SIST EN 13979-1:2024

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2024
Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički - Monoblok kolesa -
Postopek za tehnično odobritev - 1. del: Kovana in valjana kolesa
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc Wheels - Technical approval
procedure - Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Vollräder - Technische
Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1: Geschmiedete und gewalzte Räder
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Roues monobloc - Procédure
d’évaluation de la conception - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et laminées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13979-1:2023
ICS:
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 13979-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13979-1:2020
English Version
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Monobloc
Wheels - Technical approval procedure - Part 1: Forged
and rolled wheels
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle -
Roues monobloc - Procédure d'évaluation de la Vollräder - Technische Zulassungsverfahren - Teil 1:
conception - Partie 1 : Roues forgées et laminées Geschmiedete und gewalzte Räder
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 November 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13979-1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 7
Introduction . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Parameters for the definition of the application covered . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Geometric parameters for interchangeability . 10
4.2.1 General . 10
4.2.2 Functional requirements. 10
4.2.3 Assembly requirements . 10
4.2.4 Maintenance requirements . 11
4.3 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment of tread-braked wheels . 11
4.3.1 Geometrical requirements for tread-braked wheels . 11
4.3.2 Drag braking or consecutive stop braking . 12
4.3.3 Accidental drag braking incident . 13
4.4 Mechanical assessment parameters . 13
4.5 Acoustic assessment parameters . 14
5 Description of the wheel, the design of which shall be assessed . 14
6 Assessment of geometric interchangeability . 14
7 Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour . 14
7.1 General procedure . 14
7.2 First stage – Braking bench test . 15
7.2.1 Test procedure . 15
7.2.2 Decision criteria . 15
7.3 Second stage – Wheel fracture bench test . 16
7.3.1 General . 16
7.3.2 Test procedure . 16
7.3.3 Decision criterion . 16
7.4 Third stage – Field braking test . 16
7.4.1 General . 16
7.4.2 Test procedure . 16
7.4.3 Decision criteria . 16
8 Assessment of mechanical behaviour . 17
8.1 General procedure . 17
8.2 First stage – Calculation . 17
8.2.1 Applied forces . 17
8.2.2 Calculation procedure . 20
8.2.3 Decision criteria . 20
8.3 Second stage – Bench test . 21
8.3.1 General . 21
8.3.2 Definition of bench loading and the test procedure . 21
8.3.3 Decision criteria . 21
9 Assessment of acoustic behaviour . 21
10 Technical approval . 21
10.1 Technical approval scope and process . 21
10.2 Technical approval documents . 23
Annex A (informative)  Drag braking values . 24
A.1 Freight wagons . 24
A.2 Other types of rolling stock and specific freight wagons . 24
Annexe B Annex B (normative)  Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour . 25
B.1 Assessment flow chart . 25
B.2 Braking bench test procedure. 26
B.2.1 Test principle . 26
B.2.2 Definition of drag braking . 26
B.2.3 Method for measuring decision criteria . 26
B.2.3.1 Measuring displacement . 26
B.2.3.2 Measuring residual stresses . 27
B.2.4 Tests and measurements . 27
B.2.4.1 Pre-test measurements . 27
B.2.4.2 Braking tests . 27
B.2.4.3 Measurements at the end of braking cycles . 28
B.2.5 Anomalies . 28
B.3 Wheel fracture bench testing procedure . 28
B.3.1 Test principle . 28
B.3.2 Creation of residual stresses in the rim of the wheel . 28
B.3.3 Pre-cracked rim . 28
B.3.4 Definition of drag braking test . 30
B.3.5 Parameters for the wheel fracture bench test . 30
B.3.6 Tests and measurements . 31
B.3.6.1 General . 31
B.3.6.2 Pre-cracked rim . 31
B.3.6.3 Wheel fracture . 31
B.3.7 Anomalies . 32
B.4 Field braking test procedure . 32
B.4.1 Test principle . 32
B.4.2 Definition of braking . 32
B.4.3 Method for measuring decision criteria . 33
B.4.3.1 Measuring displacement . 33
B.4.3.2 Measuring residual stresses . 33
B.4.4 Route type for testing . 33
B.4.4.1 Parameters linked to the vehicle of intended application . 33
B.4.4.2 Other parameters . 34
B.4.4.3 Meteorological conditions . 34
B.4.4.4 Parameters associated with the track . 34
B.4.5 Tests and measurements . 34
B.4.5.1 Pre-test measurements . 34
