-cetane), heptamethylnonane (HMN) and volumetrically proportioned mixture of these
materials
Note 1 to entry: These PRFs now define the cetane number (CN) scale by the relationship given in the following
formula:
CN=+%,cetane 015 %HMN
()
Note 2 to entry: Alphamethylnaphthalene (1-methylnaphthalene), in its pure form, was originally defined as 0 and
n-cetane (hexadecane) as 100 for the CN scale. With blends of the two chemicals being used for the intervening
values, alphamethylnapthalene was subsequently replaced in 1962 by heptamethylnonane as the low reference
material, with an assigned value of 15, as it was more readily available and experience had shown that it had
better
...
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