SIST EN 14992:2007

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Montažni betonski izdelki - Stenski elementiBetonfertigteile - WandelementeProduits préfabriqués en béton - Eléments de murPrecast concrete products - Wall elements91.100.30Beton in betonski izdelkiConcrete and concrete products91.060.10Stene. Predelne stene. FasadeWalls. Partitions. FacadesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14992:2007SIST EN 14992:2007en,de01-julij-2007SIST EN 14992:2007SLOVENSKI
STANDARD







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14992April 2007ICS 91.100.30 English VersionPrecast concrete products - Wall elementsProduits préfabriqués en béton - Eléments de murBetonfertigteile - WandelementeThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 February 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14992:2007: E



EN 14992:2007(E)
2 Contents Page The numbering of clauses is strictly related to EN 13369:2004: Common rules for precast concrete products, at least for the first three digits. When a clause of EN 13369:2004 is not relevant or included in a more general reference of this standard, its number is omitted and this may result in a gap on numbering. Foreword.3 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Requirements.10 5 Test methods.13 6 Evaluation of conformity.14 7 Marking.14 8 Technical documentation.14 Annex A (informative)
Additional design rules.15 Annex B (informative)
Concreting of composite walls on site.18 Annex C (informative)
Inspection schemes.20 Annex Y (informative)
Choice of CE marking method.21 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive.22 Bibliography.36



EN 14992:2007(E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14992:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 229 “Precast concrete products”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR and was examined by and agreed with a joint working party appointed by the Liaison Group CEN/TC 229-TC250, particularly for its compatibility with structural Eurocodes.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2010. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Construction Products Directive(s) (89/106/EEC). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This document is one of a series of product standards for precast concrete products. For common aspects reference is made to EN 13369: Common rules for precast concrete products, from which also the relevant requirements of the EN 206-1: Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity are taken. The references to EN 13369:2004 by CEN/TC 229 product standards are intended to make them homogeneous and to avoid repetitions of similar requirements. Eurocodes are taken as a common reference for design aspects. The installation of some structural precast concrete products is dealt with by ENV 13670-1: Execution of concrete structures — Part 1: Common rules, which has at the moment the status of a European Prestandard. In all countries it can be accompanied by alternatives for national application and it should not be treated as a European Standard. The programme of standards for structural precast concrete products comprises the following standards, in some cases consisting of several parts: EN 1168, Precast concrete products — Hollow core slabs. EN 12794, Precast concrete products — Foundation piles. EN 12843, Precast concrete products — Masts and poles. EN 13224, Precast concrete products — Ribbed floor elements. EN 13225, Precast concrete products — Linear structural elements. EN 13693, Precast concrete products — Special roof elements. EN 13747, Precast concrete products — Floor plates for floor systems. EN 13978, Precast concrete products — Precast concrete garages. EN 14843, Precast concrete products — Stairs. EN 14844, Precast concrete products — Box culverts.



EN 14992:2007(E)
4 EN 14991, Precast concrete products — Foundation elements. EN 14992, Precast concrete products — Wall elements. prEN 15037, Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems. EN 15050, Precast concrete products — Bridge elements. prEN 15258, Precast concrete products — Retaining wall elements. This standard defines in Annex ZA the application methods of CE marking to products designed using the relevant EN Eurocodes (EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2). Where, in default of applicability conditions of EN Eurocodes to the works of destination, design Provisions other than EN Eurocodes are used for mechanical strength, the conditions to affix CE marking to the product are described in ZA.3.4. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.



EN 14992:2007(E) 5 Introduction The evaluation of conformity given in this standard refers to the completed precast elements which are supplied to the market and covers all the production operations carried out in the factory. For design rules reference is made to EN 1992-1-1. Additional complementary rules are provided where necessary.



EN 14992:2007(E)
6 1 Scope This European Standard applies to prefabricated walls, made of normal weight or lightweight concrete with dense structure. They may have external wall functions (see 3.11) or not, have facing functions (see 3.12) or not or have a combination of these functions. External wall functions could be:  thermal insulation (see 3.11.1);  sound insulation (see 3.11.2);  hygrometric control (see 3.11.3); or a combination of these. They may be plain, reinforced or prestressed. They may be loadbearing or not. These include:  solid walls;  composite walls;  sandwich walls;  lightened walls;  claddings. The wall element may also work as a column or beam. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 13369:2004, Common rules for precast concrete products EN ISO 12572, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products — Determination of water vapour transmission properties (ISO 12572:2001) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13369:2004 and the following apply. In general the term “product” refers to an element which is produced in large numbers. For general terms see Clause 3 of EN 13369:2004.



