SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
(Main)Railway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation - Non-acoustic performance - Part 2-1: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains - Resistance to fatigue
Railway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation - Non-acoustic performance - Part 2-1: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains - Resistance to fatigue
This European Standard describes the basic requirements for the verification of ultimate and serviceability limit states and the resistance to fatigue either of the noise barrier or its components by means of analytical methods and/or tests.
Analytical methods can be used for the determination of the characteristic values and design values.
Where sufficient information is not available, the analytical procedure may be combined with results from tests.
The following types of test procedures may be used:
- test on small samples for defining detail categories, which may not be covered by Eurocodes (verification procedure A provided within the present European Standard);
- test on a global element for defining the limit state against fatigue (verification procedure B provided within the present European Standard).
In order to verify the assumptions of the design model, a static load test of the components shall be performed according to prEN 16727-1.
Alternatively, fatigue resistance of the noise barrier components can be determined for defined loading conditions by mean of full scale tests under a given representative loading (verification procedure C provided within the present standard).
Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Lärmschutzwände und verwandte Vorrichtungen zur Beeinflussung der Luftschallausbreitung - Nicht akustische Eigenschaften - Teil 2-1: Mechanische Eigenschafts- und Stabilitätsanforderungen unter dynamischen Belastungen aufgrund vorbeifahrender Züge - Prüfverfahren
Dieses Dokument beschreibt die grundsätzlichen Anforderungen an den Nachweis von Grenzzuständen der Tragfähigkeit und der Gebrauchstauglichkeit und des Ermüdungswiderstands sowohl für die gesamte Lärmschutzwand als auch für ihre Bauteile durch analytische Verfahren und/oder Prüfungen.
Analytische Verfahren können für die Bestimmung der charakteristischen Werte und der Bemessungswerte verwendet werden.
Sind ausreichende Informationen nicht verfügbar, kann das analytische Verfahren mit Ergebnissen aus Prüfungen kombiniert werden.
Dieses Dokument bietet die folgenden Arten von Prüfverfahren:
- Prüfung von kleinen Proben für die Bestimmung von Kerbfallkategorien, die möglicherweise nicht von Eurocodes erfasst sind (Nachweisverfahren A);
- Prüfung eines globalen Elements für die Bestimmung des Grenzzustands der Ermüdung (Nachweisverfahren B).
- vollumfängliche Prüfungen unter einer gegebenen repräsentativen Belastung (Nachweisverfahren C), um den Ermüdungswiderstand der Bauteile der Lärmschutzwand für definierte Belastungsbedingungen zu bestimmen; Nachweisverfahren C ist eine Alternative zu Nachweisverfahren A und B.
Applications ferroviaires - Voie - Écrans antibruit et dispositifs connexes influant sur la propagation aérienne du son - Performances non acoustiques - Partie 2-1 : Tenue mécanique sous charges dynamiques dues à la circulation ferroviaire - Résistance à la fatigue
Le présent document décrit les exigences de base pour la vérification des états limites ultimes et de service et de la résistance à la fatigue de l’écran antibruit ou de ses composants au moyen de méthodes analytiques et/ou d’essais.
Des méthodes analytiques peuvent être utilisées pour la détermination des valeurs caractéristiques et des valeurs de calcul.
En l’absence d’informations suffisantes, le mode opératoire analytique peut être associé aux résultats d’essais.
Le présent document fournit les types de modes opératoires d’essai suivants :
- essai sur de petits échantillons pour définir des catégories de détail, qui peuvent ne pas être traitées par les Eurocodes (mode opératoire de vérification A) ;
- essai sur un élément global pour définir l’état limite de fatigue (mode opératoire de vérification B) ;
- essais en grandeur réelle sous une charge représentative donnée (mode opératoire de vérification C) pour déterminer la résistance à la fatigue des composants de l’écran antibruit pour des conditions de charge définies ; le mode opératoire de vérification C est donné en alternative aux modes opératoires de vérification A et B.
