kSIST FprEN 1337-1:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Lager im Bauwesen - Teil 1: Allgemeine RegelungenAppareils d'appui structuraux - Partie 1 : Indications généralesStructural bearings - Part 1: General design rules91.010.30Technical aspectsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:FprEN 1337-1kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011en,fr,de01-november-2011kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN 1337-1
September 2011 ICS 91.010.30 Will supersede EN 1337-1:2000English Version
Structural bearings - Part 1: General
Appareils d'appui structuraux - Partie 1: Indications générales
Lager im Bauwesen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Regelungen This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 167.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. FprEN 1337-1:2011: EkSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .51 Scope .62 Normative references .63 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations .73.1 Definitions .73.2 Symbols .83.2.1 Latin upper case letters .83.2.2 Latin lower case letters .93.2.3 Greek letters .93.2.4 Subscripts .93.3 Abbreviations .93.4 Icons . 104 Design . 114.1 Principles . 114.2 Common types of bearings . 124.3 Bearing layout . 204.4 Basis of bearing design . 204.5 Minimum design movements . 204.6 Bearing clearances . 214.6.1 Accumulation of clearances . 214.6.2 Movement allowances . 214.7 Bearing design provisions . 214.7.1 Provisions for additional movements. 214.7.2 Safeguarding against loss of bearing components . 214.7.3 Provisions for transport . 214.7.4 Provisions for inspection . 214.7.5 Provision for replacement . 214.8 Joint between bearing and structure . 224.8.1 General . 224.8.2 Bedding with mortar . 224.8.3 Direct connection to the structure . 234.9 Transfer of horizontal forces (resistance to slipping) . 235 Manufacturing . 245.1 General . 245.2 Presetting . 246 Identification and marking . 246.1 General . 246.2 Permanent identification . 246.3 Temporary marking for installation . 257 Transport, storage and installation. 257.1 General . 257.2 Transport . 257.2.1 Packing . 257.2.2 Handling . 257.2.3 Inspection after delivery . 267.3 Storage . 267.4 Installation . 267.4.1 General . 26kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 3 7.4.2 Documents on site . 277.4.3 Formwork . 287.4.4 Contamination . 287.4.5 Installation tolerances . 287.4.6 Joint between bearing and structure . 297.4.7 Presetting . 307.4.8 Final finish . 317.5 Inspection . 318 Protection . 318.1 General . 318.2 Protection from debris and maintenance activities . 318.3 Protection from environmental influences (e.g. corrosion) . 318.3.1 General . 318.3.2 Corrosion protection of ferrous materials . 328.3.3 Corrosion protection of aluminium alloys . 328.3.4 Bolts . 328.3.5 Elastomeric materials . 328.3.6 Plastics . 338.4 Electrolytic corrosion . 338.5 Chemical corrosion . 338.6 Inspection of applied coating . 338.7 Maintenance . 339 In-service inspection . 339.1 General . 339.2 General aspects for report and evaluation . 349.3 Sliding element . 349.4 Elastomeric bearings . 359.5 Roller bearings . 369.6 Rocker bearings . 369.7 Pot bearings . 369.8 Guide bearings and restraint bearings . 37Annex A (informative)
Bearing schedule . 38A.1 General . 38A.2 Schedule . 38Annex B (informative)
Basic course contents for a specialist training . 44B.1 Basic course contents for a specialist training. 44B.2 Example of qualification certificate . 45Annex C (informative)
Types of Mortar . 47C.1 Overview . 47C.2 Ready-mixed cement mortar mixtures . 47C.3 Epoxy resin mortar . 48C.4 Methacrylate mortar . 48Annex D (informative)
Determination of the temperature of the structure . 49D.1 General . 49D.2 Aspects to be considered . 49Annex E (informative)
Bearing installation report . 51E.1 General . 51E.2 Report front page . 51E.3 Report subsequent pages . 51Annex F (normative)
Items for structural design. 55F.1 General . 55F.2 Design situation . 55F.3 Reaction to movement of a set of bearings . 55F.3.1 General . 55F.3.2 Rolling and sliding bearings . 55kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 4 F.3.3 Deformable bearings . 56F.4 Bearing clearances . 56F.4.1 Accumulation of play . 56F.4.2 Simultaneous action . 56F.5 Provision for replacement . 56Annex G (informative)
Structural designer's bearing schedule . 57G.1 General . 57G.2 Bearing schedule . 57G.3 Actions . 57G.3.1 Actions for permanent and transient design situations . 57G.3.2 Bearing replacement and other transient design situations . 58G.3.3 Bearing resistances and eccentricities resulting from movements . 58G.4 Design values of movements and loads . 59G.4.1 Principles . 59G.4.2 Climatic thermal actions . 59Annex H (informative)
