SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Ergonomie - Allgemeine Vorgehensweise, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011)Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO 26800:2011)Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)13.180ErgonomijaErgonomicsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 26800:2011SIST EN ISO 26800:2011en,fr,de01-december-2011SIST EN ISO 26800:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN ISO 26800
August 2011 ICS 01.040.13; 13.180 English Version
Ergonomics - General approach, principles and concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
Ergonomie - Approche générale, principes et concepts (ISO 26800:2011)
Ergonomie - Genereller Ansatz, Prinzipien und Konzepte (ISO 26800:2011) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 August 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
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Reference numberISO 26800:2011(E)© ISO 2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO26800First edition2011-08-15Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts Ergonomie — Approche générale, principes et concepts
ISO 26800:2011(E)
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ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Terms and definitions.1 3 The ergonomics approach.3 4 Principles of ergonomics.4 4.1 General.4 4.2 Human-centred.5 4.3 Criteria-based evaluation.7 5 Concepts in ergonomics.7 5.1 General.7 5.2 The system concept.8 5.3 Load-effects concept.9 5.4 Usability.10 5.5 Accessibility.11 6 The ergonomics-oriented design process.12 6.1 General.12 6.2 Basic requirements for an ergonomics-oriented design process.12 7 Conformity.13 Annex A (informative)
Sustainability.14 Annex B (informative)
Textual descriptions of the figures for visually impaired readers.15 Bibliography.17
ISO 26800:2011(E) iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 26800 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 1, General ergonomics principles. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v Introduction Human, technological, economic, environmental and organizational factors all affect the behaviour, activities and well-being of people in work, domestic and leisure contexts. The science of ergonomics has evolved from its origins in the context of work to embrace many other fields of application, such as home and leisure. However, whatever the context, the underlying principles of ergonomics remain the same, although the relative emphasis placed on them will vary. These principles are fundamental to the design process wherever human involvement is expected, in order to ensure the optimum integration of human requirements and characteristics into a design. This International Standard considers systems, users, workers, tasks, activities, equipment and the environment as the basis for optimizing the match between them. These principles and concepts serve to improve safety, performance and usability (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction), while safeguarding and enhancing human health and well-being, and improving accessibility (e.g. for elderly persons and persons with disabilities). Ergonomics covers a wide range of issues, including physical, cognitive, social and organizational. These are ideally addressed within an integrated framework. A substantial number of ergonomics standards have been developed to cover specific issues and different application domains. All depend upon the basic principles and concepts that are fundamental to the ergonomics approach to design. This International Standard has been developed in order to provide an integrated framework, bringing together the basic principles and concepts of ergonomics in one document, and thus providing a high-level view of the way in which ergonomics is applied. NOTE 1 ISO 6385[2] remains a high-level International Standard for work systems. NOTE 2 A complete list of current published ergonomics International Standards can be accessed via http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53348&published=on&includesc=true.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1 Ergonomics — General approach, principles and concepts 1 Scope This International Standard presents the general ergonomics approach and specifies basic ergonomics principles and concepts. These are applicable to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, tools, equipment, systems, organizations, services, facilities and environments, in order to make them compatible with the characteristics, the needs and values, and the abilities and limitations of people. The provisions and guidance given by this International Standard are intended to improve the safety, performance, effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, availability and maintainability of the design outcome throughout its life cycle, while safeguarding and enhancing the health, well-being and satisfaction of those involved or affected. The intended users of this International Standard are designers, ergonomists and project managers, as well as managers, workers, consumers (or their representatives) and procurers. It also serves as a reference standard for standards developers dealing with ergonomics aspects. This International Standard provides the basis for other, more detailed, context-specific ergonomics International Standards. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 accessibility extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use NOTE 1 Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies. NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO/TR 22411:2008, definition 3.6. 