SIST EN 13063-3:2008
(Main)Chimneys — System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners — Part 3: Requirements and test methods for air flue system chimneys
Chimneys — System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners — Part 3: Requirements and test methods for air flue system chimneys
This product standard specifies the requirements and test methods for dry (designated D) and/or wet (designated W) air flue system chimneys, including terminals in which the products of combustion are carried into the atmosphere through clay/ceramic flue liners and combustion air is carried into suitable room-sealed appliances through an air duct or an air gap.
It also specifies the requirements for marking, manufacturer's instructions, product information and evaluation of conformity.
This standard does not apply to structurally independent (free standing or self supporting) system chimneys.
An air flue system chimney is made of the following components where appropriate:
clay/ceramic flue liners;
insulation layer;
outer walls;
mortar for jointing flue liners;
acid resistant mortar or elastomeric sealant for jointing flue liners;
mortar for jointing outer walls;
terminal;
chimney base;
pressure equalising opening;
air duct;
air gap;
cladding;
opening section;
cleaning and inspection door;
distance piece;
reinforcement.
The air- flue system chimney covers a combination of compatible chimney components obtained or specified from one manufacturing source, with product responsibility for the whole chimney.
Abgasanlagen - System-Abgasanlagen mit Keramik-Innenrohren - Teil 3: Anforderungen und Prüfungen für Luft-Abgasleitungen
Conduits de fumées - Conduits-systemes avec conduit intérieur en terre cuite/céramique - Partie 3 : Exigences et méthodes d'essai pour conduits-systemes a brassage d'air
La présente norme de produit spécifie les exigences et les méthodes d'essai applicables aux conduits systèmes air / fumée fonctionnant en condition sèche (désignation D) et/ou humide (désignation W), incluant des terminaux dans lesquels les produits de combustion sont acheminés vers l'atmosphère par des conduits intérieurs en terre cuite / céramique et l'air de combustion est acheminé aux chaudières étanches par un conduit d'air ou par un espace libre pour l’air.
Elle spécifie également les exigences de marquage, les instructions du fabricant, les informations relatives au produit et l'évaluation de la conformité.
La présente norme ne s'applique pas aux conduits systèmes structurellement indépendants (autoporteurs ou autonomes).
Un conduit système air / fumée se compose des éléments suivants, selon le cas :
un conduit intérieur en terre cuite / céramique ;
une couche d'isolant ;
des enveloppes extérieures ;
un mortier pour jointoyer les conduits intérieurs ;
un mortier résistant aux acides pour jointoyer les conduits intérieurs ou un matériau d'étanchéité élastomère ;
du mortier pour jointoyer les enveloppes extérieures ;
un terminal ;
une base ;
une ouverture d'égalisation de pression ;
un conduit d'air ;
un espace libre pour l’air ;
un habillage ;
une ouverture ;
une trappe de nettoyage et de visite ;
une entretoise ;
une armature.
Le conduit système air / fumée englobe un ensemble d'éléments compatibles, fournis ou conseillés par un fabricant assumant la responsabilité du produit pour le conduit de fumée dans son intégralité.
