SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
01-december-2000
Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement -
Part 4: Test cycles for different engine applications (ISO 8178-4:1996)
Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 4:
Test cycles for different engine applications (ISO 8178-4:1996)
Hubkolben-Verbrennungsmotoren - Abgasmessung - Teil 4: Prüfzyklen für verschiedene
Motorverwendungen (ISO 8178-4:1996)
Moteurs alternatifs a combustion interne - Mesurage des émissions de gaz
s'échappement - Partie 4: Cycles d'essais pour différentes applications des moteurs (ISO
8178-4:1996)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8178-4:1996
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
27.020 Motorji z notranjim Internal combustion engines
zgorevanjem
SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
INTERNATIONAL Is0
STANDARD 8178-4
First edition
1996-08-I 5
Reciprocating internal combustion
engines - Exhaust emission
measurement -
Part 4:
Test cycles for different engine applications
Moteurs alternatifs d combustion inteme - Mesurage des 6missions de
gaz d’khappement -
Partie 4: Cycles d’essai pour diff&en tes applications des moteurs
Reference number
IS0 81784: 1996(E)

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
Contents
Page
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . .*. 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*. 3
6 Intermediate speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7 Information regarding preparation of the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8 Modes and weighting factors for test cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8.2 Test cycle type B “Universal” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
8.3 Test cycles type C “Off-road vehicles and industrial
equipment” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.
6
8.4 Test cycles type D “Constant speed” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.5 Test cycles type E “Marine applications”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.6 Test cycle type F “Rail traction” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.7 Test cycles type G “Utility, lawn and garden”; typically
<20 kW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Annexes
A Test cycle type A . . . . . .*. 15
B Combined table of the weighting factors
.............................. 16
C Bibliography .
17
0 IS0 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
0 IS0 IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 8178-4 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee SC 8, Exhaust
gas emission measurement.
IS0 8178 consists of the following parts, under the general title
Reciprocating in ternal combustion engines - Exhaust emission
measurement:
- Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust
emissions
- Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions
at site
- Part 3: Definitions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas
smoke under steady-state conditions
- Part 4: Test cycles for different engine applications
- Part 5: Test fuels
- Part 6: Test report
- Part 7: Engine family determination
- Part 8: Engine group de termination
Part 9: Test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions
from engines used in non-road mobile machinery
Annexes A, B and C of this part of IS0 8178 are for information only.

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
0 IS0
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
Introduction
In comparison with engines for on-road applications, engines for off-road
use are made in a much wider range of power output and configuration
and are used in a great number of different applications.
The objective of this part of IS0 8178 is to rationalize the test procedures
for off-road engines in order to simplify and make cost effective the
drafting of legislation, the development of engine specifications and the
certification of engines to control gaseous and particulate emissions.
This part of IS0 8178 embraces three principles in order achieve the ob-
jectives.
The first principle is to group applications with similar engine operating
characteristics in order to reduce the number of test cycles to a minimum,
but ensuring that the test cycles are representative of actual engine op-
eration. The modes of these cycles have been selected so that the ma-
jority of test cycles are sub-sets of a universal test cycle.
The second principle is to express the emissions results on the basis of
brake power as defined in IS0 8178-I :I 996, 3.9. This ensures that alter-
native engine applications do not result in a multiplicity of tests.
The third principle is the incorporation of an engine family concept in which
engines with similar emission characteristics and of similar design may be
represented by the highest emitting engine within the group.
iv

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0
Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust
emission measurement -
Part 4:
Test cycles for different engine applications
1 Scope
This part of IS0 8178 specifies the test cycles for the measurement and the evaluation of gaseous and particulate
exhaust emissions from reciprocating internal combustion (RIG) engines coupled to a dynamometer. With some
certain restrictions this part of IS0 8178 can also be used for measurements at site. The tests are to be carried
out under steady-state operation using test cycles which are representative of given applications.
This part of IS0 8178 is applicable to RIC engines for mobile, transportable and stationary use, excluding engines
for motor vehicles primarily designed for road use. It may be applied to engines used, e.g., for earth-moving ma-
chines, generating sets and for other applications.
For engines used in machinery covered by additional requirements (e.g. occupational health and safety regulations,
regulations for powerplants) additional test conditions and special evaluation methods may apply.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part
of IS0 8178. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and
parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 8178 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently
valid International Standards.
IS0 8178-l :I 996, Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 1: Test-
bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions.
IS0 8178-2: 1996, Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 2:
Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions at site.
IS0 8178-3: 1994, Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 3: Defi-
nitions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas smoke under steady-state conditions.
IS0 8178-5: --‘? Reciprocating in ternal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 5: Test
fuels.
1) To be published.