B.4.5.2 Braking tests . 34
B.4.5.3 Measurements at the end of the braking cycles . 35
B.4.6 Anomalies . 35
Annex C (normative) Wheel profile diameter definition . 36
C.1 General . 36
C.2 Diameter after last reprofiling . 36
C.3 Worn diameter . 37
Annex D (normative)  Assessment of mechanical behaviour . 38
D.1 Assessment flow chart . 38
D.2 Calculation procedure in the case of exceptional load . 39
D.2.1 Principle . 39
D.2.2 Load . 39
D.3 Calculation procedure for cases of fatigue load . 39
D.3.1 Principle . 39
D.3.2 Load . 39
D.3.3 Method of calculation . 39
Annex E (informative)  Fatigue loading for narrow gauge tracks (close to a metre) . 41
Annex F (informative)  Fatigue loading for tilting trains . 42
Annex G (normative)  Mechanical behaviour – Finite element calculation assessment . 43
Annex H (informative)  Mechanical behaviour – Bench loading and test procedure . 44
H.1 Principle of bench loading and test procedure . 44
H.2 Definition of loads . 44
H.2.1 General . 44
H.2.2 Measurement of stresses during field tests . 44
H.3 Fatigue bench test . 45
H.3.1 Method 1 – Random fatigue test . 45
H.3.1.1 Load matrix . 45
H.3.1.2 Monitoring the bench test . 45
H.3.1.3 Random fatigue test . 46
H.3.1.4 End of test criteria . 46
H.3.2 Method 2 – Single-stage fatigue test . 46
H.3.2.1 Matrix and load spectrum. 46
H.3.2.2 Equivalent stress . 46
H.3.2.3 Single-stage fatigue test . 46
H.3.2.4 Acceptance criterion. 47
H.3.2.5 Examples of benches . 47
Annex I (informative)  Assessment of acoustic behaviour . 48
I.1 General procedure . 48
I.2 Assessment procedure . 48
I.3 Assessment criteria. 49
I.4 Decision criterion . 49
I.5 Assessment flow chart . 50
I.6 Calculation procedure . 51
I.6.1 General . 51
I.6.2 Calculating the wheel modal basis . 51
I.6.3 Defining the reference speeds . 51
I.6.4 Defining the reference combined wheel-rail roughness . 51
I.6.5 Defining the reference track model . 53
I.6.6 Defining the calculation parameters . 54
I.6.7 Calculating sound power . 54
I.6.8 Factoring the weighted spectrum into sound power . 55
I.6.9 Calculating the acceptance criterion . 56
I.6.10 Optional calculations . 56
I.7 Field measurement procedure . 56
I.7.1 General . 56
I.7.2 Environmental conditions . 56
I.7.3 Conditions for the track . 56
I.7.4 Conditions for the train . 57
I.7.4.1 Conditions for the tread . 57
I.7.4.2 Composition of train . 57
I.7.5 Positioning the measurement points . 58
I.7.6 Measurement quantities . 58
I.7.7 Test procedure . 58
I.7.7.1 Measuring roughness . 58
I.7.7.2 Measurements trackside . 59
I.7.8 Data processing . 59
I.7.8.1 General . 59
I.7.8.2 Calculating combined roughness . 59
I.7.8.3 Calculating a representative quantity of sound power . 59
I.7.8.4 Correcting standardized sound levels vis-à-vis a reference combined roughness . 60
I.7.8.5 Calculating the acceptance criterion . 60
Annex J (informative)  Ultrasonic method for determining residual stresses in the rim
(non-destructive method) . 61
J.1 Procedure. 61
J.2 Measurement uncertainty . 62
J.3 Calibrations . 62
J.4 Verifying measurement parameters . 62
Bibliography . 63

European foreword
This document (EN 13979-1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13979-1:2020.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made:
— A new link to the pre-designing state of the art methods defined by UIC (thermo-mechanical
calculation);
— Some recommendations for the rim geometrical design in order to ensure sufficient material to
withstand thermal loading;
— A clearer definition of the wheel homologation scope and a new definition of the process to
homologate a wheel design derived from a previously homologated one (Clause 3);
— Correction of the recommended reference combined roughness spectrum representative of the
different types of braking system for the acoustical assessment (Table I.1).
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s) / Regulation(s).
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
An assessment of the two following aspects is carried out before a wheel is commissioned:
— assessment of the design as described in this standard;
— assessment of the quality of the product (EN 13262:2020).
1 Scope
This document specifies a design assessment procedure for a forged and rolled monobloc wheel (RST).
This assessment is carried out before the wheel is commissioned. This document specifies, in particular,
the assessment to be performed in order to use wheels on a European network which, in addition, have
quality requirements in conformity with those specified in EN 13262:2020.
This assessment requires that the conditions of use for the wheel are defined and this document provides
a method for defining those conditions.