Dimniki - Sistemski dimniki s keramičnimi tuljavami - 3. del: Zahteve in preskusne metode za dimnike z zračnimi kanali
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Chimneys — System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners — Part 3: Requirements and test methods for air flue system chimneysConduits de fumées - Conduits-systemes avec conduit intérieur en terre cuite/céramique - Partie 3 : Exigences et méthodes d'essai pour conduits-systemes a brassage d'airAbgasanlagen - System-Abgasanlagen mit Keramik-Innenrohren - Teil 3: Anforderungen und Prüfungen für Luft-AbgasleitungenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13063-3:2007SIST EN 13063-3:2008en,fr91.060.40ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13063-3:200801-marec-2008
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13063-3July 2007ICS 91.060.40 English VersionChimneys - System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners - Part3: Requirements and test methods for air flue system chimneysConduits de fumées - Conduits-systèmes avec conduitintérieur en terre cuite/céramique - Partie 3 : Exigences etméthodes d'essai pour conduits-systèmes à brassage d'airAbgasanlagen - System-Abgasanlagen mit Keramik-Innenrohren - Teil 3: Anforderungen und Prüfungen für Luft-AbgasleitungenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 June 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13063-3:2007: E
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Shapes, dimensions and tolerances.9 4.1 Air-flue system chimney.9 4.2 Terminals.9 4.3 Pressure-equalising openings.9 4.4 Air duct dimensions.9 5 Requirements.9 5.1 General.9 5.2 Material requirements for air-flue system chimneys and terminals.9 5.3 Minimum compressive strength for a pressure-equalising opening section.9 5.4 Outer wall elements.10 5.5 Safety in use.10 5.5.1 Thermal resistance.10 5.5.2 Thermal resistance of the flue duct (concentric).10 5.5.3 Thermal resistance of the flue duct (side by side).10 5.5.4 Thermal resistance of the air duct.10 5.6 Resistance to fire external to external.10 5.7 Aerodynamic requirements.11 5.7.1 Flow resistance of air ducts.11 5.7.2 Aerodynamic properties of terminals.11 5.7.3 Pressure-equalising opening section.11 6 Replacement of single components of the air flue system chimney.11 7 Designation.12 8 Product information.13 9 Marking and labelling.14 10 Evaluation of conformity.14 10.1 General.14 10.2 Initial type testing.15 10.3 Evaluation of conformity for the exchange of components.15 10.4 Factory production control.15 Annex A (normative)
Test methods.16 A.1 Compressive strength of pressure-equalising opening sections.16 A.1.1 Test sample.16 A.1.2 Testing equipment.16 A.1.3 Test procedure.16 A.2 Aerodynamic behaviour of terminals under wind conditions.16 A.2.1 Test apparatus.16 A.2.2 Test sample.16 A.2.3 Measuring parameters.16 A.2.4 Test procedure.17 A.2.5 Test results.17 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive.18 ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics.18
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 3 ZA.2 Procedure(s) for attestation of conformity of systems chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners.21 ZA.2.1 System(s) of attestation of conformity.21 ZA.2.2 EC Certificate and Declaration of conformity.22 ZA.3
CE marking and labelling.23 Bibliography.27
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13063-3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 166 “Chimneys”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2009. This standard is part 3 of a series of standards for system chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners. Part 1 is for soot fire resistant system chimneys and part 2 is for system chimneys working under wet conditions.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 89/106.
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This product standard specifies the requirements and test methods for dry (designated D) and/or wet (designated W) air flue system chimneys, including terminals in which the products of combustion are conveyed to the atmosphere through clay/ceramic flue liners and combustion air is conveyed to suitable room-sealed appliances through an air duct or an air gap. It also specifies the requirements for marking, manufacturer's instructions, product information and evaluation of conformity. This standard does not apply to structurally independent (free standing or self supporting) system chimneys. An air flue system chimney is made of the following components where appropriate: clay/ceramic flue liners; insulation layer; outer walls; mortar for jointing flue liners; acid resistant mortar or elastomeric sealant for jointing flue liners; mortar for jointing outer walls; terminal; chimney base; pressure equalising opening; air duct; air gap; cladding; opening section; cleaning and inspection door; distance piece; reinforcement. The air flue system chimney covers a combination of compatible chimney components obtained or specified from one manufacturing source, with product responsibility for the whole chimney.