SIST EN ISO 14284:2003

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
01-april-2003
-HNORLQåHOH]R9]RUþHQMHLQSULSUDYDY]RUFHY]DXJRWDYOMDQMHNHPLMVNHVHVWDYH
,62
Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
composition (ISO 14284:1996)
Eisen und Stahl - Entnahme und Vorbereitung von Proben für die Bestimmung der
chemischen Zusammensetzung (ISO 14284:1996)
Fontes et aciers - Prélevement et préparation des échantillons pour la détermination de
la composition chimique (ISO 14284:1996)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14284:2002
ICS:
77.080.01 Železne kovine na splošno Ferrous metals in general
SIST EN ISO 14284:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14284
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2002
ICS 77.080
English version
Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for the
determination of chemical composition (ISO 14284:1996)
Fontes et aciers - Prélèvement et préparation des Eisen und Stahl - Entnahme und Vorbereitung von Proben
échantillons pour la détermination de la composition für die Bestimmung der chemischen Zusammensetzung
chimique (ISO 14284:1996) (ISO 14284:1996)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 July 2002.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14284:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
EN ISO 14284:2002 (E)
CORRECTED 2002-11-13
Foreword
The text of ISO 14284:1996 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17 "Steel" of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO
14284:2002 by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 20 "Methods of chemical analysis of ferrous
products", the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2003, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2003.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14284:1996 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14284:2002 without any
modifications.
NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative).
2

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
EN ISO 14284:2002 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their relevant European publications
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions
of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies (including amendments).
NOTE Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications,
indicated by (mod.), the relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN Year
ISO 377 1997 Steel and steel products - Location EN ISO 377 1997
and preparation of samples and
test pieces for mechanical testing
3

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
INTERNATIONAL
ISO
STANDARD
14284
First edition
1996-07-01
Steel and iron
- Sampling and preparation
of samples for the determination of Chemical
composition
Fon tes et aciers - Pr&vement et pr6paration des echantillons pour
Ia d&ermina tion de Ia composition chimique
Reference number
ISO 14284:1996(E)

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
ISO 14284:1996(E)
Page
Contents
1
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . .
1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.
4 Requirements for sampling and Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Selection of a Sample
4.4 Preparation of a Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Liquid iron for steelmaking and pig-iron production . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Spoon sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Probe sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54 . Preparation of a Sample for analysis
8
. . . . . .*.
6 Liquid iron for cast iron production
8
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
6.2 Spoon sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IQ
............................ ........................................
63 . Probe sampling
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
64 . Preparation of a Sample for analysis
. Sampling and Sample preparation for the determination
65
12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*.
of Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen
0 ISO 1996
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be repro-
duced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photo-
copying and microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-l 211 Geneve 20 0 Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
Liquid steel for steel production . 12
7
................................................................................. 12
7.1 General
................................................................... 12
7.2 Spoon sampling
7.3 Probe sampling . 13
Preparation of a Sample for analysis . 13
7.4
Sampling and Sample preparation for the determination
7.5
............................................................................. 14
of Oxygen
7.6 Sampling and Sample preparation for the determination
of hydrogen . 14
8 Pig-irons . 15
81 . General . 15
82 . Increment sampling . 15
.................................... 16
83 . Preparation of a Sample for analysis
9 Cast-iron products . 17
9.1 General . 17
9.2 Sampling and Sample preparation . 18
IO Steel products . 19
10.1 General . 19
Selection of a preliminary Sample or a Sample for analysis
10.2
from a cast product . 19
Selection of a preliminary Sample or a Sample for analysis
10.3
....................................................... 19
from a wrought product
Preparation of a Sample for analysis . 21
10.4
...................................................... 22
10.5 Sampling of leaded steel
10.6 Sampling and Sample preparation for the determination
..................................... 22
of Oxygen .
Sampling and Sample preparation for the determination
10.7
of hydrogen .
22
Annexes
Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A
B Sampling probes for use with liquid steel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
for the determination of hydrogen
. . .
Ill

