SIST-TS CEN/TS 19102:2024

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2024
Projektiranje nateznih membranskih konstrukcij
Design of tensioned membrane structures
Bemessung von vorgespannten Membrantragwerken
Conception et calcul des structures en membrane tendue
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 19102:2023
ICS:
91.080.99 Druge konstrukcije Other structures
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/TS 19102
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
November 2023
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 91.080.99
English Version
Design of tensioned membrane structures
Conception et calcul des structures en membrane Bemessung von vorgespannten Membrantragwerken
tendue
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 24 August 2023 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 19102:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 6
0  Introduction. 7
1 Scope . 8
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19102 . 8
1.2 Assumptions . 8
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 18
4 Basis of design . 20
4.1 General rules . 20
4.2 Principles of limit state design . 22
4.3 Basic variables . 22
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method . 24
4.5 Design assisted by testing . 26
5 Materials . 26
5.1 General. 26
5.2 Fabrics . 26
5.3 Foils . 27
5.4 Connection devices . 28
5.5 Structural elements . 28
6 Durability . 29
6.1 General. 29
6.2 Fabrics . 29
6.3 Foils . 30
7 Structural Analysis . 30
7.1 General. 30
7.2 Pneumatic structures . 31
7.3 Patterning . 32
8 Ultimate Limit States . 33
8.1 General. 33
8.2 Resistance of fabrics and their connections . 33
8.3 Resistance of foils and their connections . 35
8.4 Design situation ponding . 38
9 Serviceability Limit States . 39
9.1 General. 39
9.2 Deflections . 39
9.3 Wrinkling . 39
9.4 Maintenance of the prestress and post tensioning . 40
9.5 Tear control . 40
9.6 Special provisions for foils . 40
10 Connections . 44
10.1 Introduction . 44
10.2 Irreversible membrane connections . 46
10.3 Reversible membrane connections . 48
10.4 Membrane edges . 50
10.5 Corners . 52
10.6 Field supports . 54
10.7 Further connection devices . 54
Annex A (informative) Classification of structural membranes . 55
A.1 Use of this Annex . 55
A.2 Scope and field of application . 55
A.3 General framework . 55
A.4 Strength classification for PES-PVC . 55
A.5 Tensile strength classification for glass-PTFE . 56
A.6 Typical Strength values for ETFE foil . 57
Annex B (normative) Procedures for determination of modification factors . 58
B.1 Use of this Annex . 58
B.2 Scope and field of application . 58
B.3 General determination of modification factors . 58
B.4 Modification factor considering modified temperature . 58
B.5 Modification factor considering permanent load . 60
B.6 Modification factor considering long-term load . 62
B.7 Modification factor considering ageing . 62
B.8 Modification factor considering biaxial stress states . 62
B.9 Modification factor considering panel size . 62
Annex C (informative) Modification factors . 63
C.1 Use of this Annex . 63
C.2 Scope and field of application . 63
C.3 Typical modification factors for PES-PVC membrane . 63
C.4 Typical modification factors for glass-PTFE membrane . 64
C.5 Typical Modification factors for ETFE foil membrane for ULS verification . 64
C.6 Typical Modification factors for ETFE foil membrane for SLS verification . 65
Annex D (informative) Test procedures considering crease folds sensitive fabrics. 66
D.1 Use of this Annex . 66
D.2 Scope and field of application . 66
D.3 Running double crease fold . 67
D.4 Over-loop rolling . 68
Annex E (informative) Test procedures to determine foil properties . 70
E.1 Use of this Annex . 70
E.2 Scope and field of application . 70
E.3 Biaxial creep tests for foils . 70
E.4 Biaxial hysteresis load tests for foils . 72
E.5 Evaluation of the biaxial tests according to E.4 . 74
Annex F (informative) Special provisions with regards to fire . 77
F.1 Use of this Annex . 77
F.2 Scope and field of application . 77
Annex G (informative) Fire performance of membrane structures exposed to fire . 78
G.1 Safety assessment of membrane structures exposed to fire . 78
Annex H (informative) Technical management measures for the implementation of
membrane structures . 79
H.1 Use of this Annex . 79
H.2 Scope and field of application . 79
H.3 Choice of technical management measures . 79
H.4 Design quality. 79
H.5 Design checking . 79
H.6 Execution quality . 79
H.7 Inspection during execution . 80
H.8 Technical management measures . 80
H.9 Continuous quality control of base materials production . 81
H.10 Initial type testing of membrane panels . 82
H.11 Continuous quality control of membrane panel production . 83
H.12 Technical documents and workshop planning . 86
H.13 Acquisition of the membrane material . 88
H.14 Inspection before packing . 89
H.15 Folding, packaging and transportation . 89
H.16 Erection . 90
H.17 Installation . 91