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 6 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 1443:2003, Chimneys — General requirements EN 1457:1999, Chimneys — Clay/Ceramic Flue Liners — Requirements and test methods EN 12446, Chimneys — Components — Concrete outer wall elements EN 13063-1:2005, Chimneys — System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners — Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sootfire resistance EN 13063-2: 2005, Chimneys — System chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners — Part 2: Requirements and test methods under wet conditions EN 13069, Chimneys — Clay/ceramic outer walls for system chimneys — Requirements and test methods EN 13162, Thermal insulation products for buildings — Factory made mineral wool (MW) products — Specification EN 13216-1:2004, Chimneys — Test methods for system chimneys — Part 1: General test methods. EN 13384-1, Chimneys — Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods Part 1: Chimneys serving one appliance ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1443:2003, EN 13063-1:2005, EN 13063-2:2005 and the following apply. 3.1 air flue – system chimney chimney with an air duct (combustion air), flue duct (flue gas) and terminal for room-sealed appliances 3.2 concentric air flue – system chimney chimney with the air duct concentric around the flue
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 7
Key 1 Flue duct 2 Insulation layer 3 Outer wall 4 Cavities for structural reinforcement 5 Air gap Figure 1 — Examples of cross sections of concentric air flue system chimneys
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 8 3.3 side-by-side air flue system chimney chimney with the air duct side-by-side to the flue
Key 1 Flue duct 2 Insulation layer or air gap 3 Outer wall 4 Cavities for structural reinforcement 5 Air duct
6 Back ventilation Figure 2 — Examples of cross sections of side-by-side air flue system chimneys
3.4 terminal element consisting of an air inlet and a flue outlet which is situated at the top of the air flue–system chimney 3.5 pressure-equalising opening opening that directly connects the air duct/air gap with the flue which is situated at the base of the air flue–system chimney 3.6 air duct/air gap part of the air flue–system chimney which conveyscombustion air to room-sealed appliances 3.7 recirculation percentage ratio between the amount of flue gases leaking through the flue opening into the air duct opening of the terminal and the total amount of flue gases produced 3.8 wind pressure angle angle related to horizontal at which the wind impinges upon the air/flue terminal
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 9 3.9 wind effect pressure additional pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the terminal due to wind 4 Shapes, dimensions and tolerances 4.1 Air-flue system chimney The requirements for shapes, dimensions and tolerances shall be as given in EN 13063-1:2005, clause 4. 4.2 Terminals When terminals are supplied with the air-flue system chimneys, the dimensions and tolerances of the terminals shall be declared by the manufacturer. 4.3 Pressure-equalising openings Where pressure-equalising openings are supplied with the air-flue system chimneys, dimensions and tolerances of the pressure-equalising openings shall be declared by the manufacturer. 4.4 Air duct dimensions Dimensions and tolerances shall be declared by the manufacturer. 5 Requirements 5.1 General The material requirements of this standard are covered by the requirements given in EN 13063-1 and
EN 13063-2. 5.2 Material requirements for air-flue system chimneys and terminals All air flue system chimneys designated D, excluding terminals, shall be in accordance with the material requirements of EN 13063-1:2005, clause 5. Concentric air flue system chimneys designated W, excluding terminals, shall be in accordance with the material requirements of EN 13063-2:2005, clause 5. In addition the flue liner shall have a water vapour resistance less than or equal to 10 (g/h m2) measured according to EN 1457:1999, 16.13. Side-by-side air flue system chimneys designated W shall be in accordance with the material requirements of EN 13063-2:2005, clause 5. Material requirements for terminals shall be specified according to the appropriate European standard or, in the absence of European standards, according to the manufacturer's specification. 5.3 Minimum compressive strength for a pressure-equalising opening section The minimum compressive strength for a pressure-equalising opening section shall be in accordance with the requirements for opening sections of EN 13063-1:2005, 5.1.3 when testing in accordance with Annex A. NOTE The limiting factor of the maximum height of system chimneys is the compressive strength of the opening section or pressure-equalising opening section (inner liner or outer wall).
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 10 5.4 Outer wall elements The outer wall elements shall fulfil EN 12446 for concrete outer wall elements, or EN 13069 for clay/ceramic outer wall elements, or EN 13063-1:2005, Annex B for stainless steel metal outer walls.
