SIST EN 614-2:2001+A1:2008

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 614-2:2001+A1:2008
01-december-2008
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Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles - Part 2: Interactions between the
design of machinery and work tasks
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Ergonomische Gestaltungsgrundsätze - Teil 2:
Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Gestaltung von Maschinen und den Arbeitsaufgaben
Sécurité des machines - Principes ergonomiques de conception - Partie 2: Interactions
entre la conception des machines et les tâches du travail
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008
ICS:
13.110 Varnost strojev Safety of machinery
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN 614-2:2001+A1:2008 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 614-2:2001+A1:2008

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SIST EN 614-2:2001+A1:2008


EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 614-2:2000+A1

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2008
ICS 13.110; 13.180 Supersedes EN 614-2:2000
English Version
Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles - Part 2:
Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks
Sécurité des machines - Principes ergonomiques de Sicherheit von Maschinen - Ergonomische
conception - Partie 2: Interactions entre la conception des Gestaltungsgrundsätze - Teil 2: Wechselwirkungen
machines et les tâches du travail zwischen der Gestaltung von Maschinen und den
Arbeitsaufgaben
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 June 2000 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 August 2008.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.






EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope.4
2 Normative references.4
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principles of work task design.5
4.1 Characteristics of well-designed operator work tasks .5
4.2 Methodology of work task design in relation to machinery design .6
4.2.1 Establishing the design objectives.10
4.2.2 Function analysis.10
4.2.3 Function allocation.11
4.2.4 Work task specification.12
4.2.5 Assignment of work tasks to operators .12
4.3 Evaluation of work task design.13
5 Design procedure.14
Annex A (informative) Interaction between machinery design, task design and job design.15
A.1.1 Good job design.15
A.2 Characteristics of well-designed jobs and implications for design.17
A.2.1 Experience and capabilities of the operator .17
A.2.2 Meaningful whole.17
A.2.3 Contribution to the total work output .17
A.2.4 Variation.17
A.2.5 Autonomy.17
A.2.6 Learning opportunities.17
A.2.7 Feedback.17
A.2.8 Over- and underload.17
A.2.9 Repetitiveness.18
A.2.10 Opportunities for contact.18
A.3 Ways of job re-design .18
A.3.1 Job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment.18
A.3.2 Working groups and teams .18
A.3.3 Participative design.19
A.3.4 Managerial development.19
Annex B (informative) Illustrative example: Design of a drilling machine .20
B.1 Introduction.20
B.2 Establishing design objectives .21
B.3 Function analysis.22
B.4 Function allocation.24
B.5 Work task specification.26
Annex ZA (informative) !!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
!!
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC"""" .28
Annex ZB (informative) !!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC"""".29