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
Q IS0
IS0 81784:1996(E)
IS0 8178-6: --J), Reciprocating in ternal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 6: Test
report.
IS0 8178-7: -J), Reciprocating in ternal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 7: Engine
family determination.
IS0 8178-8: -‘1, Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 8: Engine
group determination.
IS0 8528-l : 1993, Reciprocating in ternal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets - Part I:
Application, ratings and performance.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of IS0 8178, the following definitions apply.
3.1 test cycle: A sequence of engine test modes each with defined speed, torque and weighting factor IVF (ex-
cept cycle B “Universal” without weighting factors), where the weighting factors only apply if the test results are
expressed in g/kWh.
3.2 preconditioning of the engine: Warming up of the engine at the rated power used in the test cycle to
stabilize the engine parameters according to the recommendations of the manufacturer.
NOTE 1
A preconditioning phase should also protect the actual measurement against the influence of deposits in the ex-
haust system from a former test.
There is also a period of stabilization in the test modes which has been included to minimize point-to-point influences.
3.3 mode: An engine operating point characterized by a speed and a torque (or an output).
3.4 mode length: The time between leaving the speed and/or torque of the previous mode or the precondi-
tioning phase and the beginning of the following mode. It includes the time during which speed and/or torque is
changed and the stabilization at the beginning of each mode.
rated speed: Speed at which, according to the statement of the engine manufacturer, the rated power is
3.5
delivered. (For details see IS0 3046-I .)
3.6 intermediate speed: That declared by the manufacturer, taking into account the requirements given in
clause 6.
3.7 engine family: A manufacturer’s grouping of engines which, through their design, are expected to have
similar exhaust emission characteristics where members of the family must comply with the applicable emission
limit values. [ISO 8178-71
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the use of this part of IS0 8178 the symbols and abbreviations defined in IS0 8178-1, IS0 8178-2, IS0 8178-3,
IS0 8178-5, IS0 8178-6, IS0 8178-7 and IS0 8178-8 shall be used.
Essential units for this part of IS0 8178 are:
Symbol Term Unit
I
n Engine speed min- ’
h4 Torque Nm
P Uncorrected brake power &W
Weighting factor 1
WF
2

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
0 IS0
5 Torque
5.1 The torque figures given in the test cycles (B, Cl, C2, Dl, D2, El, E2, F, Gl, G2 and G3) are percentage
values which represent, for a given test mode, the ratio of the required torque to the maximum possible torque
at this given speed. (See IS0 8178-I :I 996, 11.5.) Figure 1 shows torque scales.
Full-Load torque Full-Load torque curve curve
100% 100%
- - 75% 75%
- - 50% 50%
- 50%
-25% -25%
-25%
- - 10% 10%
- 10%
m
w
Ratedspeed
Low idle Intermediate speed
Figure ’ 1 - Torque scales
percentage values of the maximum rated power at the rated
5.2 For the test cycle E3 the power figures are
speed as this cycle is based on a theoretical propel1 er characteristic curve for vessels driven by heavy duty engines
without limitation of length.
For the test cycle E4 the torque figures are percentage values of the torque at rated power. This cycle is based
on the theoretical propeller characteristic curve representing typical pleasure craft spark ignited engine operation.
For the test cycle E5 the power figures are percentage values of the maximum rated power at the rated speed
as this cycle is based on a theoretical propeller characteristic curve for vessels of less than 24 m in length driven
by diesel engines.
Other propeller characteristic curves exist.
NOTE 2
Figure2 shows the two representative curves chosen by IS0 TC70/SC8.
6 Intermediate speed
6.1 For engines which are designed to operate over a speed range on a full-load torque curve, the intermediate
speed shall be the declared maximum torque speed if it occurs between 60 % and 75 % of rated speed.
If the declared maximum torque speed is less than 60 % of rated speed, then the intermediate speed shall be
60 % of the rated speed.
If the declared maximum torque speed is greater than 75 % of the rated speed then the intermediate speed shall
be 75 % of rated speed.