Explanatory report . 63Bibliography . 67 kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 5 Foreword This document (FprEN 1337-1:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 167 “Structural bearings”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure. This document will supersede EN 1337-1:2000. EN 1337 Structural bearings consists of the following 8 parts:  Part 1: General;  Part 2: Sliding elements;  Part 3: Elastomeric bearings;  Part 4: Roller bearings;  Part 5: Pot bearings;  Part 6: Rocker bearings;  Part 7: Spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings;  Part 8: Guided bearings and restrained bearings. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are given in Annex H. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 6
1 Scope This part of this European Standard specifies general rules for design, manufacturing, protection, transport, storage, installation, and inspection of structural bearings for use in bridges and other structures, e.g. buildings. This European Standard does not give rules for
 bearings subjected to uplift;
 bearings for the specific moving function of moveable bridges (for example bascule bridges, lift bridges etc);
 concrete hinges. It may be used for guidance in the case of temporary bearings and the principles may be applied to the design and manufacture of other types of structural bearings not included in this European Standard.
If bearings are used as or as part of anti-seismic devices with the aim of modifying the dynamic response of the structure, EN 15129 also applies. NOTE The informative Annex H may give background information. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1090-2:2008, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures — Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures EN 1337-2, Structural bearings — Part 2: Sliding elements EN 1337-3:2005, Structural bearings — Part 3: Elastomeric bearings EN 1337-4, Structural bearings — Part 4: Roller bearings EN 1337-5, Structural bearings — Part 5: Pot bearings EN 1337-6, Structural bearings — Part 6: Rocker bearings EN 1337-7, Structural bearings — Part 7: Spherical and cylindrical PTFE bearings EN 1337-8, Structural bearings — Part 8: Guide Bearings and Restraint Bearings EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-5:2003, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-5: General actions — Thermal actions EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1992-1-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 7 EN 1992-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules EN 1993-1-8, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints EN 1999-1-1:2007, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures — Part 1-1: General structural rules EN 10088-1:2005, Stainless steels — Part 1: List of stainless steels EN 15129, Anti-seismic devices EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods (ISO 1461:2009) EN ISO 2081, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Electroplated coatings of zinc with supplementary treatments on iron or steel (ISO 2081:2008) EN ISO 3506 series, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners EN ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2005) EN ISO 12944 series, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems
EN ISO 10684, Fasteners — Hot dip galvanized coatings (ISO 10684:2004) ISO 3522:2007, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Castings — Chemical composition and mechanical properties 3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12944 series and the following apply. The bearings described in this part of this European Standard may be required to operate in a plane inclined to the horizontal. Then the terms "vertical" and "horizontal" shall be interpreted appropriately. 3.1.1 bearing structural device which transmits defined loads and allows defined movements between two members of a structure 3.1.2 fixed bearing bearing which prevents displacements (the vertical load transfer is, generally, the main function) 3.1.3 guided bearing bearing which prevents displacements in one direction and allows displacements in a perpendicular direction (the vertical load transfer is, generally, the main function)
3.1.4 free bearing bearing which allows displacements in all directions of a plane (the vertical load transfer is, generally, the main function) kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 8 3.1.5 restraint bearing bearing which prevents horizontal displacements (no vertical loads can be transferred) 3.1.6 guide bearing bearing which prevents displacements in one direction and allows displacements in a perpendicular direction (No vertical loads can be transferred) 3.1.7 support system the arrangement of bearings and other structural devices and elements which support the structure and provide for movements 3.1.8 accidental damage damage inflicted on the bearing from factors to which it is not intentionally exposed 3.1.9 environmental damage damage caused by effect of the weather associated with