H.18 Handling of crease fold impacts . 92
Annex I (normative) Structural foils – Determination of tensile properties under uniaxial
stress states . 93
I.1 Use of this Annex . 93
I.2 Scope and field of application . 93
I.3 Terms and definitions . 93
I.4 Principle . 93
I.5 Apparatus . 93
I.6 Test specimens . 94
I.7 Number of test specimens . 94
I.8 Test procedure . 94
I.9 Evaluation and representation of test results . 97
I.10 Precision . 97
I.11 Evaluation of tests . 97
I.12 Test report . 97
Annex J (normative) Structural coated fabrics – Determination of tensile properties under
uniaxial stress states . 98
J.1 Use of this Annex . 98
J.2 Scope and field of application . 98
J.3 Test specimen preparation . 98
J.4 Test procedure . 99
J.5 Tests at temperatures different from room temperature . 99
J.6 Evaluation of tests . 100
Bibliography . 101

European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 19102:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This Technical Specification has been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
This Technical Specification has been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material,
product and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing
that are relied upon by the Eurocodes.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
0  Introduction
0.1 Introduction to CEN/TS 19102
This document for the design of tensioned membrane structures, which was prepared in line with the
Eurocodes, is intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant authorities (in
exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations), educators, software
developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and execution standards.
NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall” expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
in order to comply with the Eurocodes.
The verb “should” expresses a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.
The verb “may” expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can” expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.
0.3 National Annex for CEN/TS 19102
This document gives values within notes indicating where national choices can be made. Therefore, a
national document implementing CEN/TS 19102 can have a National Annex containing all Nationally
Determined Parameters to be used for the assessment of buildings and civil engineering works in the
relevant country.
When not given in the National Annex, the national choice shall be the default choice specified in the
relevant Technical Specification.
The national choice can be specified by a relevant authority.
When no choice is given in the Technical Specification, in the National Annex, or by a relevant authority,
the national choice can be agreed for a specific project by appropriate parties.
National choice is allowed in CEN/TS 19102 through the following clauses:
4.3.1.2(3) 4.4.3.2(1) 8.2.1(3) 8.3.1(3)
9.2.1(1) 9.6.1(3) C.3 C.4
C.5 C.6
National choice is allowed in CEN/TS 19102 on the application of the following informative annexes:
Annex A Annex H
The National Annex can contain, directly or by reference, non-contradictory complementary information
for ease of implementation, provided it does not alter any provisions of the Eurocodes.
1 Scope
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19102
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings and structural works, made of structural membrane
material. It provides guidance for the design of tensioned membrane structures, either mechanically or
pneumatically tensioned at a defined prestress level.
NOTE 1 Membrane materials comprise structural fabrics, coated structural fabrics and foils.
NOTE 2 For elements of tensile surface structures not governed by this Technical Specification (for example
made of steel, aluminium, wood or other structural materials), see relevant Eurocode parts.
(2) This document is concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of
tensioned membrane structures, as given in EN 1990.
NOTE 1 The safety criteria follow EN 1990 and will consider specific limit states for tensioned membrane
structures.
NOTE 2 Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
(3) Design and verification in this document is based on limit state design in conjunction with the partial
factor method.
NOTE Special attention goes to the action of prestress, snow, wind and rain action on membrane structures
and the combined effect of wind and rain or snow.
(4) This document covers analysis methodologies appropriate for tensioned membrane structures, from
analytical to full numerical simulation methods.
(5) This document considers connections between membrane materials and between membrane
materials and others.
(6) This document is applicable for hybrid membrane structures integrating different kinds of load
bearing behaviour (tension, compression, bending, inflation…), in a way that the structural membrane
shares loadbearing capacity with other structural elements made of different materials.