EN 14992:2007(E) 7 3.1 wall vertical or inclined, plane or curved bidimensional unit 3.2 loadbearing wall structural wall element, which carries external loads or is important for the safety of people
EXAMPLE Façade panels and parapets excluding small cladding panels) 3.3 non loadbearing wall wall which carries only its self weight and is not necessary for the building stability or important for the safety of people 3.4 solid wall precast wall of any shape produced as one solid unit including reinforcement and fixtures NOTE See Figure 1 3.5 composite wall composite wall consisting of two precast reinforced layers which are joined together with a gap by means of a lattice girder system. NOTE 1 See Figure 2 NOTE 2 On site, the space between the layers is filled with concrete. Composite walls may also consist of a shell with lattice girders with the other side limited by an existing wall or another formwork during the erection 3.6 sandwich wall consists of a base panel, a thermal insulation layer, a possible air space and a facing panel. NOTE 1 see Figure 3 NOTE 2 The layers may be connected stiffly or to allow relative in plane displacement between the layers 3.6.1 facing panel outermost layer of a sandwich wall element 3.6.2 base panel structural layer of a sandwich element NOTE It transfers its own dead load and the load from the facing panel to the structure. It may also transfer load from other members 3.7 lightened wall wall produced in the precasting plant as a complete unit NOTE 1 see Figure 4 NOTE 2 It may consist of two external concrete layers and internal blocks of light weight materials (for example foam polystyrene, polyurethane) or hollow-core



EN 14992:2007(E)
8 3.8 cladding non loadbearing panel fixed to the structure by means of connecting systems NOTE 1 see Figure 5 NOTE 2 An insulating system may be inserted between this panel and the loadbearing structure 3.9 small cladding cladding element without reinforcement with a maximum size of 2,25 m2, a maximum length of 1,5 m and a thickness smaller than 80 mm 3.10 plain concrete element structural concrete elements having less reinforcement than the minimum reinforcement according to the relevant design code EXAMPLE EN 1992-1-1:2004, Clause 9.6 3.11 external wall functions 3.11.1 thermal insulation capacity to limit the transfer of thermal flow 3.11.2 sound insulation capacity to reduce the transmission of sound 3.11.3 hygrometric control capacity to avoid the forming of condensate in the wall construction and particularly in the insulating materials which are frequently hygroscopic 3.12 facing function capacity to satisfy special dimensional requirements, esthetical surface requirements, esthetical shape requirements, or a combination of these
Figure 1 — Examples of solid walls



EN 14992:2007(E) 9
Key 1 in-situ concrete Figure 2 — Examples of composite elements
Figure 3 — Examples of sandwich walls



EN 14992:2007(E)
10
Figure 4 — Example of lightened walls
Figure 5 — Example of cladding elements 4 Requirements 4.1 Material requirements Subclause 4.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. In addition subclause 10.9.4.1 of EN 1992-1-1:2004 shall apply.



EN 14992:2007(E) 11 4.2 Production requirements Subclause 4.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3 Finished product requirements 4.3.1 Geometrical properties 4.3.1.1 Production tolerances In addition to subclause 4.3.1.1 of EN 13369:2004 the tolerances indicated in Tables 1 and 2 (compare Figures J.1 to J.6 of EN 13369:2004) shall apply. If not otherwise stated class B applies to all elements. Table 1 — Tolerance of positioning of openings and insert Class Permitted deviation A ± 10 mm B ± 15 mm For inserts designed to match with layer tolerances, different values of positioning tolerances may be given in the Technical documentation. The tolerance of lengths, heights, thickness, diagonal dimensions are given in Table 2. Table 2 — Tolerances of dimensions Permitted deviation Reference dimensions Class 0 – 0,5 m 0,5 m – 3 m >>>> 3 m – 6 m >>>> 6 m – 10 m >>>> 10 m A ± 3 mm a ± 5 mm a ± 6 mm ± 8 mm ± 10 mm B ± 8 mm ± 14 mm ± 16 mm ± 18 mm ± 20 mm a ± 2 mm in the case of small claddings. Stricter tolerances may be required in the Technical documentation. 4.3.1.2 Minimum design (nominal) dimensions Subclause 4.3.1.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.2 Surface characteristics In addition to subclause 4.3.2 of EN 13369:2004 the following shall apply: If not otherwise stated, values of Table 3 shall apply for the flatness of surfaces (compare Figures J.4 and J.5 of EN 13369:2004).