2.2 ergonomics human factors scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance NOTE This definition is consistent with that given by the International Ergonomics Association[21]. 2.3 environment physical, chemical, biological, organizational, social and cultural factors surrounding one or more persons SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) 2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 2.4 external load external conditions and demands in a system which influence a person's physical and/or mental internal load NOTE 1 In ISO 6385:2004, “external load” is called “work stress”. NOTE 2 External load is a neutral term. Its effects can be positive, neutral or negative. 2.5 fatigue impairing non-pathological manifestation of internal load, completely reversible with rest NOTE Fatigue can be mental, physical, local and/or general. 2.6 internal load internal response of a person to being exposed to the external load, depending on his/her individual characteristics (e.g. body size, age, capacities, abilities, skills, etc.) NOTE 1 In ISO 6385:2004, “internal load” is called “work strain”. NOTE 2 Internal load is a neutral term. Its effects can be positive, neutral or negative. 2.7 system combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes NOTE 1 In ergonomics, the “elements” of a system are often called “components”. NOTE 2 A system can consist of products, equipment, services and people. NOTE 3 The word “system” can be qualified by adding a context-dependent term (e.g. aircraft system). NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO/IEC 15288:2008, definition 4.31. 2.8 target population people for whom the design is intended, specified according to relevant characteristics NOTE Relevant characteristics include, for example, the skill level, intelligence or physical characteristics — such as anthropometric dimensions — of these people. Gender and age can be related to variations in these characteristics. In addition to these intrinsic characteristics, extrinsic factors (e.g. cultural differences) could also be relevant. 2.9 usability extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use [ISO 9241-210:2009, 2.13] NOTE This definition is usually applied to systems, products or services, but not to work systems. It could, however, relate to the design and evaluation of work equipment within a work system. 2.10 user person who interacts with a system, product or service NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 9241-110:2008, definition 3.8, and ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.7. NOTE 2 The person who uses a service provided by a work system, such as a customer in a shop or passenger on a train, can be considered a user. NOTE 3 A user who is using a system is not a component of that system. However, both the user and the system used can be considered as components of a higher-level system. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3 2.11 worker person performing one or more activities to achieve a goal within a work system [ISO 6385:2004, 2.8] 2.12 work system system comprising one or more workers and work equipment acting together to perform the system function, in the workspace, in the work environment, under the conditions imposed by the work tasks [ISO 6385:2004, 2.16] 3 The ergonomics approach Ergonomics (or human factors) has been defined by the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), the federation of ergonomics and human factors societies from around the world, as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance”[21]. This includes the specific goals of facilitating task performance, safeguarding and enhancing the safety, health and well-being of the worker, or the user/operator of products/equipment, by optimizing tasks, equipment, services, the environment or, generally speaking, all elements of a system and their interactions. Achieving these goals potentially contributes to sustainability and to social responsibility (see Annex A). NOTE 1 Throughout this International Standard, the use of singular terms to refer to a human in different roles (e.g. worker, operator, user, consumer) in different domains (e.g. the private and work domains) is intended to include multiples of humans as well as higher aggregation levels such as groups, teams or organizations. Ergonomics addresses the interactions between the humans and other components of a system, such as other humans, machines, products, services, environments and tools, as appropriate. This includes taking into account the following factors: ⎯ purpose of the system, product or service (see 4.2); ⎯ characteristics of the intended target population (see 4.2.2); ⎯ goals to be achieved and tasks to be performed (see 4.2.3); ⎯ existing constraints (e.g. legacy equipment or processes, economic or legal issues); ⎯ factors of the physical, organizational and social environment (see 4.2.4); ⎯ life cycle and any dynamic changes within it (see Clause 6). In order to achieve optimized system performance, all these factors shall be taken into account. Figure 1 provides an example of factors to be taken into account in an ergonomics approach. It shows the activity of a person as central to the functionality of the system. Additional factors might be identified for a particular context. NOTE 2 A textual description of Figure 1 is given in B.2. NOTE 3 The analysis of variations in activities in the context of use helps in the understanding of potential effects on health and safety and, on the other hand, quantitative and qualitative results. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) 4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