the location in which the bearing is intended to function and which can be predicted at the time the bearing is installed 3.1.10 protection against corrosion measures taken to prevent damage to the bearing due to corrosion for a specified time period 3.1.11 protective coating any coating applied to the bearing, or parts thereof, to protect them from environmental damage 3.1.12 protective measures any measures taken to protect the bearing, or parts thereof, from the effects of the environment and other external causes, that would otherwise reduce its working life 3.1.13 debris accumulated foreign particles which could solidify and obstruct proper functioning (e.g. dust) 3.1.14 working life the period of time during which the performance of a product will be maintained at a level that enables a properly designed and executed works to fulfil the Essential Requirements NOTE National regulations may distinguish between durability of corrosion protection in terms of discolouration and blistering etc. or the period of time until minor maintenance and period of time until major maintenance. 3.2 Symbols 3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
M Moment; bending moment; corrosivity category N Axial, normal force T Temperature kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 9 V Shear force
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
k Correction factor n Number of bearings u
Displacement
x Longitudinal axis y Transverse axis z Axis normal to the principle bearing surface 3.2.3 Greek letters
α
Coefficient of thermal expansion; factor; angle, rotation γ Partial factor ∆ Difference; increment
µ
Coefficient of friction 3.2.4 Subscripts
d Design E
Action effect arising from actions and imposed deformations inf Inferior value in relation to a favourable action k Characteristic max. Maximum
min. Minimum
p Anchorage, fixing device x, y, z Coordinates R Resistance, load bearing resistance r relieving
sup Superior value in relation to an unfavourable action 3 Geometric parameter 0 Initial value 3.3 Abbreviations Abbreviations and designations as used in Table 1. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 10 E Elastomeric bearing P Pot bearing S Spherical bearing R Roller bearing C Cylindrical bearing F Restraint bearing (fixed in the horizontal plane) LR Line rocker bearing
PR Point rocker bearing G Guide bearing 0 No movement capability in any horizontal direction (fixed) 1 Movement capability in the horizontal plane in one direction (guided) 2 Movement capability in the horizontal plane in two directions (free) d Movement is achieved by deformation of the bearing
s Movement is achieved by sliding in the bearing r Movement is achieved by rolling in the bearing Ref. The relevant part of EN 1337
3.4 Icons System of icons used in this document. No. Symbol Description 1
Generic bearing (elastomeric, pot, roller etc.) 2
Guides restraining the movement in one direction (irrelevant if internal or external) 3
Movement obtained through a sliding element 4
Movement obtained through a roller kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 11 5
Laminated elastomeric bearing (irrelevant if circular, square or rectangular) 6
Line rocker or roller bearing 7
Point rocker bearings 8
Pot bearing 9
PTFE spherical bearing 10
PTFE spherical bearing fixed by a restraining ring 11
PTFE cylindrical bearing 12
Restraint bearing
4 Design 4.1 Principles Bearings shall be designed to carry the defined loads and permit the defined movements in association with the corresponding reaction forces generated by the bearings. The design values for the bearings shall be derived in accordance with EN 1990 using the same combination rules and factors as for the structure and provided in a schedule. An example of a schedule is given in Annex A. The arrangement of bearings in a support system for a structure shall be considered in conjunction with the design of the structure as a whole. Internal forces resulting from the restrain of rotation of the bearing shall be considered in the design. In the design of line rocker and single roller bearings the full implications of uneven pressure along the length of the roller or rocker shall be taken into account in the design of the structure and the bearing. The following are typical examples of cases where particular care is required: a) structures curved in plan; b) structures with slender piers; c) structures without transverse beams. Guides used in rotating bearings may require the incorporation of a rotational element. If no special measures are taken, painted mild steel to mild steel contact surfaces shall not be subjected to quasi permanent combination of actions when they are expected to undergo relative movements in the contact area at the same time. All testing results of bearings, components and parts (e.g. mortar) shall be evaluated considering the principles in EN 1990, unless otherwise specified.