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
ISO 14284:1996(E]
0 ISO
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fed-
eration of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be rep-
resented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO col-
laborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are cir-
culated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 14284 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 1, Methods of determination of
Chemical composition.
lt cancels and replaces ISO 377-2:1989, of which it constitutes a technical
revision.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
ISO 14284:1996(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ ISO
- Sampling and preparation of samples
Steel and iron
for the determination of Chemical composition
3.2 physical method of analysis: Method for the
1 Scope
determination of Chemical composition in which the
determination of composition is carried out without
This International Standard specifies methods for
submitting the Sample to Chemical reaction, for
sampling and Sample preparation for the determi-
example an Optical emission spectrometric method,
nation of the Chemical composition of pig iron, cast
an X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method.
iron and steel. Methods are specified for use with
both liquid and solid metal.
3.3 thermal method of analysis: Method for the
determination of Chemical composition in which the
Sample is submitted to a process of heating, combus-
tion or fusion.
2 Normative references
The following Standards contain provisions which,
3.4 melt: Liquid metal from which a Sample is re-
through reference in this International Standard. At the
moved.
time of publication, the editions indicated were vaiid.
All Standards are subject to revision, and Parties to
agreements based on this International Standard are
3.5 spoon sampling: Method in which the Sample
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
is taken from the melt, or during the pouring of the
the most recent editions of the Standards indicated
melt, using a long-handled spoon, and cast into a
below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of
small mould.
currently valid International Standards.
3.6 spoon Sample: Sample taken from the melt
ISO 377: -11, Steel and steel products - Location of
samples and test pieces for mechanical testing. using a spoon and cast into a small mould.
ISO 9147:1987, Pig-irons - Definition and classifi-
3.7 probe sampling: Method in which the Sample is
ca tion.
taken from the melt using a commercially available
sampling probe inserted into the melt.
3 Definitions
3.8 immersion sampling: Method of probe sam-
pling in which the probe is immersed in the melt
where the Sample chamber in the probe fills by ferro-
For the purposes of this International Standard, the
static pressure or gravity.
following definitions apply.
3.9 suction sampling: Method of probe sampling in
3.1 Chemical method of analysis: Method for the
which the probe is immersed in the melt where the
determination of Chemical composition in which the
Sample chamber in the probe fills by aspiration.
Sample is submitted to Chemical reaction.
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 377-1 :1989)
1

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
ISO 14284:1996(E) @ ISO
3 When the Sample for analysis is in the form of Chips or
3.10 stream sampling: Method of probe sampling
powder, or when a Sample in the form of a solid mass is
in which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid
analysed by a thermal method, the test Portion is obtained
metal where the Sample chamber in the probe fills by
by weighing. In the case of a physical method of analysis,
the forte of metal flow.
the part actually analysed will constitute only a small mass
of the Sample for analysis. In an Optical emission spectro-
metric method, the mass sf metal consumed in an electri-
3.11 probe Sample: Sample taken from the melt
cal discharge is about 0,5 mg to 1 mg; in an X-ray fluor-
using a commercially available sampling probe.
escence spectrometric method, the characteristic radiation
is produced from a very thin surface layer of the Sample.
3.12 cast product: Item of iron or steel which has
not been subject to deformation, for example, an in-
3.18 grinding: Method of preparing a Sample of
got, a semi-finished product obtained by continuous
metal for a physical method of analysis in which the
casting, a shaped casting.
surface of the Sample for analysis is abraded using an
abrasive wheel.
3.13 wrought product: Item of steel which has
been subject to deformation by rolling, drawing, forg-
3.19 linishing: Method of preparing a Sample of
ing or some other method, for example, a bar, a billet,
metal for a physical method of analysis in which the
a plate, a Strip, a tube, a wire.
surface of the Sample for analysis is abraded using a
flexible rotating disc or continuous belt coated with an
abrasive substance.
3.14 Sample product: Specific item of iron or steel
selected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of
obtaining a Sample.
3.20 milling: Method sf preparing Sample Chips or
the surface of a Sample for a physical method of
analysis in which the surface of the Sample is ma-
3.15 preliminary Sample: Sufficient quantity of
chined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool.
metal selected from the Sample product for the pur-
pose of obtaining one or more samples for analysis.
3.21 consignment: Quantity of metal delivered at
one time.
3.16 Sample for analysis: Part of the Sample prod-
uct, or part of the preliminary Sample taken from the
Sample product, or part of the Sample taken from the
3.22 increment: Quantity of metal obtained by
melt, brought to a required condition for Submission to
sampling at one time from a consignment.
analysis.
he Sample for an alysis may compri se the sa mple
roduct itself or the Sample tak en from the melt.
P
4 Requirements for sampling
NOTE 1 The following categories of Sample for analysis
and Sample preparation
are distinguished:
- Sample in the form of a solid mass;
- Sample that has been remelted; 4.1 General
- Sample in the form of Chips obtained by machining;
This clause covers the general requirements for the
- Sample in the form of fragments obtained by commi-
Sample, and for the sampling and Sample preparation
nution;
of iron and steel. Special requirements apply to each
- Sample in the form of powder obtained by comminution.
category of liquid and solid metal and these are con-
sidered in the relevant subclause.
3.17 test Portion: Part of the Sample for analysis, or
part of the Sample taken from the melt, actually sub-
The sequence of sampling and Sample preparation of
mitted to analysis. In certain cases, the test Portion
liquid iron and steel, and cast iron and steel products
may be selected from the Sample product itself.
is shown in figure 1. Special considerations apply to
pig irons (see clause 8).
NOTES
2 The following special types of test portions in the form
4.2 Sample
of a solid mass obtained from a probe Sample are dis-
tinguished:
- test Portion in the shape of a small disc, commonly de- 4.21 Quality
scribed as a slug, obtained by punching;
Sampling practices shall be designed to provide a
- test Portion in the form of a small appendage, com-
monly described as a lug; Sample for analysis that is representative of the mean
Chemical composition of the melt or the Sample
- test Portion in the form of a small-diameter rod, com-
monly described as a pin, obtained by cutting. product.

