SIST EN ISO 18674-1:2015

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
01-december-2013
*HRWHKQLþQRSUHLVNRYDQMHLQSUHVNXãDQMH*HRWHKQLþQHPHULWYH6SORãQDSUDYLOD
,62',6
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation
- General rules (ISO/DIS 18674:2013)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Geotechnische Messungen - Allgemeine
Regeln (ISO/DIS 18674:2013)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Mesures géotechniques - Principes (ISO/DIS
18674:2013)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 18674
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 18674
ISO/TC 182/SC 1 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2013-08-08 2014-01-08
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Geotechnical
monitoring by field instrumentation — General rules
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Mesures géotechniques — Principes
ICS: 13.080.20;93.020
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN), and processed under the CEN lead mode of collaboration as defined in the
Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member
bodies for a parallel five month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments
received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
formal vote in CEN.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
committee secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
composition will be undertaken at publication stage.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2013

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)

Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 4
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 4
3 Terms and symbols . 5
3.1 Terms . 5
3.2 Symbols . 8
4 Principal requirements . 8
4.1 Geotechnical monitoring in connection with geotechnical design . 8
4.2 Geotechnical monitoring in connection with specific question(s) . 8
4.3 Requirements on a geotechnical monitoring project . 9
4.4 Geodetic measurements . 10
4.5 Safety requirements . 10
5 Requirements on a geotechnical monitoring system . 11
5.1 General . 11
5.2 Robustness . 11
5.3 Influencing factors . 11
5.4 Redundancy . 12
5.5 Stability of sensor signal . 12
5.6 Function check and calibration . 12
6 Location of measuring points and geotechnical parameters . 12
6.1 Location of measuring points . 12
6.2 Measurement and monitoring of geotechnical parameters . 13
7 Carrying out of the measurements . 13
8 Data processing and verification . 14
9 Reporting . 15
9.1 Installation report . 15
9.2 Monitoring report . 15
Annex A (normative) . 17
Minimum requirements on content of instrument data sheets . 17
Geotechnical measurements in boreholes . 18
Annex C (informative) . 20
Field measurements in connection with the design and construction of geotechnical structures . 20
Annex D (informative) . 22
Measurement and monitoring of geotechnical parameters . 22
D.1 Geotechnical parameters and their measurement . 22
D.2 Monitoring of geotechnical parameters (value change measurements) . 23
Annex E (informative) . 24
Types of instruments and monitoring methods commonly used in geo-engineering (after [3]) . 24
Bibliography . 31

3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
Foreword
1 Scope
This Standard applies to performance monitoring of the ground, structures interacting with the ground and
geotechnical works.
Specifically, this Standard applies to field instrumentation and measurements carried out
⎯ in connection with site investigations of soils and rocks in accordance with EN 1997-2;
⎯ in connection with the Observational Design procedure in accordance with EN 1997-1;
⎯ for ground behaviour evaluation, e.g. unstable slopes, consolidation etc.
⎯ for the proof or follow-up of a new equilibrium within the ground, after disturbance of its natural state by
construction measures (e.g. foundation loads, excavation of soil, tunnelling);
⎯ for the proof or follow-up of the stability, serviceability and safety of structures which may be influenced by
geotechnical construction;
⎯ for perpetuation of evidence;
⎯ for the evaluation and control of geotechnical works.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of rock – Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 22475-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing – Sampling by drilling and excavation methods and
groundwater measurements – Part 1: Technical principles for execution
ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated
terms (VIM)
EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7, Geotechnical design – General rules
EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7, Geotechnical design – Ground investigation and testing
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation – Part 2:
Displacement measurements along a line: Extensometers
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Geotechnical monitoring by field instrumentation – Part 3:
Displacement measurements across a line: Inclinometers and deflectometers
4