The assessment of the design covers four aspects:
— a geometrical aspect: to allow interchangeability of different solutions for the same application;
— a thermomechanical aspect: to manage wheel deformations and to ensure that braking will not cause
wheels to fracture;
— a mechanical aspect: to ensure that no fatigue cracks occur in the wheel web and that no permanent
deformation occurs under exceptional loading;
— an acoustic aspect: to ensure that the solution chosen is as good as the reference wheel.
This document does not cover assessment of the hub or the rim.
This document has been drawn up for wheels of non-powered tread-braked wheelsets and applies in full
to this type of wheel. For wheels on which mounted brake discs are mounted or toothed transmission
wheels or even wheels with noise reduction devices, the requirements may be amended or supplemented.
For urban railway vehicles, other standards or documents may be used.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022, Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Partie 1: Méthode de
conception des essieux-axes avec fusées extérieures
EN 13262:2020, Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Roues - Prescriptions pour le produit
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
technical specification
document describing specific parameters and/or design assessment procedure requirements as an
addition to the requirements of this document
3.2
diameter after last reprofiling
nominal value defined by a 5 × 5 mm nominal chamfer and the slope of the new tread profile
Note 1 to entry: Modified values can be defined, for example, in the maintenance plan or in the technical
specification. See Figure C.1.
3.3
worn diameter
theoretical minimum diameter in service, and cylindrical profile from the outer side of the rim to D0
(wheel tread reference point) and then original new profile to the inner side of the rim
4 Parameters for the definition of the application covered
4.1 General
The application for which a wheel is to be assessed shall be defined by the parameters set out below.
If the application parameters are changed for an assessed wheel, the assessment shall be reviewed.
Clause 10.1 and Table 2 give information and/or recommendations for this assessment.
4.2 Geometric parameters for interchangeability
4.2.1 General
The application shall be defined by geometric parameters for interchangeability, which can be split into
three categories according to whether they are related to functional requirements, assembly
requirements or maintenance requirements.
NOTE For rolling stock wheels that have to conform to the Directive 2016/797, some of the geometrical
parameters are given in the TSIs concerned (see Annex ZA).
4.2.2 Functional requirements
— the nominal tread diameter that influences the buffer height and the loading gauge;
— the maximum rim width linked to the switches and crossings and the track brakes;
— the tread profile outside the conical part of the tread;
— the position of the inner side of the rim relative to the corresponding side of the hub;
— the conicity of the hub bore;
— the space required for disc brakes mounted on the wheel;
— the space required on the bogie frame, braking equipment and suspension equipment.
4.2.3 Assembly requirements
— the bore diameter;
— the wheel hub length shall ensure it overhangs the wheelseat.
4.2.4 Maintenance requirements
— the wear limit diameter or the last reprofiling diameter;
— the wear groove shape, if necessary;
— the geometry of the area for wheel clamping on reprofiling machines;
— the position and shape of the hole and groove for displacement under oil pressure;
— the general rim shape to allow ultrasonic measurement of residual stresses in tread-braked wheels.
4.3 Parameters for thermomechanical assessment of tread-braked wheels
4.3.1 Geometrical requirements for tread-braked wheels
A suitable inner diameter on the inner and outer side of the rim shall be applied in order to enable suitable
conditions for residual stress measurement. This means that, in order to enable this measurement, the
residual rim thickness, on both sides, should be larger that the ultrasonic probes used for the
measurements during maintenance and approval.
Freight wagon wheels with a nominal diameter of 920 mm that are fully tread braked shall be designed
in order that the surface of the rim section when the wheel is fully worn has a residual area A equal or
rim
larger than 0,23 dm .
NOTE For tread-braked wheels other than 920 mm nominal diameter, this requirement may be updated, based
on service experience, following a similar technical approach.
The residual area is calculated as follows:
— when the inner diameter of the rim is the same both on the inner and outer side, the area to be
considered is the rectangle between the outer diameter of the wear limit groove (w in
EN 13262:2020) and the inner diameter of the rim (b and b in EN 13262:2020),
1 2
— when the inner diameter of the rim is different on the inner and outer side, the area defined above
shall be completed with the triangle resulting from this difference (see Figure 1 – in this example b
is smaller than b ).
This calculation is carried out referring to the nominal values of the quoted parameters.
Figure 1 — Definition of the residual area (example)
4.3.2 Drag braking or consecutive stop braking
4.3.2.1 General
The application shall be defined based on the maximum braking energy (P nominal braking power, t
a a
application time (duration of the test) and V average speed of the vehicle) generated by the friction of
a
the brake shoes on the tread, as well as the type of brake shoes applied to the wheel (the type – cast iron
brake shoe or composite brake shoe – dimensions and number).