5.5 Safety in use 5.5.1 Thermal resistance For air flue system chimneys the thermal resistance of the flue duct and the thermal resistance of the air duct shall be declared by the manufacturer. 5.5.2 Thermal resistance of the flue duct (concentric) The thermal resistance value of the flue duct (inner liner with or without insulation) shall be declared by the manufacturer and shall be verified by testing according to the test method of EN 13216-1:2004, clause 5.8 (reference test method) or calculation in accordance with EN 13063-1:2005, Annex C, both with inner surface temperature of the flue liner at 200°C. 5.5.3 Thermal resistance of the flue duct (side by side) The thermal resistance value of the flue duct (inner liner with or without insulation and outer wall) shall be declared by the manufacturer and shall be verified by testing according to the test method of
EN 13216-1:2004 clause 5.8 (reference test method) or calculating in accordance with EN 13063-1:2005, Annex C, both with an inner flue liner surface temperature of 200 °C. 5.5.4 Thermal resistance of the air duct The thermal resistance value of the air duct declared by the manufacturer shall be verified by testing according to the test method of EN 13216-1 (reference test method) or calculation in accordance with EN 13063-1:2005, Annex C, related to 20 °C. NOTE In the absence of a European test method, the outer surface temperature of the air duct/air gap should not be less than the dew point temperature of the ambient air if calculated or measured according to national methods and boundary values. 5.6 Resistance to fire external to external Until a European test method is available,resistance to fire, external to external, shall be evaluated and declared according to national regulations. Examples of European classification are given in Table 1. Table 1 – Examples of European
fire resistance performance classes Fire resistance performance classes Duration in minutesEI 000 0 ≤ EI 000 < 30 EI 030 30 ≤ EI 030 < 60 EI 060 60 ≤ EI 060 < 90 EI 090 90 ≤ EI 090 < 120 EI 120 120 ≤ EI 120
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 11 5.7 Aerodynamic requirements 5.7.1 Flow resistance of air ducts 5.7.1.1 General The flow resistance shall be measured according to EN 13216-1:2004, 5.10. The friction coefficient ζ and the mean roughness r shall be either calculated or taken from EN 13384-1. For outer wall elements the roughness value r = 0,0 015 m (clay/ceramic), r = 0,003 m (concrete) and the friction coefficient ζ for typical fittings can be taken from EN 13384-1. 5.7.1.2 Flow resistance of pressure equalising openings The flow resistance shall be measured according to EN 13216-1:2004, 5.10. The friction coefficient ζ shall be calculated. 5.7.1.3 Flow resistance of terminals Where terminals are supplied with the air-flue system chimneys, the flow resistance shall be measured according to EN 13216-1:2004, 5.8. The friction coefficient ζ for the air inlet and the flue gas outlet shall be calculated and declared. NOTE If the friction coefficient ζ is not being measured it can be taken from to EN 13384-1. 5.7.2 Aerodynamic properties of terminals
Air – flue system chimney terminals shall be tested in accordance with A.2 and the pressure characteristics shall be declared. 5.7.3 Pressure-equalising opening section For multi-inlet air flue system chimneys the manufacturer shall declare the size of the pressure-equalising opening. The cross section of the pressure-equalising opening shall be at least 15 % of the cross section of the flue liner. Multi-inlet air flue system chimneys working under positive pressure shall not have a pressure-equalising opening. NOTE No pressure-equalising opening is necessary for air flue system chimneys with only one appliance. 6 Replacement of single components of the air flue system chimney If the manufacturer changes a part of the system, it is possible to replace single components as appropriate as described in the relevant EN 13063-1 for the designated D system or EN 13063-2 for the designated W system. Terminals and pressure equalizing openings shall meet the requirements of 5.3. Terminals shall comply with 5.7.1.3 and 5.7.3. Pressure equalizing opening section shall comply with 5.3 and 5.7.1.2.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 12 7 Designation The following shall be used for designating air-flue system chimneys with clay/ceramic flue liners: denomination; standard number; temperature class; pressure class; resistance to condensate class; corrosion resistance class; soot fire resistance class followed by the distance to combustible materials.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 13
Typical example for a soot fire resistant air flue system chimney
Air-flue system chimney EN 13063 –3 T400 N1 D 3 G50
Denomination
Standard number
Temperature class
Pressure class
Resistance to condensate class
Corrosion resistance class
Soot fire resistance class followed by the distance to combustible materials
8 Product information The installation instructions shall be available in the language of the country in which the product is sold and shall meet the criteria, if stated, in the national building regulations. The following information shall be included: manufacturer's identification; product designation with explanation;
fire resistance external to external; installation drawing typical of the application; method of jointing the components; method of installing sections or fittings and accessories; minimum distance to combustibles; limitations of height and location of the exposed section of the chimney;
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 14 location of the inspection doors; values for calculating performance according to EN 13384-1; internal size of the inner liner (diameter or length and width); external size of the chimney (diameter or length and width);