EN 14992:2007(E)
12
Table 3 — Tolerances regarding flatness of surfaces Gauges with distances between measuring points up to Class 0,2 m 3 m A 2 mm 5 mm B 4 mm 10 mm Class A usually applies to surfaces cast against a mould and class B applies to other surfaces if not otherwise stated. 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance 4.3.3.1 Loadbearing design In addition to subclause 4.3.3 of EN 13369:2004 Annex A may be used. 4.3.3.2 Reinforcement detailing This clause applies to wall elements except small claddings. It is recommended that the reinforcement is distributed:  for a wall less than or equal to 120 mm thickness: in one reinforcement layer placed in the middle of the cross-section of the wall;  for a wall greater than 120 mm thickness: in two reinforcement layers distributed between the two faces of the wall. This second requirement does not apply to plain concrete walls. Further recommendations can be found in Annex A. 4.3.4 Resistance and reaction to fire 4.3.4.1 Resistance to fire Fire resistance, dealing with load-bearing capacity R, integrity E and insulation I of precast wall elements, made of normal weight or lightweight concrete with dense structure, expressed in terms of classes, shall be defined following 4.3.4.1, 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3 of EN 13369:2004. 4.3.4.2 Reaction to fire For reaction to fire, 4.3.4.4 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. In the case of wall elements including combustible materials, e.g. thermal insulation in sandwich panels, these materials have to be sheltered from the fire exposure according to national regulations in the place of use. The insulation material shall be declared and comply with the relevant European product Standard.



EN 14992:2007(E) 13 4.3.5 Acoustic properties Subclause 4.3.5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.6 Thermal properties Subclause 4.3.6 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.7 Durability Subclause 4.3.7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.8 Other requirements 4.3.8.1 Safety in handling Subclause 4.3.8.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.8.2 Safety in use Subclause 4.3.8.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.8.3 Water vapour permeability When the water vapour permeability is relevant, it shall be expressed in terms of water vapour permanence following 5.2. 4.3.8.4 Water impermeability When the water impermeability of the external face of the elements is relevant, it shall be expressed in terms of water absorption following 5.3. 4.3.8.5 Fixture of cladding elements The strength of fixing devices of cladding elements shall be verified according to 4.3.3 of EN 13369:2004. NOTE There may be existing regulations related to the installation of the product. 5 Test methods 5.1 General Clause 5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 5.2 Water vapour permeability The water vapour permeability, expressed in terms of water vapour permanence, shall be determined by tests according to EN ISO 12572. 5.3 Water impermeability The water permeability of the external face of the elements shall be determined in terms of water absorption according to subclause 4.3.7.5 of EN 13369:2004.



EN 14992:2007(E)
14 6 Evaluation of conformity 6.1 General Subclause 6.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 6.2 Type testing Subclause 6.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 6.3 Factory production control Subclause 6.3 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. In addition Annex C of this standard shall apply. 7 Marking Clause 7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 8 Technical documentation Clause 8 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.



EN 14992:2007(E) 15 Annex A (informative)
Additional design rules A.1 Composite wall elements A.1.1 Loadbearing design A composite wall should be designed like a solid wall. Without special calculation the minimum strength of the precast element and the in-situ concrete should be taken into consideration. The designed reinforcement may be located inside the element and/or in the in-situ concrete. The same applies to walls acting as deep beams. For the design of the reinforcement the joints of the composite wall should be taken into consideration. This is of particular importance for the determination of the effective depth d (see Figure A.1 and A.2). The design of laps has been specified by EN 1992-1-1:2004, 8.7. If a lap between bars requires transverse reinforcement according to EN 1992-1-1:2004, 8.7.4.1 (3) links, u-bars and lattice girders can be used separately or in combination (Figure A.1). If lattice girders are used as transverse reinforcement, the maximum diameter of the lapped bars should be 16 mm. It is recommended to limit the maximum cross section that may be lapped to 1200 mm2/m. A.1.2 Shear at the interface The connection between cast in-situ concrete and compound unit in the final state should fulfil subclause 6.2.5 of EN 1992-1-1:2004. A.1.3 Loadbearing compression joints in case of loadbearing walls Subclause 10.9.2 of EN 1992-1-1:2004 may be used. The required reinforcement in subclause 10.9.2 (2) of EN 1992-1-1:2004 may be met by lattice girders too. In case of composite walls the whole cross section may be taken as loadbearing provided the joint is completely filled with in-situ concrete and has a width of at least 30 mm. If this is not provided, only the cross section of the in-situ concrete should be taken as loadbearing (see Figure A.2). The effective depth is the distance between the centre of concrete force and the reinforcement.