If the tests are carried out with composite brake shoes, they do not need to be repeated with cast iron
brake shoes. The braking test with two opposing brake shoes covers the braking test with a single brake
shoe. The braking test is independent of the manufacturing origin of the brake shoes.
Non approved composite brake shoes can be used for these tests providing that they are able to withstand
the test conditions.
NOTE The non-approved brake shoe Becorit 929-1 is widely used to perform these kind of tests
4.3.2.2 Freight wagons
When monobloc wheels fitted to a wagon are 100 % tread braked, the parameters in Table A.1 of Annex A
shall apply, unless the technical specification defines them differently.
NOTE This table is the same as the table in the freight wagons TSI.
When a wheel is not fully tread-braked then the nominal power, P , shall be adapted as defined in the
b
technical specification.
For specific wagons or traffic, the power and/or application time and/or running speed values can be
modified to check the thermomechanical behaviour of these wheels in the context of the requirements of
the technical specification and in accordance with Table A.2.
4.3.2.3 Other types of rolling stock
Thermomechanical behaviour shall be verified for the worst braking case. This shall be done using drag
braking in conformity with the parameters in Table A.2 and/or the worst consecutive stop braking for
this application.
This choice can be made taking into account the level of displacement and residual stresses calculated
using numerical simulation for each of the braking scenarios considered.
The average slope and/or application time and/or average speed of consecutive stop braking and/or
energy values shall be defined in the technical specification. Table A.2 provides examples of values.
NOTE The values of the Loc and Pas TSI Clause 4.2.4.5.4 are valid for the assessment of the braking system, not
for the wheel.
4.3.3 Accidental drag braking incident
4.3.3.1 General
The thermomechanical behaviour shall be defined based on the maximum braking energy (P braking
a
power, t application time (duration of the test) and V average speed of the vehicle) generated by the
a a
friction of the brake shoes on the tread that the wheel to be assessed shall be able to dispel when there is
an accidental drag braking incident.
4.3.3.2 Fully tread-braked wheels
For freight wagons, the parameters for the accidental drag braking incident are identical to those defined
for drag braking (see Table A.1).
For other types of rolling stock, the parameters for the accidental drag braking incident are identical to
those of drag braking (see Table A.2) for 100 % tread braking.
4.3.3.3 Partially tread-braked wheels
For all types of rolling stock, the parameters for the drag braking incident shall be:
a) Parameters for the accidental drag braking incident test for a 100 % tread-braked wheel (see
4.3.3.2);
b) Or the parameters for the wheel fracture bench test (see 7.3)
4.4 Mechanical assessment parameters
The application shall be defined by:
— the maximum vertical static force per wheelset (according to EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022);
— the type of route to be provided by the vehicles that will be fitted with the wheels to be assessed:
1. description of the lines: geometric quality of the tracks, curve parameters, maximum speeds,
etc. ;
2. running times on these lines;
— the estimated service life of the wheel, in kilometres.
In the case of a mechanical assessment solely by means of calculation, the parameters of 8.2 shall be taken
into consideration.
4.5 Acoustic assessment parameters
The application shall be defined by all the parameters influencing the noise emitted by the wheel and not
directly involved in the design of the wheel to be assessed, such as:
1) the reference track on which the wheel shall run;
2) the reference wheel to which the design shall be compared;
3) the reference rolling stock and one or more reference speeds;
4) a surface roughness spectrum, representative of the operational tread condition (cast iron or
composite tread braked or not tread braked) of the wheel under test, to be used on both the reference
wheel and the new wheel.
5 Description of the wheel, the design of which shall be assessed
The assessment documentation of the design of the wheel shall include:
1. the description of the manufacturing process (forging, rolling, heat treatment, etc.);
2. the definition of the wheel geometry (drawing);
3. the following manufacturing parameters, if they differ from those defined in EN 13262:2020:
— geometric tolerances;
— surface finishes;
— steel grade;
4. the parameters for defining the application for which the design assessment is required.
6 Assessment of geometric interchangeability
The wheel design shall conform to the requirements of 4.2.
7 Assessment of thermomechanical behaviour
7.1 General procedure
This assessment consists of three stages. The transition from one stage to the next depends on the results
obtained.
The flowchart for this assessment is shown in Annex B (normative).
For each of the three stages, the tests shall be carried out on a new rim (nominal diameter) and at a
diameter after last reprofiling (see Annex C).
NOTE 1 The wheel at the diameter after last reprofiling is a new wheel turned down at this diameter.
Additional preliminary design, by calculation, of the wheel is recommended.
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