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
,
@ ISO ISO 14284:1996(E)
Product batch
Preliminary Sample
Sample for analysis
Sample for analysis
Test Portion
c>
a) Liquid iron and steel b) Cast iron and steel products
Figure 1 - Sequence of sampling and Sample preparation
I ne Sample for analysis shall be sufficiently homo- Particular care shall be taken when selecting and pre-
geneous with respect to Chemical composition such paring the Sample for analysis, where a Sample taken
that inhomogeneity does not appreciably contribute to from a melt is expected to be heterogeneous or con-
the error variability of the method of analysis. How- taminated in any way.
ever, in the case of a Sample taken from a melt, some
variability in analysis, both within and between
A Sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such a
samples for analysis, may be unavoidable; this varia-
manner that the Chemical composition and metallurgi-
bility will form an inherent part of the repeatability and
cal structure of the Sample is consistent from Sample
reproducibility of the analysis.
to Sample.
be free from surface
The Sample for analysis shal
coatings, and from moisture, dirt or other forms of lt is important to recognize that analysis by some
contamination.
physical methods may be influenced by the metal-
lurgical structure of the Sample, particularly in the
As far as possible, the Sample for analysis should be case of irons with white and grey iron structures, and
free from voids, Cracks and porosity, and from fins, in the case of steels in the as-cast and wrought con-
ditions.
laps or other surface defects.
3

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
@ ISO
ISO 14284:1996(E)
4.2.2 Size 4.2.5 Arbitration
The dimensions of a preliminary Sample in the form of In the case of a Sample intended for arbitration, the
a solid mass shall be sufficient to permit additional Sample for analysis shall be prepared jointly by the
samples for analysis to be taken for re-analysis, where supplier and purchaser, or by their representatives. A
necessary using an alternative method of analysis. record shall be kept of the methods used for preparing
the Sample for analysis.
A Sample for analysis, of a sufficient mass to provide
Containers with samples for analysis intended for arbi-
for any re-analysis necessary, shall be prepared. Gen-
tration shall be sealed by both Parties or by their rep-
erally, a mass of 100 g will be sufficient for a Sample
resentatives. Unless agreed to the contrary, these
in the form of Chips or powder.
Containers shall be kept by the representatives of
each Party responsible for the preparation of samples.
The dimensional requirements for a Sample for analy-
sis in the form of a solid mass will depend upon the
method selected for analysis. In the case of Optical
emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric
4.3 Selection of a Sample
methods, the shape and size of the Sample will be de-
termined by the dimensions of the Sample chamber.
4.3.1 Sample from a melt
The dimensions for samples for analysis given in this
International Standard should be regarded as indica-
Melts are sampled at various stages in the manufac-
tive only.
turing process for the purposes of monitoring and
controlling the process. Samples tan be taken during
the casting of the melt to verify Chemical composition
in accordance with the specification of the cast prod-
4.2.3 Identification
uct. In the case of liquid metal intended for the pro-
duction of a casting, the Sample for analysis may be
A Sample for analysis shall be assigned a unique
selected from test bars or blocks specially cast from
identification in Order to determine the melt of Sample
the same metal as that of the casting for purposes of
product from which it was taken and, if necessary, the
mechanical testing, in accordance with the product
processing conditions of the melt or the location of
Standard.
the preliminary Sample or the Sample for analysis in
the Sample product.
Sampling practices for melts shall be designed to
provide samples during a particular manufacturing
A Sample for analysis of pig iron shall be assigned a
process in accordance with requirements for Sample
unique identification in Order to determine the con-
quality (see 42.1). The Sample obtained from a melt is
signment or part of a consignment and the increment
usually in the form of a small ingot, a cylindrical or rec-
from which it was taken.
tangular block, a chill-cast disc or a combination of a
disc with one or more attached Pins; in some cases
Labelling or some equivalent method of marking shall
small lugs are attached to a disc Sample.
be used to ensure that the assigned identification
remains associated with the Sample for analysis.
NOTE 4 Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel
may be obtained from a number of suppliers; the main fea-
The identification, Status and condition of the Sample
tures of the different types of probe are distinguished in
shall be recorded to ensure that confusion cannot
annexes A and B, which include dimensions for information
arise as to the identity of the item to which analysis
only.
and records refer.
4.3.2 Sample from a product
4.2.4 Conservation
The preliminary Sample or the Sample for analysis tan
be selected from the Sample product at the location
Adequate storage facilities shall be provided to segre-
indicated in the product specification for the selection
gate and protect the Sample for analysis. During and
of material for mechanical testing, when available.
after preparation, the Sample for analysis shall be
stored in such a way as to prevent contamination or
In the case of an iron casting, the Sample for analysis
Chemical Change.
tan be selected from a bar or block cast onto the
casting.
lt is permitted to conserve the preliminary Sample in
the form of a solid mass, and a Sample for analysis
In the case of a forging, the Sample for analysis
may then be prepared when required.
tan be selected from the initial starting material
from which the forging has been made, or from pro-
The Sample for analysis, or the preliminary Sample in
longations of the forging or from additional forgings.
the form of a solid mass, shall be kept for a sufficient
period of time to protect the integrity of the test lab- In the absen ce of requirements given in the product
oratory. standa rd, or of a specification when ordering the
4