thermal resistance of the flue duct; thermal resistance of the air duct; friction coefficient ζ of the pressure-equalising opening; friction coefficient ζ of the terminal air inlet; friction coefficient ζ of the terminal flue gas outlet; friction coefficient ζ of the air duct; roughness of the inner liner; coefficient of the flow resistance due to a directional change in the flue. 9 Marking and labelling The manufacturer shall make available a chimney plate made of a durable material that shall include the following information: name or trademark of the manufacturer, engraved or indelibly marked; nominal size; date of manufacturing or batch number; space for installer data and date of installation. NOTE For CE marking and labelling see ZA.3 in Annex ZA. 10 Evaluation of conformity 10.1 General The evaluation of conformity shall be demonstrated by: Initial type testing; Factory production control by the manufacturer, including product assessment. Air flue system chimneys contain components that have been already evaluated for conformity according to their relevant product standards and shall not be further tested for conformity as far as it has been demonstrated that the component has been already subject to an evaluation of conformity. NOTE CE marked products means compliance with the applicable provisions and that the product has been subject to the appropriate conformity assessment procedures.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 15 Clay/ceramic inner liners EN 1457; insulation EN 13162 and other relevant European product standards; clay/ceramic outer wall elements EN 13069; concrete outer wall elements EN 12446. 10.2 Initial type testing Initial type tests shall be performed initially with factory production control tests as given in Table 2. The test sequence shall be carried out on one size of flue liner for each geometrical configuration e.g. circular, square, rectangular. For circular flue liners the size to be tested shall be (200 ± 50) mm internal diameter. For other geometrical configurations the flue liner shall have an equivalent cross-sectional area range. 10.3 Evaluation of conformity for the exchange of components For the exchange of components , the requirements listed in Table 2 shall apply. Table 2 — Factory production control and type tests
Relevant test clauses Item Factory production control Initial type tests Exchange of components Dry air flue system chimney
* 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 6 Wet air flue system chimney
* 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 6 Terminals 4.2 5.7.1.3 6 Pressure equalising openings 4.3 5.7.1.2 6 * FPC is dealt in the relevant product standards. 10.4 Factory production control To achieve compliance with this standard the manufacturer shall establish and maintain an effective and documented quality system. The manufacturer to monitor the quality of product carries out factory production control tests (see Table 2). Sampling and testing of any batch shall be completed prior to removal from the works and shall be in accordance with ISO 2859-1 at an AQL of 10 % and inspection level S2. Isolated batches of units shall be assessed in accordance with tightened inspection procedures, with a maximum batch size of 1 200 (see EN 13063-1:2005, Annex D). Batches rejected under the factory production control procedure may be resubmitted once, after removing units with previously undetected visible defects, under the tightened inspection procedures, in respect only of the defect that caused initial rejection. NOTE It is recommended that the quality system should be assessed by a third party certification body which complies with the requirements of EN 45012 [2] to ensure that the requirements of ISO EN 9002 [3] and Clause 15 are complied with.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 16 Annex A (normative)
Test methods A.1 Compressive strength of pressure-equalising opening sections A.1.1 Test sample A minimum of three flue connectors or inner liners with pressure-equalising openings shall be tested. Circular samples shall have a minimum diameter of (200 ± 50) mm. Square or rectangular liners shall have an equivalent cross-sectional area. A.1.2 Testing equipment As described in EN 1457:1999, 16.7.2. A.1.3 Test procedure As described in EN 1457:1999, 16.7.3. A.2 Aerodynamic behaviour of terminals under wind conditions A.2.1 Test apparatus The test apparatus shall comprise of: a) wind generator capable of delivering a minimum wind front of five times the projected cross section of the terminal to be tested but not less than 1 m2. The overall wind velocity distribution shall be within 0,25 m/s in the wind front at velocities up to 10 m/s at the terminal test position. b) fan capable of delivering enough flue flow. A suitable means of measurement is by an appropriate orifice plate arrangement (see EN 13216-1). The test apparatus shall be capable of rotating the flue terminal in front of the wind system so that wind pressure angles relative to the flue terminal range from (– 30 to + 30)° in maximum steps of 7,5°. A.2.2 Test sample The test sample is the terminal representing the manufacturer’s product range. The size shall be the largest size produced up to 200 mm flue diameter. The size shall be the nearest to 200 mm flue diameter for a production range starting with diameters more than 200 mm. The test sample shall be thermally conditioned in a test chimney, or in an oven for 4,0 h ± 10 min, according to the test temperature appropriate to the designation given in EN 1443. A.2.3 Measuring parameters The static pressure within the duct and the static pressure in the test room shall be measured at equilibrium.
EN 13063-3:2007 (E) 17 A.2.4 Test procedure Connect the flue terminal to a flue duct with the same nominal diameter. The flue duct shall have a straight length of at least six times the nominal diameter. Place pressure measurement points in the flue duct at a distance of approximately thr
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