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 12 4.2 Common types of bearings The load transfer and movement possibilities of the bearings are expressed in a Cartesian coordinate system, in which x and y define the horizontal plane and z the vertical direction. x is normally oriented in the longitudinal direction of the superstructure and y in the transverse direction. The orientation of the local coordinate system of the bearings may deviate from the superstructures global system, e.g. when a guide slides in a direction other than main direction of the superstructure. In Table 1 the load and movement direction are given for the local coordination system of the bearings. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the directions for loads and movements. x is usually the main direction of movement.
Figure 1 — Cartesian coordinate system In Table 1, common types of bearings and their load transfer and movement capabilities in the horizontal plane are characterised by an unambiguous code, consisting of a combination of letters from the abbreviations indicating the type of bearing, followed by a number from the abbreviations, indicating the numbers of directions in which horizontal movement is allowed. The latter can be followed by a letter, which indicates whether the movement is allowed by deformation or sliding in the bearing. The icons are meant to be used for bearing schedules in order to avoid confusion. Due to the nature of the bearings, acting in their environment, reaction moments can occur and shall be considered where relevant. The designs given in the table are nor normative nor exhaustive. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 13 Table 1 —Bearings Table 1a — Elastomeric bearings Type E.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal directionFig.
Icon
Load x, y, z, x, y, z, x, y, z, Mov.
.x, .y .x, .y .x, .y Ref. EN 1337-3, -8 EN 1337-3, -8 EN 1337-3, -8 Type E.1 - Guided in one horizontal direction -Deformable and/or sliding Fig.
E.1d
E.1d
E.1s
Icon
Load
y or x, z, y or x, z, y or x, z, Mov.
x or y, .x, .y x or y, .x, .y x or y, .x, .y Ref. EN 1337-3, -8 EN 1337-2, 3, -8 EN 1337-3, -8 kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 14 Table 1a (continued) Type E.2 - Deformable in any horizontal direction-deformable and/or sliding Fig.
E.2d
E.2d
E.2ds Icon
Load
z z z Mov.
x, y, .x, .y, .z x, y, .x, .y, .z x, y, .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-3 EN 1337-3 EN 1337-2, 3
Table 1.b — Pot bearings Type P.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal direction P.1 - Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction P.1 -Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
x, y, z y or x, z y or x, z Mov.
.x, .y, .z x or y, .x, .y, .z x, y, .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-5 EN 1337-2, 5 EN 1337-2, 5 kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 15 Table 1b (continued) Type P.2 - Free, sliding in any horizontal direction
Fig.
Icon
Load z Mov.
x, y, .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-2, 5
Table 1.c
Spherical bearings Type S.0 - Fixed spherical bearing restrained in any horizontal direction S.0s -Fixed spherical bearing restrained in any horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
x, y, z x, y, z Mov.
.x, .y, .z .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-7 EN 1337-2, 7 kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 16 Table 1c (continued) Type S.1s - Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction with external guides S.1s -Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction with internal guide S.2s -Free, sliding in any horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
y or x, z y or x, z z Mov.
x or y, .x, .y, x or y, .x, .y, .z x, y, .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-2, 7 EN 1337-2, 7 EN 1337-2, 7
Table 1.d — Point rocker bearings Type PR.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal direction PR.1s Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction -
PR.2s -Free, sliding in any horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
x, y, z y or x, z z Mov.