NOTE The term ‘hybrid structure’ refers to this combined structural behaviour or use of materials.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, the EN 1991 series, the EN 1993
series, the EN 1999 series, ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to tensioned
membrane structures.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE See the Bibliography for a list of other documents cited that are not normative references, including
those referenced as recommendations (i.e. in ‘should’ clauses), permissions (‘may’ clauses), possibilities ('can'
clauses), and in notes.
EN 1990:2023, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design
EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures
EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures
EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9 — Design of aluminium structures
EN ISO 527-1:2019, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 1: General principles (ISO 527-
1:2019)
EN ISO 527-3:2018, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 3: Test conditions for films and
sheets (ISO 527-3:2018)
EN ISO 1421:2016, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of tensile strength and elongation
at break (ISO 1421:2016)
EN ISO 13934-1, Textiles — Tensile properties of fabrics — Part 1: Determination of maximum force and
elongation at maximum force using the strip method (ISO 13934-1)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
anchor
device used to secure a membrane or cable to a support, usually buried in the ground, so installed as to
provide a firm point of attachment for resisting uplift
3.1.2
biaxial
stress state with stress along two orthogonal axes simultaneously
3.1.3
boundary cable
cable at the edge or termination of the membrane
3.1.4
cable
flexible linear or curvilinear element acting in tension
Note 1 to entry: A cable can be a wire rope, strand or web.
3.1.5
cable fitting
any accessory used as an attachment to, or support for, a cable
3.1.6
cable pocket
method of wrapping the membrane around a cable at a boundary condition
3.1.7
clamped connection
connection made by a series of shaped, overlapping plates that are clamped together by bolting
3.1.8
coated fabric
fabric with an adherent layer of polymeric material on one or both sides, the coated product remaining
flexible
[SOURCE: ISO 472:2013, 2.152]
3.1.9
compensation
reduction in size of a cutting pattern, so that during installation the panel elongates to achieve an initial
nominal prestress
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.2]
3.1.10
compensation value
amount by which the dimensions of the pattern geometry is reduced by compensation
Note 1 to entry: The compensation value is expressed as a percentage of length in the direction to be compensated.
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.3]
3.1.11
connection
location at which two or more elements meet, e.g. two structural membrane panels or a structural
membrane and the supporting structure; for design purposes, it is the assembly of the basic components
required to represent the behaviour during the transfer of the relevant internal forces and moments at
the connection
[SOURCE: EN 1993-1-8:— , 3.1.3, modified to clarify the possible contribution of the structural
membrane]
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: FprEN 1993-1-8:2023.
3.1.12
cutting pattern
two-dimensional geometry developed from a pattern to be cut out of an individual piece of membrane
Note 1 to entry: The pattern refers to a seam layout-based subdivision of the three-dimensional surface.
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.4, modified – “coated fabric” replaced by “membrane”]
3.1.13
decompensation
partial or complete reduction of compensation
Note 1 to entry: Decompensation may be applied to ease the installation process, typically in the vicinity of
boundaries.
Note 2 to entry: Typical application of compensation and decompensation to a piece of membrane is depicted in
Figure 3.1.
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.5, modified – “coated fabric” replaced by “membrane” in Note 2 to entry]

Key
1 final geometry when stressed with nominal prestress
2 geometry compensated, unstressed
3 geometry decompensated, unstressed
4 half of the pattern compensation measure in warp
5 half of the pattern compensation measure in fill
Figure 3.1 — Typical application of compensation and decompensation to a piece of membrane
3.1.14
European Technical Product Specification
— European Product Standard (EN),
— or a European Technical Assessment (ETA) based on a European Assessment Document (EAD),
— or a transparent and reproducible assessment that complies with all requirements of the relevant
EAD
3.1.15
eyelet
metal ring used to reinforce a small round hole in the membrane for threading a lace, string or rope
through
3.1.16
external structure
structural elements of the construction, to which the membrane structure is connected, which carry
vertical and horizontal loads from the membrane structure down to the foundations of the construction
Note 1 to entry: The external structure is out of the scope of this document.