EN 14992:2007(E)
16
Figure A.1 — Effective depth d and overlapping length l0
Key 1 precast element 2 in-situ concrete Figure A.2 — Joint of a composite wall A.2 Reinforcement detailing A.2.1 Ribs The ribs should be reinforced by at least two longitudinal bars (one in the concrete layer, one in the rib) tied together by transverse reinforcement (see Figure A.3).



EN 14992:2007(E) 17
Key 1 rib 2 longitudinal bar 3 transverse reinforcement 4 concrete layer Figure A.3 — Examples of reinforcement of a rib A.2.2 Reinforcement for sandwich walls The following specifications should apply: a) base panel; it should be reinforced as a solid wall; b) facing panel; the layer should contain vertical and horizontal reinforcement. The reinforcement should be designed to support the actions due to the connectors, the weight of this layer, thermal effects and long term effects in service. The maximum distance between two bars of the reinforcement should not exceed 200 mm; c) reinforcement connectors; the connectors should be designed to connect the base panel with the facing panel and to transfer to the base panel the loads acting upon the facing panel. A.2.3 Reinforcement for lightened walls The following recommendations may apply: a) characteristics of the ribs and concrete connections:  ribs are defined according to A.2.1;  maximum space between two concrete ribs: 40 times the thickness of the facing panel in the case of transversal ribs; 50 times the thickness of the facing panel in the case of longitudinal ribs;  minimum thickness of a rib or diameter of a concrete connection: 50 mm;  concrete ribs and connections may be substituted by stainless steel elements suitably designed or other connecting systems.



EN 14992:2007(E)
18 Annex B (informative)
Concreting of composite walls on site Unless special provisions are taken the precast part of the wall should not have a temperature below 5 °C during concreting. After concreting the fresh concrete should not have a temperature below 10 °C for at least 3 days or should have a minimum compressive strength of 5 MPa before the temperature of the fresh concrete falls below 0 °C. The maximum formwork pressure may be taken from Figure B.1.
Key pc formwork pressure vc rate of concreting F1-F4 class of consistency of concrete (Table 7, EN 206-1:2000) Figure B.1 — Formwork pressure (developed by concrete on formwork) to be taken as a basis The following figures give an indication about recommended concreting load Lc per metre of lattice girder:  recommended Lc = 15,6 kN/m:  with inner concrete cover of ≥ 15 mm;  recommended Lc = 18,4 kN/m:  with an inner concrete cover of ≥ 17 mm



EN 14992:2007(E) 19
Key c inner concrete cover pc concrete pressure Figure B.2 For a given concrete consistency F3 (Table 7, EN 206-1:2000), the resulting maximum recommended rates for the placing of concrete may be taken as shown in Figure B.3. In this case a minimum reinforcement of 131 mm2/m transverse to the lattice girder may be recommended in each layer.
Key vc rate of concreting e distance between lattice girders lc permissible concreting load Lc per metre of lattice girder Figure B.3 — Recommended maximum rates of concreting for a given concrete consistency F3



EN 14992:2007(E)
20 Annex C (informative)
Inspection schemes This annex applies to wall elements with façade functions. Annex D of EN 13369:2004 applies with the following additional remarks: C.1 Concerning D.3.2 Process inspections — other process subjects  line 7, 11 and 12; the frequency of the visual inspection should be: before each casting;  line 11 the subject should be: cast-in items; and the purpose should be: conformity with production drawings and security check. C.2 Concerning D.4 of EN 13369:2004 Finished product inspection Table C.1 — Finished product inspection Subject Method Purpose Frequency Dimensions See 5.2 of EN 13369:2004 Conformity with drawings and specified tolerances 1 every 10 elements and at least 1 element for each casting line Warp, straightness and camber See 5.2 of EN 13369:2004 Conformity with drawings and specified tolerances 1 every 10 elements and at least 1 element for each casting line Surface appearance Visual inspection. In case of doubt, check according to Annex J4 of EN 13369:2004 Conformity with specified tolerances. Every element