Figure 1 — Example of factors to be taken into account in optimizing system performance In its simplest form, the system consists of a human and at least one other element (human, machine or environment) interacting within a specific context. More complex systems involve further elements (e.g. humans, machines or equipment). All such systems can be found in different contexts such as work, public life, leisure, etc. In the context of work, these systems are called work systems. NOTE 4 An example of a simple system is given in 5.2 and Figure 2 (see also Annex B). NOTE 5 A more detailed account of designing work systems can be found in ISO 6385[2]. This International Standard includes both principles (see Clause 4) and concepts (see Clause 5). The principles are fundamental to an ergonomics-oriented design process (see Clause 6) and serve to distinguish an ergonomics approach from other approaches that do not observe these principles. To meet the main goal of ergonomics, i.e. optimizing system performance, the principles presented in Clause 4 shall be applied. Concepts provide the means for interpreting, addressing and evaluating design from an ergonomics perspective. Those presented in this International Standard have previously been successfully applied in specific contexts to achieve an ergonomic design outcome that meets ergonomics goals and can be helpful in other contexts, although they are not necessarily universally applicable. The concepts described in Clause 5 shall be applied where appropriate. 4 Principles of ergonomics 4.1 General This clause presents the principles which are fundamental to an ergonomics approach. These place the human at the centre of the ergonomics approach to design (human-centred, see 4.2), taking into account the diversity of the human population (target population, see 4.2.2) and the implications of the task for the human (task oriented, see 4.2.3), as well as the environment in which the outcome of the design is to be used (environmental context, see 4.2.4). Finally, it emphasises the basic ergonomics criteria which need to be applied in evaluating the design (criteria-based evaluation, see 4.3). SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 5 4.2 Human-centred 4.2.1 General An ergonomics approach to design shall be human-centred. This means that all designable components of a system, product or service are fitted to the characteristics of the intended users, operators or workers, rather than selecting and/or adapting humans to fit the system, product or service. This should be done by consideration of ⎯ the intended target population, ⎯ the task, goal or intended outcome of the system, product or service, and ⎯ the environment in which the design is to function. From an ergonomics point of view, selection and training strategies are no substitute for an appropriate design of systems, products or services, although some selection and training can still be required. Those affected by the design (e.g. workers or users) should be involved throughout the whole design process, including evaluation. This will help to optimize solutions (e.g. by providing specific experience and requirements). Their early and continued participation and involvement is regarded as an efficient design strategy within ergonomics. NOTE For a more detailed description of the human-centred approach for interactive systems, see, for example, ISO 9241-210[8]. 4.2.2 Target population The target population shall be identified and described. The human population is very diverse. Humans vary in their physical dimensions and in their biomechanical, sensory and cognitive capabilities. This is why ergonomics design is usually orientated towards a specified target population, not towards one individual or the entire population. Discrimination leading to unfair treatment (e.g. on the basis of gender, age or disability) shall be avoided in identifying and specifying the target population (see ILO Convention No.111[22]). NOTE 1 In particular circumstances (e.g. rehabilitation), the target population might be one person. NOTE 2 Target populations may change over time and any such trends need to be considered. NOTE 3 The inclusion of older persons and people with disabilities in the target population and designing accordingly can help to improve the accessibility of a system, product or service (see ISO/IEC Guide 71[20] and ISO/TR 22411[17]). The characteristics of the target population relevant to the design shall be identified and their range of variation within the intended target population specified (e.g. body size, visual abilities, literacy, skills, knowledge). NOTE 4 For more detailed descriptions of sources of variability, see, for example, ISO 14738[12] for anthropometric requirements of workers and ISO/TR 22411[17] for ergonomics data of elderly or disabled persons. In ergonomics, the variation within the target population is commonly accounted for by using the 5th and/or 95th percentiles of important design characteristics (e.g. body size, visual abilities, literacy), with the intention of accommodating at least 90 % of the target population. In some circumstances, a different percentile range is used. For example, in many safety-related applications, the 1st and 99th percentiles are used. NOTE 5 In most instances, the use of average values is not an adequate way of accommodating the range of values to be found associated with a particular characteristic. NOTE 6 It is important to recognize that uncritical use of univariate percentiles, where simultaneous accommodation of multiple characteristics is necessary, might lead to a smaller range of the population being included than had been intended. The degree to which an ergonomic solution is compromised by using univariate percentiles depends upon the correlations between these characteristics. When correlations are low, it can be advisable to use wider percentile ranges or multivariate models of population variation to establish design criteria. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) 6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 4.2.3 Task oriented Design shall take full account of the nature of the task and its implications for the human. Task-oriented design is used to ensure that the tasks are appropriate to the human. This includes the allocation of functions and tasks to the human or to technology. Deficits in task design will lead to adverse effects, both for the human and the system as a whole. These cannot be compensated for by the design of the technical components of the system. The possible consequences of the task design, both for people affected by it and for the system as a whole, shall be taken into account. Task-oriented design also takes account of differences that can be observed between the designed task and the way the task is actually performed. Activities in performing a task are affected by variations and changes in, for example, context, procedures, equipment, products or materials. NOTE 1 In order to be able to consider the effects of the task on the human, it is important to refer to knowledge about existing similar or related tasks. NOTE 2 An example of this approach in the context of interactive systems can be found in ISO 9241-2[4]. Appropriately designed tasks ⎯ can be performed safely and effectively by the target population, in both the short and the long term, ⎯ do not lead to short- or long-term impairment in members of this population, ⎯ can be used to develop the operators'/users' capabilities and skills. Tasks and their associated activities shall be identified and described in sufficient detail so that the human capabilities, skills and knowledge requirements can be specified. This description should include task inputs and outputs. NOTE 3 It is also important to identify the relationships among different tasks. In human-centred design, the goal is differentiated from the task. Goals can be regarded as the intended outcomes, whereas tasks comprise a series of activities required to achieve a goal or goals. Hierarchically, a goal can be subdivided into a series of sub-goals and a task into corresponding sub-tasks. NOTE 4 In simple systems, all tasks might be performed by the same individual in achieving the eventual goal. In more complex systems, the goal is likely to be achieved by a number of individuals performing different but connected tasks. Activities are based on individual actions, comprising a single event such as pushing a button, identifying a signal or generating an idea. NOTE 5 In some ergonomics domains, the term “step” is used to describe a specific level of “activity”. 4.2.4 Environmental context The physical, organizational, social and legal environments in which a system, product, service or facility is intended to be used shall be identified and described, and their range defined. These environments provide important elements of the context of a design and can have a significant effect on the effectiveness of the resulting design. The physical attributes include issues such as thermal conditions, lighting, noise, spatial layout and furniture. The organizational and social aspects of the environment include factors such as work practices, organizational structure and attitudes. In some applications of ergonomics, the environment is a contextual factor and can not be changed. In others, environmental aspects can be designed. When the environmental factors are part of the system, product, service or facility, their design or redesign shall be included in the design process and its outcome. For those aspects of the environment that are not changeable, their characteristics shall be taken into account in the design of the system, product, service or facility. SIST EN ISO 26800:2011

ISO 26800:2011(E) © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 7 The effects of the environment can be greater if people are already working to the limits of their ability. If design decisions are based on capability data measured only in a neutral environment, this can result in impairing effects. EXAMPLE 1 Equipment for use in a cold store is designed to take account of the need for the workers to wear insulated protective gloves. EXAMPLE 2 A properly designed ticket machine, which is to be installed for use in an outdoor car park, is designed to accommodate the range of varying environmental conditions in which it will be used (e.g. darkness to bright sunlight). NOTE Information regarding taking environmental factors into account can, for example, be found in ISO 8995[3], ISO 15265[13] for workplaces and in ISO 24500[18] for elderly and disabled persons. 4.3 Criteria-based evaluation Evaluation of the ergonomic design outcome of any system, product or service shall be based on established ergonomics criteria, regardless of whether or not it was designed following an ergonomics-based design process (see 6.2). Ergonomics criteria can be related to the following: ⎯ human performance; ⎯ health, safety and well-being; ⎯ satisfaction. NOTE 1 Measurement of human performance might be used to assess changes in skills, abilities and knowledge arising from the design. Iterative evaluation against ergonomics criteria shall be an integral part of any ergonomics-based design process. The relative importance of various criteria will depend upon the nature of the system, product or service. EXAMPLE Besides safety-related criteria, user satisfaction might be accorded a high priority in the evaluation of consumer products, while in a work system, health-related and performance-related criteria will be dominant. Evaluation shall take into account both short- and long-term effects, as appropriate. NOTE 2 Examples for ev
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