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
NOTE Further parts on total pressure cells, piezometers, hydraulic settlement gauges, strain gauges, load cells,
geodetic monitoring instruments and vibration monitoring instruments are in preparation.
3 Terms and symbols
3.1 Terms
For the purpose of this document the terms and definitions of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 apply as well as the
following terms and definitions:
3.1.1
geotechnical monitoring
observation of the ground behaviour and/or performance of geotechnical structures before, during and/or after
construction.
NOTE 1 Geotechnical monitoring is an integral part of the Observational Design procedure (see EN 1997-1: 2004).
NOTE 2 Geotechnical monitoring is based on field observation, including construction site inspection.
3.1.2
field instrument
measuring tool to assist field observation
NOTE Monitoring by field instruments comprises the measurement of physical parameters, in particular the change of
the parameter values.
3.1.3
geotechnical key parameter
physical parameter indicative of the geotechnical problem under consideration and subject to geotechnical
monitoring
EXAMPLES Displacement (absolute or relative), settlement, heave, strain, inclination, stress, pore pressure, earth
pressure, force, temperature.
3.1.4
geotechnical monitoring project
entirety of aspects and processes which, in a specific project, are relevant for geotechnical monitoring. It
includes planning, specifying, procurement, delivery and installation of a project-specific monitoring system
and collecting, processing and evaluating of the monitoring data
3.1.5
geotechnical monitoring concept
preliminary plan for the measurement of geotechnical key parameters within the conceptual design phase,
considering type of measurement, measuring locations and schedule of carrying out the measurements
3.1.6
geotechnical monitoring plan
advancement of the monitoring concept within the specification design phase
3.1.7
geotechnical monitoring programme
entirety of those components of a monitoring project which can be systematically planned, consisting of
monitoring plan and monitoring system
5

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
3.1.8
geotechnical monitoring system
hardware and software to provide field data. It includes instruments, signal transmission (e.g. electric cables),
data acquisition and auxiliary units.
3.1.9
commissioning
demonstration and acceptance of the correct functioning of an installed monitoring system
NOTE The commissioning criteria should be defined in the monitoring programme
3.1.10
instrument data sheet
manufacturer’s document containing instrument technical specifications
3.1.11
initial measurement
first measurement after installation (see Figure 1)


•
3
•
2
•

•
•

•
•
• •
•
• • •
•
• • •
•
•
•

•
•
1
•

•
•
•
•
•

Time
4 5 6 7


Legend

1 initial measurement
2 zero measurement

3 reference measurement
4 installation period

5 stabilisation period

6 period of baseline measurements
7 construction period

Figure 1 – Definition of distinct measuring points in the initial phase of a geotechnical monitoring
project

3.1.12
zero measurement
measurement carried out after stabilisation of installation effects (see Figure 1)
6
Reading

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
NOTE 1 The zero measurement is often taken as reference for subsequent measurements, as it is commonly related
to local space and time co-ordinates.
NOTE 2 The zero measurement is commonly carried out with increased measuring effort, e.g. repetition of
measurements, to provide a reliable datum for subsequent measurements.
3.1.13
baseline measurements
measurements carried out, subsequent to the zero measurement, over a period of time before any con-
struction starts, to help in the definition of changes that occur from causes other than construction.
EXAMPLES Seasonal changes in groundwater levels, tidal and moisture content changes, climatic changes such as
temperature and incidence of sunlight
3.1.14
reference measurement
measurement which serves as reference base for previous and subsequent measurements
NOTE 1 The reference measurement is also known as datum measurement.
NOTE 2 A new reference measurement is often used for a new construction phase
NOTE 3 The reference measurement is often derived from several measurements
3.1.15
value change measurement
difference between a measurement and the reference measurement
3.1.16
point measurement
measurement of a physical parameter at a point
EXAMPLES Displacement of a measuring point; force of an anchor at its head; stress state in the ground; porewater
pressure in an embankment; water discharge rate at the downstream toe of a dam.
3.1.17
line measurement
measurement of a physical parameter along a line
EXAMPLE Inclinometer measuring survey of a borehole
NOTE The measurement of the distance between two measuring points, for example the convergence measurement
in tunnelling, is a special case of a line measurement.

7

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
3.2 Symbols
For the purpose of this document, the symbols of Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols

Symbol Name Unit
d borehole diameter m
i number of measurement, measurement direction or measuring point -
distance m
l
u, v, w displacement component in x-, y-, z- direction, respectively m
u porewater pressure Pa
x, y, z
local co-ordinates m
z piezometric level  m
w
α angle, inclination Degree or mm/m
ε strain normal to measuring plane -
n
ε ε ε normal strain with reference to borehole co-ordinates -
x y z
shear strain with reference to borehole co-ordinates Degree
γ γ γ
xy yz zx
σ σ σ principal stress Pa
1 2 3
σ normal stress with reference to measuring plane Pa
n
normal stress components with reference to borehole co-ordinates Pa
σ σ σ
x y z
τ τ τ shear stress components with reference to borehole co-ordinates Pa
xy yz zx

NOTE Symbols with more than one meaning (e.g. i, u) are distinguishable on the basis of their use