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SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
@ ISO ISO 14284:1996(E)
Chips shall be thoroughly mixed before weighing the
product, the Sample for analysis may, following
agreement between the supplier and the purchaser, test Portion. For most purposes, it is satisfactory to
mix the Chips by rolling the Container on a level sur-
be selected from the Sample for mechanical testing
or from the test piece, or directly from the Sample face and/or gently tumbling the Container.
product.
The preliminary Sample or the Sample for analysis tan
4.4.3 Sample for analysis in the form of a powder
be obtained from the Sample product by machining or
or fragments
by using a cutting torch. Special considerations apply
in the case of sampling for the determination of cer-
Where drilling of the Sample to obtain Chips is imprac-
tain elements.
ticable, it shall be tut or broken into pieces. These
pieces shall then be crushed using a percussion mor-
tar or a vibratory grinding mill, also known as a disc
mill or ring mill, to obtain a Sample for analysis in the
4.4 Preparation of a Sample
form of a powder, the whole of which Passes through
a sieve of a specified aperture size.
4.4.1 Preliminary preparation
In some applications for the determination of carbon
If any part of the Sample is liable to be non-
using a thermal method of analysis, the Sample is
representative in Chemical composition, for example
crushed in a percussion mortar to obtain a Sample for
due to Oxidation, it may be agreed, following an inves-
analysis in the form of fragments with a particle size
tigation to establish the nature and extent of any
range of approximately 1 mm to 2 mm.
Change in composition, to remove from the Sample
those Parts that have changed. Following this oper-
Equipment used for comminution shall be constructed
ation, the Sample shall then be protected from any
from material which does not alter the Sample com-
Change in composition.
Position. Suitable tests may be necessary to show
that the use of such equipment does not affect the
If necessary, the surface of the metal shall be laid
composition of the Sample for analysis in any way.
completely bare at the Point of machining, by any
suitable means, to remove any coating that has been
Comminution shall not be used for the preparation of
applied during manufacture. If necessary, the surface
samples of graphite-bearing irons.
of the metal shall be degreased by means of a suit-
able solvent, taken care to ensure that the manner
The sieving Operation shall be performed taking all
of degreasing does not affect the correctness of
precautions necessary to avoid contamination or loss
analysis.
of material. When sieving hard materials, care shall be
taken to avoid damaging the fabric of the sieve.
4.4.2 Sample for analysis in the form of Chips
The Sample for analysis shall be homogenized before
The Sample for analysis shall consist of Chips of a
weighing the test Portion. Powders tan be homogen-
regular size and shape. These may be obtained by
ized by stirring.
methods such as drilling, milling, turning or punching.
The Chips shall not be taken from a part of the Sample
CAUTION - Finely-divided metals of particle size
that has been affected by the heat of a cutting torch.
less than approximately 150 Pm tan present a fire
risk. Ensure that there is adequate Ventilation
The tools, machines and Containers used during
during comminution.
preparation of t
...