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
IS0 8178-4:1996(E)
100
80 80
5
k
60 )o
' 60
z CL
8
8
40
40
20
60 80
% Speed
Figure 2 - Examples of power scales
6.2 For engines which are not designed to operate over a speed range on the full-load torque curve at steady
state conditions, the intermediate speed will typically be between 60 % and 70 % of the maximum rated speed.
6.3 For engines which are to be used to propel vessels with a fixed propeller specified in 8.5 the intermediate
speeds are defined in clause 8.
6.4 For engines to be tested on test cycle Gl, the intermediate speed shall be 85 % of the maximum rated
speed.
7 Information regarding preparation of the test
7.3 Engine air inlet system
5.4 5.4
7.4 Engine exhaust system
5.5 5.5
7.5 Test fuels, reference fuels (IS0 8178-5)
6 6
7.6 Measurement equipment and data to be measured
7
7
7.7 Accuracy of the measuring instruments
7.3 7.3
7.8 Determination of exhaust gas flow
7.2
7.2
7.9 Determination of the gaseous components
7.4, 15 7.4, 15 1)
7.10 Determination of the particulates
7.5, 16 7.5, 16’)
c
4

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
0 IS0
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
See
See IS0 8178~1:1996,
Item IS0 817802:1996,
No.
clause or subclause
clause or subclause
1
7.11 Calibration of the analytical instruments 8 8')
8.5 8')
7.11.1 Calibration procedure
Verification of the calibration 8.6 8')
7.11.2
7.12 Efficiency test of the NO, converter 8.7 8')
7.13 1 Checking of HFID hydrocarbon response 8.8
8')
I I
I I
8.10 8')
7.14 Calibration intervals
7.15 Calibration of the particulate sampling system 9 9’)
11 1)
7.17 Test run 11
12') I
I 7.18 1 Data evaluation for gaseous and particulate emissions 1 12 I
gaseous 13 13')
7.19 Calculation of emissions
particulate emissions 14 14')
7.20 Calculation of
15')
7.21 Analytical and sampling systems 15
1) For this item the clause of IS0 8178-2 contains references to the applicable clause(s) of IS0 8178-I. In some cases the
necessary differences for the site conditions are described in IS0 8178-2.
I I
8 Modes and weighting factors for test cycles
8.1 General
8.1 .I Remarks
The exhaust emission measurement and evaluation shall be carried out using the appropriate test cycle for the
application as described in general in 8.2 to 8.7. For special cases not shown, an adequate choice has to be made
and to be agreed upon by the parties concerned.
Most of the following test cycles have been derived from the test modes of the UN-ECE R49 13-mode steady-
state test cycle. This test cycle is described in annex A as cycle type A.
Apart from the test modes of cycles E3, E4 and E5, which are calculated from propeller curves, the test modes
of the other cycles can be combined into a universal cycle (B) without weighting factors. From emissions data for
each of the modes of cycle B, emissions values for each of the other cycles may be calculated using the appro-
priate weighting factors.
To evaluate the particulate emission from the universal cycle (B) it is necessary to measure the particulate con-
centration and the particulate mass emission of each test mode at stabilized engine operation. The time needed
for stabilization of the engine depends on engine size and ambient conditions.
The test equipment and test cycles of IS0 8178-1 and this part of IS0 8178 may also be used for the measure-
ment of particulate emissions from spark ignited engines, e.g. 2-stroke engines.
8.1.2 Requirements
Each test shall be performed in the given sequence of the test modes for a particular test cycle or in the sequence
of test modes in cycle B if two or more cycles have been combined. The minimum test mode length is 10 min
5

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SIST EN ISO 8178-4:2000
0 IS0
IS0 8178=4:1996(E)
which is the standard, except for test cycles G (see 8.7.2). If necessary the mode length may be extended, e.g.
to collect sufficient particulate sample mass or to achieve stabilization with large engines.
The mode length shall be recorded and reported.
The gaseous exhaust emission concentration values shall be measured and recorded for the last 3 min of the
mode, except for test cycles G (see 8.7.2).
The completion of particulate sampling shall be coincident with the completion of the gaseous emission
measurement and shall not commence before engine stabilization, as defined by the manufacturer,
...