4 Principal requirements
4.1 Geotechnical monitoring in connection with geotechnical design
Geotechnical monitoring shall be designed, implemented and evaluated in connection with the geotechnical
design.
NOTE Figure C.1 in Annex C shows the position of geotechnical monitoring in connection with the design and the
construction of geotechnical structures; see also “observational method” in EN 1997-1: 2004, Sections 2.7 and 4.5
4.2 Geotechnical monitoring in connection with specific question(s)
Each geotechnical monitoring project shall be based on at least one specific question that is to be answered.
The question shall be formulated at the start of the monitoring project and actualised throughout the project
with the aid of information from the measurements.
NOTE It is implied that monitoring of construction procedures and long-term monitoring of existing safety-sensitive
structures are included.
8

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
4.3 Requirements on a geotechnical monitoring project
4.3.1 In a geotechnical monitoring project, all items and courses of action, as depicted in Figure 2, shall be
considered.


Initiation and
Geotechnical problem identification
preliminary Objective of monitoring project

design phase Key parameter identification

Conceptual
Monitoring concept
design phase


Specification Monitoring programme
Monitoring plan and monitoring system
design phase

Instrumentation requirements Location Schedule
plan of for taking
- Sensors (measuring method)

measuring the
- Signal transmission;
points readings
measuring lines

- Data acquisition
Installation requirements and procedures


Installation and
Installation
data collection Carrying out of the measurements

Plausibility check
phase

Data processing,

Monitoring Report
evaluation and
reporting phase


Figure 2 – Topics and course of action of a geotechnical monitoring project

4.3.2 Within the initiation and preliminary design phase, reference shall be made to the geotechnical
problem to be addressed (see EN 1997-1: 2004). The key parameters shall be identified and their expected
range estimated. The accuracy and the uncertainty with which the key parameters are to be measured and
their geotechnically tolerable limits shall be specified.
4.3.3 Within the conceptual design phase, a concept shall be developed on how to measure the key
parameters of the geotechnical problem under consideration.
NOTE Aspects for consideration are the principal type of the instruments, frequency of measurements, redundancy
in the system and the anticipated operation time of the monitoring system.
9

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
4.3.4 Within the specification design phase, the monitoring concept shall be refined and transferred into a
comprehensive monitoring programme. This programme encompasses the monitoring plan and the monitoring
system and, as such, includes all components of a monitoring project which can be planned ahead of the
measurements. Important aspects of this phase are the instrument selection based on instrument data sheets
(Annex A) together with expected field performance and the specification of the instrument installation
procedure.
NOTE 1 The monitoring plan includes the specification of the measuring procedure, the location of the monitoring
points, the monitoring schedule and the type of data collection (manual reading or data logging with or without remote data
access).
NOTE 2 The measuring procedure may encompass the measuring principle (physical base of the measurement; e.g.
vibrating wire principle) and of the measuring method (e. g. compensation method, digital/analogue method).
NOTE 3 Field instruments comprise a large variety of sensors with different measuring principles which all have their
specific advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of application. Examples of sensors with different
measuring principles are vibrating wire, current-loop, inductive, capacitive, resistance strain gauge and fibre-optical
sensors.
4.3.5 Within the installation and data collection phase, it shall be attempted
- to install the instrument system as early as possible prior to construction for baseline measurements (see
Figure 1);
- to carry out the installation in such a way as to achieve good conformance of the measuring instruments;
NOTE Good conformance is associated with only insignificant, if any, alterations of the measured values by the
presence of the instrument
- to operate and handle the instruments in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE For carrying out of the measurements, see 7.
4.3.6 Within the data processing, evaluation and reporting phase, attention shall be paid to the fact that the
monitoring data are often affected by instrument, installation and environmental effects (see 5.3). In all phases
of the evaluation process, plausibility checks of the monitoring data are essential. Checking shall include
instrument as well as geotechnical aspects (see 8.5).
4.3.7 The monitoring results shall be evaluated in respect to the geotechnical problem under consideration.
4.4 Geodetic measurements
For the support, evaluation and control of geotechnical measurements it is often necessary to refer to geodetic
measurements.
NOTE For comparison of geotechnical and geodetic measurements, see Annex C, Table C.1.
4.5 Safety requirements
National safety regulations shall be followed.
EXAMPLES Regulations for
- personal health- and safety equipment;
- clean air if working in confined spaces;
- ensuring the safety of the measuring system and its components.
10