.x, .y, .z x or y, .x, .y, .z x, y, .x, .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-6 EN 1337-2, -6 EN 1337-2, -6
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 17 Table 1.e — Line rocker bearings Type LR.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal direction LR.1s -Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction LR.2s - Free, sliding in any horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load x, y, z z, y or x z Mov. .x or .y, x or y, .x or .y, x, y, .x or .y, .z
Ref. EN 1337-6 EN 1337-2, -6 EN 1337-2, -6
Table 1.f — Roller bearings Type R.1r - Rolling in one horizontal direction (not guided) R.1r -Guided, rolling in one horizontal direction R.2rs - Rolling in one horizontal direction, sliding in one horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
z z, x or y z Mov.
x or y, .x or .y, x or y, .x or .y, x, y, .x or .y Ref. EN 1337-4 EN 1337-4 EN 1337-2, -4 NOTE Guides for roller bearings act as a key and do not need to comply with EN 1337-2 and -8. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 18 Table 1.g — Cylindrical bearings Type C.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal direction C.1s -Sliding in one horizontal direction, guided by cylinder C.1s -Sliding in one horizontal direction, guided by key Fig.
Icon
Load
x, y, z z, x or y
z, x or y Mov.
.x or .y x or y, .y or .x x or y, .x or .y Ref. EN 1337-2, -7 EN 1337-2, 7 EN 1337-2, 7 Type C.1s - Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction C.2s -Sliding in any horizontal direction Fig.
Icon
Load
z, x or y z
Mov.
x or y, .x or .y x, y, .x or .y
Ref. EN 1337-2, 7 EN 1337-2, 7
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 19 Table 1.h — Restraint bearings Type F.0 - Fixed, restrained in any horizontal direction
Fig.
Icon
Load
x, y Mov.
z, .x , .y, .z Ref. EN 1337-8
Table 1.i — Guide bearings Type G.1s - Guided, sliding in one horizontal direction
Fig.
icon
Load
y or x Mov.
x or y, z, .x or .y Ref. EN 1337-2, -8
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 20 4.3 Bearing layout
The designer of the structure shall prepare a bearing layout (support plan) which includes the following:  Overview of the bearing arrangement;  Identification of the type of bearing at each position;  Bearing functions shall be indicated on the drawing using the icons given in Table 1;  Design loads and movements;  Detail drawings of the adjacent structure with typical bridge cross-sections and particulars of any special locating requirements;  Installation tolerances. 4.4 Basis of bearing design The design of the bearings shall be based on serviceability and/or ultimate limit state as appropriate. Where characteristic values, partial factors and combination factors for loads and movements are not covered, either by this European Standard or a Eurocode, the designer shall determine the values in accordance with the one used for the design of the superstructure and with the principles set out in EN 1990. The design of bearings and supports shall allow inspection, maintenance and replacement, in order to enable them to fulfil their function throughout the design working life of the structure. The need for presetting and adjustment during installation shall be determined in accordance with
EN 1991-1-5:2003, 6.1.3.3, Note 2. The ULS movements do not need to be increased by additional allowances. If adjustment of the preset on site is planned, the manufacturer shall be so advised at the time of ordering so that due provision can be made for the movement of the relevant parts. The bearing design shall cover dynamic loading for road and railway bridges. Installation tolerances shall be derived considering the design of the bridge, the stiffness of the bearings, the interaction between groups of bearings and bearings on the same axis and the installation of bearings. 4.5 Minimum design movements Unless otherwise specified in other Parts of this European Standard, the minimum design movement capacity of the bearing shall be Rotation: ± 0,005 radians or result in at least 5 mm clearance between opposing parts that can come into contact after rotation
Translation: the minimum design translation shall be ± 10 mm in any unrestrained direction The minimum design movement capacities shall not be applied to elastomeric bearings. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 21 4.6 Bearing clearances
4.6.1 Accumulation of clearances If bearings are designed to resist horizontal forces some movement (play) will take place before clearances are taken up. The design play and its tolerances shall be indicated on the bearing manufacturer’s drawings. In bearings made of more than two components the total play of the bearing is the sum of the clearances of the adjacent parts. The total play shall not exceed 2 mm unless otherwise specified. 4.6.2 Movement allowances
Play shall not be taken into account for horizontal movement unless it can be shown that it will be permanently available in the required direction. 4.7 Bearing design provisions 4.7.1 Provisions for additional movements The effects of movements occurring during erection, e.g. creep, shrinkage, construction methods, range of installation temperature etc. shall be considered. 4.7.2 Safeguarding against loss of bearing components Adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that no gradual slackening of a bearing assembly occurs as a result of vibration. 4.7.3 Provisions for transport 4.7.3.1 Clamping All bearings made up of several components, which are not rigidly fixed together, shall be temporarily clamped together at the place of manufacture. Such clamps shall be sufficiently strong to hold the various bearing components in their correct positions during handling, transportation and installation. The removable parts shall be marked, e.g. painted in a different colour from the bearing. Clamps shall be removable after installation or designed to break once the bearing starts to function, without damaging the bearing. 4.7.3.2 Lifting All bearings that are too heavy to be handled manually shall have provision for the fitting of attachments for lifting devices. 4.7.4 Provisions for inspection Bearings shall be provided with reference points where clearances, rotations and displacements can be measured. NOTE The displacement indicators are subject to national regulations. 4.7.5 Provision for replacement The design of bearings and the structure shall take account of the requirement to make provisions for the replacement of bearings or parts of bearings by jacking the structure. If no other information is available it shall be assumed that replacement will be possible when the main structure is raised by not more than 10 mm from its original level.
kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011
FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 22 4.8 Joint between bearing and structure 4.8.1 General It is recommended that bearings are installed on a levelling course, which should consist of anchor plates and a mortar bed. If the materials and methods to be used are not standardized or certified for use in structures their suitability shall be demonstrated by testing.
The materials and methods used to bed the bearings shall result in a surface with no harmful voids and variations of stiffness across the supported area; see Annex C for information about material. When provided, temporary supports under bearing plates shall be compressible under design loading (to avoid hard spots) if not removed once the bedding material has reached the required strength. 4.8.2 Bedding with mortar The strength of the mortar shall be demonstrated by acceptance tests. The mortar manufacturer shall be certified in accordance with the EN ISO 9000 certified quality management system or equivalent. See Annex C for descriptions of various types of suitable mortars. The mortar shall be capable of transmitting the applied load to the structure without damage. NOTE 1 The choice of mortar is influenced by the method of installing the bearings, the size of the gap to be filled, the strength required and the required setting time.
When selecting the mortar consideration should therefore be given to the following factors:
 type and size of bearing;
 loading on bearing;
 construction sequence and timing;
 application temperature;  friction;
 shear connector arrangements;
 access around the bearing;
 design and condition of surfaces in the bearing area;  required thickness;  chemical properties of polymeric materials;  time dependent behaviour (early loading);  durability aspects. Commonly used materials are cementitious or polymeric.
The bedding shall be a non-shrink (shrink compensated) type. kSIST prEN 1337-1:2011

FprEN 1337-1:2011 (E) 23 NOTE 2 The top surface of any protrusion of the bedding beyond the bearing should have a slope away from the bearing. 4.8.3 Direct connection to the structure 4.8.3.1 General A direct connection to the structure can be achieved by a levelling layer, welded joints, bolted joints or in-situ concrete. 4.8.3.2 Levelling layer With direct connections to the structure a levelling layer may be necessary due to manufacturing and construction tolerances. The following characteristics shall be considered in the choice of levelling material:
 Mechanical properties, i.e. compressive strength, stiffness, adhesion, shear strength;  Environmental influences, i.e. temperatures, moisture, UV light, ozone, hydrolysis, de-icing salt;  Durability. 4.8.3.3 Welded joints Welded joints shall be designed in accordance with EN 1993-1-8. 4.8.3.4 Bolted joints
Bolted joints shall be designed in accordance with EN 1993-1-8. 4.8.3.5 In-situ concrete In-situ concrete shall be designed in accordance with EN 1992-1 and EN 1992-2. 4.9 Transfer of horizontal forces (resistance to slipping) The resistance to slipping shall be determined as follows: RdEdVV≤ where VEd
is the design shear force resulting from the actions pdEdµkRdVNV+⋅=γµ
is the design value of slip resistance with
NEd minimum design force acting normal to the joint coexisting with VEd Vpd
design resistance of any fixing device µk characteristic value of the friction (slip) coefficient µk 0,4 for steel to steel connections
...