EN 14992:2007(E) 21 Annex Y (informative)
Choice of CE marking method The producer shall choose to apply, for CE marking, one of the methods described in ZA.3, on the base of the following conditions. Y.1 Method 1 The declaration of geometrical data and material properties as specified in ZA.3.2 may be applied when the following condition occurs:  off the shelf and catalogue products. Y.2 Method 2 The declaration of product properties determined following EN Eurocodes, as specified in ZA.3.3, shall be applied when the following condition occurs:  precast product with product properties declared by the producer. Y.3 Method 3 The declaration of compliance with a given specification as specified in ZA.3.4 may be applied when the following condition occurs:  all other cases than Y.2 and Y.1.



EN 14992:2007(E)
22 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate M/1001) “Precast concrete products” given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The clauses of this European Standard shown in this annex meet the requirements of the mandate given under the EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC). Compliance with these clauses confers a presumption of fitness of the precast concrete wall elements with or without façade functions covered by this annex for the intended uses indicated herein; reference shall be made to the information accompanying the CE marking. WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives, not affecting the fitness for intended uses, may be applicable to the wall elements falling within the scope of this standard. NOTE 1 In addition to any specific clauses relating to dangerous substances contained in this standard, there may be requirements applicable to the products falling within its scope (e.g. transposed European legislation and national laws, regulations and administrative provisions). In order to meet the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive, these requirements need also to be complied with, when and where they apply. NOTE 2 An informative database of European and national provisions on dangerous substances is available at the Construction web site on EUROPA, accessed through http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/construction/ internal / dangsub/dangmain.htm. This annex establishes the conditions for the CE marking of loadbearing and non loadbearing wall elements with and without façade functions and has the same scope as Clause 1 of this standard and is defined by Table ZA.1a and ZA.1b.
1) As amended.



EN 14992:2007(E) 23 Table ZA.1a — Relevant clauses for loadbearing and non loadbearing wall elements without external functions Essential Characteristics Requirement clauses in this standard Levels and/or classes Notes and unitsCompressive strength (of concrete) All methods 4.2 Production requirements None MPa Ultimate tensile and tensile yield strength (of steel) All methods 4.1 Material requirements None MPa Method 1 Information listed in ZA.3.2 None Geometry and materials Method 2 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance None kNm, kN, kN/m Mechanical resistance Method 3 Design specification None
Method 1 Information listed in ZA.3.2 Ra / E / I Geometry and materials Method 2 4.3.4.1 Resistance to fire Ra / E / I min Resistance to fire (where relevant) Method 3 Design specification Ra / E / I
Method 1 Information listed in ZA.3.2 Euroclasses Geometry and materials Method 2 4.3.4.2 Reaction to fire Euroclasses
Reaction to fire (where relevant) Method 3 Design specification Euroclasses
Acoustical insulation (where relevant) All methods 4.3.5 Acoustic properties None dB 4.3.1 Geometrical properties None 4.3.3.1 Loadbearing design None 4.3.3.2 Reinforcement detailing None Detailing All methods 8 Technical documentation None Declared classesDurability All methods 4.3.7 Durability None Ambient conditions Strength of fixtureb All methods 4.3.8.5 Fixture of cladding elements
None
NOTE
Method 1 = declaration of geometrical data and material properties;
Method 2 = declaration of the value of the product properties;
Method 3 = declaration of compliance with given design specification. a Applies only to loadbearing elements. b Applies only to claddings.
One of these methods will be selected consistently with the corresponding method of CE making (ZA.3.2, ZA.3.3 or ZA.3.4).



EN 14992:2007(E)
24 Table ZA.1b — Relevant clauses for loadbearing and non loadbearing wall elements with external functions Essential Characteristics Requirement clauses in this standard Levels and/or classes Notes and unitsCompressive strength
(of concrete) All methods 4.2 Production requirements None MPa Ultimate tensile and tensile yield strength (of steel) All methods 4.1 Material requirements None MPa Method 1 Information listed in ZA.3.2 None Geometry and materials Method 2 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance None kNm, kN, kN/m Mechanical resistance Method 3 Design specification None
Method 1 Information listed in ZA.3.2 Ra / E / I Geometry and materials Method 2 4.3.4.1 Resistance to fire Ra / E / I min Resistance to f
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