3.1.17
extrusion direction
extrusion direction (or machine direction), abbreviated as “ED” (or “MD”), is the direction of extrusion of
a foil, corresponding with the longitudinal direction of a rolled-up sheet
3.1.18
fabric
sheet material produced from yarn or roving by a weaving process
3.1.19
fill
weft
all wires running crosswise of the cloth as woven
[SOURCE: ISO 2395:1990, 3.2.22]
3.1.20
foil
film
unsupported film with uniform thickness
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-11:2020, 3.1.4]
Note 1 to entry: Strictly the term foil refers to a metallic membrane. However, it is now the most commonly used
term for all isotropic structural plastic membranes including ETFE foils.
3.1.21
form found shape
equilibrium shape of the membrane depending on the geometry of the boundaries and the ratio of
prestress in the main structural directions
3.1.22
hem
edge of a membrane panel folded and stitched or welded or both
3.1.23
high point
commonly used expression for a radially patterned conical structure with elevated mid-ring
3.1.24
initial type testing
initial tests performed to determine the strength of seams and edge connections that can be achieved
3.1.25
installation
erecting the membrane structure on site
3.1.26
keder
encased cable edge treatment for membrane surfaces, either used in conjunction with grooved profile
extrusions or with plates, for connecting to rigid boundaries, corner plates and boundary cables
3.1.27
manufacture
converting the membrane material into a panel ready to be installed
3.1.28
material production
production of the membrane (base) material in the form of a roll
3.1.29
membrane material (base material)
thin, sheet-like material to create tensile surface structures, comprising structural fabrics, coated
structural fabrics and foils
3.1.30
nominal prestress
input data of prestress prescribed during the form finding and structural analysis, and part of the
structural design
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.10]
3.1.31
numerical model
numerical representation of a physical model
3.1.32
panel
final three-dimensional assembly of pieces of membrane, cut according to the cutting pattern, ready to
be installed on site
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.8, modified – “coated fabric” replaced by “membrane”]
Note 1 to entry: An architectural tensioned envelope may be made of more than one panel.
Note 2 to entry: A panel made of pieces of membrane is depicted in Figure 3.2.

(a) (b)
Figure 3.2 — Example of a panel assembled of pieces of membrane:
(a) Pieces of membrane, cut according to the cutting pattern, (b) panel
3.1.33
piece of membrane
two-dimensional piece cut from a roll of membrane
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.9, modified – “coated fabric” replaced by “membrane”]
3.1.34
ponding
accumulation of water or snow in flat or reversed areas
3.1.35
prestress
effect of prestressing process, namely, internal forces in the sections and the deformation of the structure
[SOURCE: EN 1992-1-1:2023, 3.1.64]
3.1.36
primary structure
stable structural system conceived to hold up the structural membrane
Note 1 to entry: This term is only used in the context of stability.
3.1.37
seam
connection of two or more pieces of membrane material, typically welded, stitched or glued
3.1.38
seam layout
definition of location and direction of seams over the surface of an architectural tensioned envelope
[SOURCE: EN 17117-2:2021, 3.12]
3.1.39
secondary structure
is only stable if connected to a primary structure (or an adjacent building), it can consist of the following
components: membrane, clamping profile, corner fittings, boundary cable/rope, ridge cable/rope, valley
cable/rope, pendulum supports, pendulum rods, hinged masts, supporting cables/ropes, “air supports”,
back cables/ropes, etc.
Note 1 to entry: Consider as example a four-point sail with four masts and back cables/ropes. All above-ground
components form the secondary structure, while the foundations form the primary structure. But if the top points
of the four masts are connected (e.g. with cables), only the membrane, the corner fittings and the boundary cables
form the secondary structure, since the rest remains standing without these components and thus forms the
primary structure.
Note 2 to entry: This term is only used in the context of stability.