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
5 Requirements on a geotechnical monitoring system
5.1 General
5.1.1 Geotechnical monitoring systems are subject to specific conditions, which shall be accounted for in
the monitoring programme and evaluation of the monitoring data. These conditions include:
- mechanical, hydro-mechanical or thermo-mechanical interaction between critical components of the
geotechnical measuring system (e.g. sensors, measuring lines) and the surrounding medium in which the
components are embedded;
- environmental conditions (e.g. aggressive groundwater and gases; high ground pressure; electro-
magnetic disturbance) which might affect the embedded components;
- vulnerability of the data communication of the monitoring system (e.g. long measuring lines, often passing
through construction zones).
5.1.2 Requirements 5.2 to 5.6 shall be documented.
NOTE  Manufacturers’ documentation, e.g. instrument data sheets (see Annex A), should provide a basis to make an
informed choice of the instruments.
5.2 Robustness
5.2.1 The components of a geotechnical monitoring system shall be sufficiently robust against harsh
environmental and construction site conditions.
NOTE This requirement relates to the material used (e.g. quality of the measuring cable; corrosion resistance of
sensors), the type of construction of the installed units and to the safety of the entire monitoring system e.g. towards over-
voltage (lightning protection), disturbance from the construction site and vandalism.
5.2.2 Failure in data communication, e.g. of cables, radio links, is a potential problem. When planning
geotechnical monitoring systems these risks should be minimised.
EXAMPLE In automatic monitoring systems provision for communication failure alarms and low power levels.
5.3 Influencing factors
5.3.1 For the evaluation of geotechnical measurements it is essential to address all relevant factors which
influence the sensor signal. Conceptually, discrimination shall be made between direct and indirect influences
onto the measured physical quantity.
NOTE 1 Direct influences are related to the monitoring object, indirect influences to the monitoring system.
NOTE 2 Common factors that can influence the monitoring system are changes of the temperature and atmospheric
pressure.
NOTE 3 The monitoring system may also be influenced by man-made factors such as high voltage lines and electro-
magnetic disturbance.
5.3.2 Provisions shall be made to discriminate between the respective effects of the influencing factors
onto the monitoring object and monitoring system.
EXAMPLES Choice of temperature-compensated displacement transducer; pressure-compensated piezometer;
extensometer rods with a material of low thermal expansion coefficient; temperature correction of convergence tape
measurements (see Part 2).
11

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 18674:2013
ISO/DIS 18674:2013(E)
5.4 Redundancy
Geotechnical measurements should include redundancy to ensure the functioning of the system despite
possible component malfunction. A redundancy in the measuring data should be used for the identification of
erroneous readings and for data corrections.
EXAMPLES (in order of increasing degree of redundancy):
– multiple readings;
– installation of more sensors than theoretically required, e.g. more than 3 sensors in 2-D stress monitoring;
– duplication of sensors of the same measuring principle;
– application of different measuring principles for one and the same quantity (“diversification”), e.g. control of an
inclinometer survey by geodetic measurements of the head of an inclinometer borehole (see Part 3)
5.5 Stability of sensor signal
As a re-calibration (see 5.6) of permanently embedded sensors is hardly possible, attention shall be given to
the stability of the measuring signal of sensors and to the redundancy of the monitoring system. It should be
ensured that the signal could be expected to be sufficiently stable over the time span of the monitoring project.
NOTE Safety-sensitive geotechnical structures such as tunnels and dams often require long-term monitoring.
5.6 Function check and calibration
Function checks and/or instrument calibrations shall be carried out and documented at the following stages of
the monitoring project:
- Calibrations prior to shipment. These shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer and are to be
documented in calibration certificates.
- Function checks before installation (pre-installation acceptance tests) to verify that no damage has
occurred to the instruments during transit. If applicable, this also includes checking of the zero point and
scale of the system components.
- Function checks after installation of the instrument system (post-installation acceptance tests).
- Calibrations during service life. The accessible components of the monitoring systems shall be re-
calibrated in certain intervals. The interval between any two re-calibrations shall be addressed in the
monitoring programme, considering also the recommendations of the manufacturer. An immediate
calibration must be carried out if reasonable doubts exist on the reliability or accuracy of an instrument
component. Additional re-calibrations may become necessary in specific measuring applications (see
Parts 2 and following).
6 Location of measuring points and geotechnical parameters
6.1 Location of measuring points
6.1.1 The measuring points can be located at free surfaces, at the interface between any two media or
inside of a medium.
6.1.2 Measuring points in the ground are to be installed in boreholes. The measurement of these points
should be related to the local co-or
...