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EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122
"Ergonomics", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by December 2009.
This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-14.
This document supersedes EN 614-2:2000.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ".
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
!For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this
document."
EN 614 consists of the following Parts, under the general title Safety of machinery – Ergonomic design
principles:
 Part 1: Terminology and general principles
 Part 2: Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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Introduction
This European Standard helps the designer in applying ergonomics principles to the design of machinery,
focusing especially on the interaction between the design of machinery and work tasks.
This is essential since the quality of design and safety of machinery depends on the prospective operators
being able to perform their tasks with the machinery in a safe and competent manner. Applying ergonomics
principles to the design of machinery and work tasks aims at minimizing the discomfort, fatigue and other
impairing effects faced by the operator and thus contributes to the optimal functioning of the work system (EN
292-2:1991, Annex A.1, 1.1.2 (d)) and reduces the risks of negative health effects. Therefore, good design
follows ergonomics principles, starts with the specification of system functions and anticipates how the
prospective operator will interact with the machinery and other work equipment.
In the design of machinery and work tasks, the physical aspects of the operator's activities are not the only
design parameters to be dealt with. Operator activities also include the perception and processing of
information, determination of strategies, decision making and communication.
1 Scope
This European Standard establishes the ergonomics principles and procedures to be followed during the
design process of machinery and operator work tasks.
This European Standard deals specifically with task design in the context of machinery design, but the
principles and methods may also be applied to job design.
This European Standard is directed to designers and manufacturers of machinery and other work equipment.
It will also be helpful to those who are concerned with the use of machinery and work equipment, e.g. to
managers, organizers, operators and supervisors.
In this European Standard the designer refers to the person or group of persons responsible for the design.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated reference subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 614-1:1995, Safety of machinery – Ergonomic design principles – Part 1: Terminology and general
principles.
EN 894-1, Safety of machinery – Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and control actuators –
Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators.
EN 292-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology,
methodology.
EN 292-2:1991/A1:1995, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2:
Technical principles and specifications.
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 614-1 apply.
4 Principles of work task design
Work task design covers the analysis and specification of functions and their allocation to the machine or the
operator as part of the design process, and aims at contributing to the optimal functioning of work systems.
Therefore, good design follows ergonomics principles and gives special attention to the intended operator
population. Principles of good ergonomic design are given in EN 614-1. The aim shall be achieved by
approaching the characteristics of well designed operator work tasks given in 4.1 by following the
methodology for work task design given in 4.2 and by performing an evaluation of work task design according
to 4.3.
4.1 Characteristics of well-designed operator work tasks
When designing machinery and work tasks, the designer shall ensure that the following ergonomics
characteristics of well-designed work tasks are fulfilled. These characteristics take into account the differences
and dynamic characteristics of the intended operator population, and shall be pursued by designing machinery
and work tasks in interaction.
Thus, in the design process the designer shall
a) recognise the experience, capabilities and skills of the existing or expected operator population.
This includes the levels of general education and vocational training, as well as knowledge acquired in
other similar working situations. It should be kept in mind that levels of training and knowledge vary
across operator populations and change over time. Therefore, e.g. speed and complexity requirements
and information on task performance should be adaptable to all intended users.
b) ensure that work tasks to be performed are identifiable as complete and meaningful whole units
of work with a clearly identifiable beginning and end, rather than as isolated fragments of such
tasks. Therefore, each work task should in particular comprise not only performance components, but
also preparatory (e.g. planning) and evaluative (e.g. inspection, checking) components.
c) ensure that work tasks performed are identifiable as a significant contribution to the total output
of the work system. The operator should be able to understand how and to what extent task
performance and its outcome will affect the whole work system and its outcomes. Thus, unnecessary
fragmentation of the work process, leading to narrow operator work tasks shall be avoided.
d) provide for the application of an appropriate variety of skills, capabilities and activities, and in
particular provide for an appropriate combination of the following types of behaviour:
 skill based behaviour, which consists of an immediate, simple conscious or non-conscious reaction
to cues from the work process,
 rule based behaviour, which allows the operator to exert control of the work process by applying
basic algorithmic rules (e.g. by making simple if-then decisions)
 knowledge based behaviour, which requires the operator to develop and maintain a complex set of
knowledge about the interrelationships in the process, in order to diagnose system states and faults,
and to develop solutions and perform adequate actions.
e) provide an appropriate degree of freedom and autonomy to the operator. The operator should be
able to choose among alternative ways of task accomplishments and determine priority, pace and
procedure of the work task. Rigidly fixed sequences, pace and working methods shall be avoided.
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f) provide sufficient feedback on task performance in terms meaningful to the operator. Information
on performance shall be made available enabling the operator to check whether goals are reached and
performance is adequate. This includes also information on performance mistakes and correct
alternatives.
In work tasks subject to frequent interruptions, the design of machinery shall provide for memory aids to
remind the operator where he/she left off.
g) provide opportunities to practise and develop existing skills and capabilities as well as to acquire
new ones. This should be achieved by providing for different ways of task accomplishment, sufficient
degrees of autonomy and variety in connection with appropriate feedback on task performance. This
allows the operator to choose the operation mode most suitable to the present state of expertise and to
try to gain experience in different ways of task accomplishment, preferably combining different types of
behaviour.
For monitoring and control tasks, especially in highly automated systems, the operator needs to be able
to acquire the competence to control the process and develop a clear picture of the structure and
interrelationships of the process. This will be especially crucial in emergency situations.
h) avoid overload as well as underload of the operator, which may lead to unnecessary or excessive
strain, fatigue or to errors. Frequency, duration and intensity of perceptual, cognitive and motor
activities shall be designed so as to avoid these consequences. Overload or underload shall not solely be
determined under normal, but also under abnormal conditions (e.g. worst case situations). This is
particularly relevant for monitoring and control tasks, especially in highly automated systems.
Occurrences of overload and underload vary across the population and will change with time. Therefore,
it is necessary to provide for opportunities of adaptation to individual differences, stages of development
and states of training.
i) avoid repetitiveness, which may lead to unbalanced work strain and thus to physical disorders as
well as to sensations of monotony, satiation, boredom or to dissatisfaction. Short performance
cycles should therefore be avoided. The operator shall be provided with an appropriate variety of tasks or
activities. If repetitive tasks cannot be avoided,
 performance time shall not be determined solely on the basis of average times measured or
estimated under normal conditions;
 allowances shall be given for deviations from normal conditions;
 very short cycle times shall be avoided;
 opportunities shall be given to the operator to work at his/her own pace, rather than at a set pace;
 working on moving objects shall be avoided.
j) avoid working alone without opportunities for the operator for social and functional contacts.
Lines of sight, noise levels, distances between workplaces and workplace autonomy shall be taken into
account when defining spacing, positioning and functions of machinery and other work equipment.
These characteristics of well-designed operator work tasks shall not be violated by the design of machinery.
However, taking into account applicability and the state of art, it may not be possible to meet all the objectives
completely. In this case, machinery and operator work tasks shall be designed and constructed in accordance
with these objectives as far as possible.
4.2 Methodology of work task design in relation to machinery design
The work task design in relation to machinery design can be described as a process, which includes the
following stages:
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 establishing design objectives;
 function analysis;
 function allocation;
 work task specification, and;
 assignment of work tasks to operators.
Figure 1 and Table 1 give an outline of this process, which is described in detail in 4.2.1 to 4.2.5.
NOTE Designing is usually an iterative process, and the division between the stages may not be distinct. The design
solution of one function will often interact with the solutions of other functions within the system. Therefore, the designer
may need to move back and forth in the process, e. g. proceed by making tentative solutions and come back to re-analyse
the situation or revise the design specifications.
By following the stepwise procedure described in this European Standard, the designer can
 base the design decisions on the relevant information,
 make the decisions perceivable to all persons concerned in the design process,
 predict the consequences of the design decisions on human operations and activities, and
 check the adequacy of the decisions as early as possible.
As a general rule, in the design process the designer shall
 utilise existing experience at each stage of the process, e. g. by analysing existing design solutions and
their influence on the operator's activities,
 consider human and basic engineering factors concurrently,
 use methods which can take into account the operator's interaction with the machinery and other work
equipment,
 evaluate the design proposals at each stage of the process against the objectives, requirements and
evaluation criteria established in earlier phases of the design process, and
 document the work task design process in order to be able to verify that compliance with the
requirements of this European Standard and the established objectives have been achieved.