3.1.40
structural membrane
tensioned membrane
tensile membrane
surface structure, carrying the loads by in-plane tension, attached to the supporting structure
3.1.41
supporting structure
membrane supporting structure
assembly of structural members (poles, cables, arches etc.), which carries the structural membrane and
resist loads that this structure is subjected to
a) b)
Key Key
A, B, C, D, E  fixing points to the external structure A, B, C, D  fixing points to the external structure
1  structural membrane 1, 2  supporting structure with fixing lines to the external
structures
2  membrane supporting structure (pole)
3  structural membrane
Figure 3.3 — Examples of supporting structures: (a) Fixing points to the external structure, (b)
Fixing lines to the external structure
Note 1 to entry: A membrane structure always ends at fixing points or fixing lines to foundations or to external
structures (e.g. adjacent walls). Elements (e.g. beams, columns, etc.), which are not structurally needed for the
membrane structure, are out of the scope of this document. Foreseeable deviations such as deflections, shortenings,
or elongations of the elements of the external structure should be communicated to the designer of the membrane
structure, so that these can be taken into account in the design.
3.1.42
tensioned membrane structure
membrane structure
tensile surface structure
combination of the structural membrane and its supporting structure
3.1.43
textile
woven fabric, knitted fabric, etc., formed by the interlocking of fibres and yarns having a certain cohesion
Note 1 to entry: Textiles often include certain types of non-woven fabrics.
[SOURCE: ISO 16373-3:2014, 2.1]
3.1.44
transversal direction
direction transverse to the extrusion direction, abbreviated as “TD”, of a foil, corresponding with the
width of a rolled-up sheet
3.1.45
turnbuckle
device composed of a doubly threaded cylinder commonly used to provide length adjustment of a cable
3.1.46
uniaxial
stress state with stress along one axis only
3.1.47
warp
all wires running lengthwise in the cloth as woven
[SOURCE: ISO 9044:2016, 3.4]
3.1.48
welding
means of connecting coated membrane or foil materials by a melting process like through hot air, hot
edge, hot bar, High Frequency or Ultra Sonic technology
3.1.49
work hardening
strengthening of a polymer, combined with plastic strain
Note 1 to entry: Within the scope of this document the strengthening of foil material like ETFE is meant, caused by
a single or multiple loading.
3.1.50
wrinkle
local buckling deformation of a membrane under compressive stresses
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
3.2.1 Latin uppercase symbols
E Young’s modulus
P Pressure
R Design value of the resistance
d
Characteristic value of the resistance
R
k
T Temperature
V Volume
V Coefficient of variation
x
3.2.2 Latin lowercase symbols
f Characteristic foil stress in the considered direction in the framework of the SLS verification
E
f Design membrane stress in the considered direction
Ed
f Characteristic ( = 5 % fractile) elastic limit of a foil in the framework of the SLS verification
el23
determined from in a uniaxial short-term tensile test at T = 23 °C
f Characteristic ( = 5 % fractile) tensile strength of a membrane or connection in a uniaxial
k23
short-term tensile test at T = 23 °C
f Stress limit of a foil in the framework of the SLS verification
str23
f Characteristic tensile strength of a foil or a foil connection in the framework of the SLS
R
verification
f Design tensile strength of a membrane or a membrane connection
Rd
f Characteristic tensile strength of a foil or a foil connection related to the specific SLS design
R,mod
situation
f Design tensile strength of a foil or a foil connection related to the specific design situation
Rd,mod
f Characteristic ( = 5 % fractile) tensile strength of a foil in a uniaxial short-term tensile test at
u23
T = 23 °C
f Characteristic ( = 5 % fractile) tensile strength of a foil connection in a uniaxial short-term
uw23
tensile test at T = 23 °C
k Modification factor taking into account separate specific effects influencing the membrane
properties in specific design situations
3.2.3 Greek lowercase symbols
ß Reliability index
Irreversible strain
ε
irr
residual strain after a relaxation time
ε
res
strain when elongation has stopped in a creep test
ε
sat
γ Shear angle
γ Partial factor for a material property
m
γ Partial factor for a material property, also accounting for model uncertainties and
M
dimensional variations
γ Partial factor for material
M0
γ Partial factor for connections
M1
γ Partial factor for material in the SLS verification
M,ser
Partial factor associated with the uncertainty of the resistance model
γ
Rd
ν Poisson’s ratio
φ Spreading angle in a cable pocket
3.2.4 Abbreviations
CC Consequence class
Cl. Clause
D Dimension
EXC Execution class
EPDM Ethylene propylene diene (monomer) rubber
ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
FEP Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
PES Polyester
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
PFA Tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether copolymer
PP Polypropylene
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC Polyvinylchlor
...