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Figure 1 — Outline of the work task design process
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Table 1 — Description of the work task design process
No Design stage Description of stages
1 Establishing the design objectives
 Gather information on comparable existing machinery
 Work out the general design objectives and design
specifications
 Establish general performance requirements and
evaluation criteria
2 Function analysis
 Identify functions and sub-functions and specify them
in their hierarchy and functional relationships
 Specify functions together with their performance
criteria
 Evaluate the specified functions against the design
specifications
3 Function allocation
 Allocate functions and sub-functions to the operator or
the machine, or, where appropriate, to both
 Evaluate the suitability of the functions as human
activity or machine operation
 Outline alternative design solutions and analyse the
benefits and drawbacks of them
4 Work task specification
 Gather information on comparable existing tasks
 Specify the operator tasks in detail
 Evaluate the workload each task imposes on the
operator
5 Assignment of work tasks to  Specify the number of operators required
operators
 Assign the tasks to the operators
 Evaluate the total operator workload and fulfilment of
the characteristics of well-designed operator work
tasks

Decisions and actions taken in the design process have important consequences for the operator and for the
functioning of the work system as a whole. Therefore, designers should not work on their own, but involve
persons representative of all groups possibly affected by the work system, in the different design steps. This
can efficiently be done e.g. by establishing a design project group, including system designers, management
representatives, user representatives, supervisors, operators and customer groups.
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4.2.1 Establishing the design objectives
At this stage the objectives of the work system have to be specified together with performance requirements
and evaluation criteria. This stage of the task design process has to be carried out also when minor changes
of an existing work system are being planned.
Thus, the designer shall
 gather information on similar or comparable systems, e.g. planning documents, system specifications,
test and evaluation documents;
 work out general objectives of the work system regarding technical as well as human performance
requirements;
 based on these objectives, specify and document the design specifications by taking into account the
following items:
 specific goals of the system;
 any required inputs;
 any required outputs;
 any undesirable outputs;
 capabilities and performance requirements of the system;
 environmental factors that may affect the system;
 environmental factors that may be affected by the system;
 constraints on system performance;
 risk and safety constraints;
 the number and qualifications of persons employed in the system;
 the kind of training necessary;
 working conditions of the operators.
 based on these design specifications establish requirements on a general level concerning e.g.
performance, reliability, usability, safety and maintainability. These requirements shall be ranked
according to their relative importance and be used as evaluation criteria to evaluate design alternatives at
later steps and to ensure design adequacy.
4.2.2 Function analysis
At this stage, the designer shall perform an analysis of the functions and sub-functions required to meet the
design objectives, and specify the resulting functions together with their performance requirements.
NOTE Functions are logical units of activities or sets of activities that are necessary to accomplish the objectives of
the work system. Functions are described strictly in terms of activities and not in terms of means of achievement.
Thus, the designer shall
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 identify all functions and sub-functions to be fulfilled on the basis of the general objectives and the design
specifications, and specify them in their hierarchy and functional relationships.
NOTE This is most effectively accomplished by the use of graphical methods. Depending on which aspects are most
crucial, functional process charts, decision action diagrams, design decision trees, time line analyses and network
analyses can be used for this purpose.
 specify all functions and sub-functions together with their relevant performance requirements.
NOTE The functions and sub-functions need to be broken down and specified to a level where it is possible to
transform them into operator work tasks, and to work out technical design solutions. It is important to separate this step
from the working out of technical design solutions and task specifications in order to avoid premature solutions and to
ensure the best possible solution for the work tasks, machinery and their interactions.
 evaluate the function specification by answering the following questions:
 Is each function necessary?
 Is it possible to combine functions?
 Are the functions properly sequenced or should they be re-arranged?
 What kinds of risks are connected to these functions?
 Can the functions be improved?
4.2.3 Function allocation
At this stage functions have to be allocated to the operator or the machine, or where appropriate, to both. This
function allocation has to be done as part of the outlining of the design solutions for work tasks, machinery
and their interactions. The system specifications and the operational ranges of human as well as machine
performance are to be considered in this process, e.g. sensory thresholds, information processing capabilities,
executable forces and the control of movements.
Thus, the designer sha
...