Železniške naprave - Zgornji ustroj - Protihrupne ovire in pripadajoče naprave, ki vplivajo na širjenje zvoka v zraku - Neakustične lastnosti - 2-1. del: Mehanske lastnosti pri dinamičnih obremenitvah zaradi mimo vozečih vlakov - Odpornost proti utrujanju
Ta evropski standard opisuje osnovne zahteve za preverjanje končnih in mejnih stanj uporabnosti ter odpornosti proti utrujanju protihrupne ovire ali njenih komponent z uporabo analitičnih metod in/ali preskusov.
Analitične metode je mogoče uporabljati za ugotavljanje karakterističnih in konstrukcijskih vrednosti.
Če ni na voljo dovolj informacij, je analitični postopek dovoljeno združiti z rezultati preskusov.
Uporabljata se lahko naslednji vrsti preskusnih postopkov:
– preskušanje majhnih vzorcev za določanje kategorij podrobnosti, ki morda niso obravnavane v evrokodih (postopek preverjanja A, podan v tem evropskem standardu);
– splošno preskušanje za določanje mejnega stanja utrujanja (postopek preverjanja B, podan v tem evropskem standardu).
Za potrditev domnev konstrukcijskega modela je treba izvesti preskus statične obremenitve komponent v skladu s standardom prEN 16727-1.
Odpornost proti utrujanju komponent protihrupne ovire je mogoče določiti tudi za opredeljene pogoje obremenitve z izvedbo preskusov polnega obsega pri določeni reprezentativni obremenitvi (postopek preverjanja C, podan v tem standardu).
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Lärmschutzwände und verwandte Vorrichtungen zur Beeinflussung der Luftschallausbreitung - Nicht akustische Eigenschaften - Teil 2-1: Mechanische Eigenschafts- und Stabilitätsanforderungen unter dynamischen Belastungen aufgrund vorbeifahrender Züge - PrüfverfahrenRailway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation - Non-acoustic performance - Part 2-1: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains - Resistance to fatigue93.100Gradnja železnicConstruction of railways17.140.30Emisija hrupa transportnih sredstevNoise emitted by means of transportICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16727-2-1:2018SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018en01-oktober-2018SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16727-2-1
June
t r s z ICS
{ uä s r r English Version
Railway applications æ Track æ Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation æ Nonæacoustic performance æ Part
tæ sã Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains æ Resistance to fatigue Applications ferroviaires æ Voie æ Écrans antibruit et dispositifs connexes influant sur la propagation aérienne du son æ Performances non acoustiques æ Partie
tæ s ã Tenue mécanique sous charges dynamiques dues à la circulation ferroviaire æ Résistance à la fatigue
Bahnanwendungen æ Oberbau æ Lärmschutzwände und verwandte Vorrichtungen zur Beeinflussung der Luftschallausbreitung æ Nicht akustische Eigenschaften æ Teil
tæ sã Mechanische Eigenschaftsanforderungen unter dynamischen Belastungen aufgrund vorbeifahrender Züge æ Prüfverfahren zum Ermüdungsverhalten This European Standard was approved by CEN on
z February
t r s zä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels
9
t r s z CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s x y t yæ tæ sã t r s z ESIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms and definitions . 5 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6 5 Analytical verification . 7 6 General requirements for testing . 8 7 Test arrangement and evaluation of results . 9 7.1 General . 9 7.2 Verification procedure A . 10 7.3 Verification procedure B . 10 7.4 Verification procedure C . 11 8 Test report . 12 Annex A (informative)
Determination of the fatigue-strength curve . 14 Annex B (informative)
Verification procedure C – Additional information . 17 Bibliography . 20
SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 16727-2-1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2018. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document is one of the series EN 16727, Railway applications — Track — Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation — Non-acoustic performance, as listed below: — Part 1: Mechanical performance under static loadings — Calculation and test method; — Part 2-1: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains — Resistance to fatigue [this document]; — Part 2-2: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings caused by passing trains — Calculation method; — Part 3: General safety and environmental requirements. It is intended to be read in conjunction with: — EN 16727-1, Railway applications — Track — Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation — Non-acoustic performance — Part 1: Mechanical performance under static loadings — Calculation and test method; — EN 16727-2-2, Railway applications — Track — Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation — Non-acoustic performance — Part 2-2: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings caused by passing trains — Calculation method. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 4 Introduction Passing trains generate an air pressure wave, which impacts on noise barriers installed alongside the track. It is important that noise barriers withstand this impact without any part of them becoming detached or displaced in an unsafe manner; they should be designed for the specified requirements in ultimate, serviceability and fatigue limit states. Where no design rules or sufficient experience with components are available, the design should be based on calculation and/or tests carried out in a way that provides information on the properties of the component for design in ultimate and serviceability limit states and the resistance to fatigue. This document applies for noise barrier components or for noise barriers considered as a whole. SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 5 1 Scope This document describes the basic requirements for the verification of ultimate and serviceability limit states and the resistance to fatigue either of the noise barrier or its components by means of analytical methods and/or tests. Analytical methods can be used for the determination of the characteristic values and design values. Where sufficient information is not available, the analytical procedure can be combined with results from tests. This document provides the following types of test procedures: — test on small samples for defining detail categories, which may not be covered by Eurocodes (verification procedure A); — test on a global element for defining the limit state against fatigue (verification procedure B); — full scale tests under a given representative loading (verification procedure C) to determine fatigue resistance of the noise barrier components for defined loading conditions; verification procedure C is given as alternative to verification procedures A and B. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1990:20021, Eurocode — Basis of structural design EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures
EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures EN 16727-1, Railway applications — Track — Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound propagation — Non-acoustic performance — Part 1: Mechanical performance under static loadings — Calculation and test method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
1 This document is currently impacted by the amendment EN 1990:2002/A1:2005 and corrigendum EN 1990:2002/A1:2005/AC:2010. SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 6 3.1 noise barrier noise reducing device, which obstructs the direct transmission of airborne sound emanating from railways, and which will typically span between posts and also may overhang the railway Note 1 to entry: Noise barriers are generally made of acoustic and structural elements (3.3 and 3.4). 3.2 cladding noise reducing device, which is attached to a wall or other structure and reduces the amount of sound reflected Note 1 to entry: Claddings are generally made of acoustic and structural elements (3.3 and 3.4). 3.3 acoustic element element whose primary function is to provide the acoustic performance of the device 3.4 structural element element whose primary function is to support or hold in place acoustic elements Note 1 to entry: In some noise barriers, the acoustic function and the structural function cannot be clearly separated and attributed to different components. 3.5 added device added component that influences the acoustic performance of the original noise-reducing device (acting primarily on the diffracted energy) Note 1 to entry: In some noise barriers, the acoustic function and the structural function cannot be clearly separated and attributed to different components. 3.6 representative loading loading which takes into account the load effects caused by the air pressure wave of the train, the site-dependent parameters, the dynamic amplification factor and the fatigue stress behaviour of the component, including the fatigue damage accumulation Note 1 to entry: Examples of site-dependent parameters are: the design life, the number of trains per day, the maximum train speed, the spacing between the noise barrier and the rail track. 4 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply. SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 7 Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations Symbol or abbreviation Designation Unit a term for the representation of the mean value (50 % exceedance probability) of the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale - ak auxiliary parameter - m factor for the representation of the mean value (50 % exceedance probability) of the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale - i single value of the stress range Pa c,m stress range at 2 million load cycles, mean value Pa c,k characteristic value of the fatigue strength at 2 million load cycles Pa R stress range of the S-N-curve Pa Ni single value of the number of load cycles - Nc number of 2 million load cycles - Nc,k spread around the mean value under the assumption of a Student-t distribution - NR number of load cycles of the S-N-curve - xi i - yi log Ni - x mean value of xi - y mean value of yi - n number of specimens - Sxx variance of the random variable xi - Syy variance of the random variable yi - Sxy covariance of the random variables xi and yi - SN standard deviation - f auxiliary parameter for the representation of the 95 % confidence interval derived from the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale - xc auxiliary parameter -
parameter describing the Student-t Distribution with (n-2) degrees of freedom and a 95 % confidence interval - 5 Analytical verification Where the design can be performed by analytical models, the verification for the foundations, posts and panels shall be in accordance with relevant Eurocodes or European Assessment Documents (EAD)2.
2 European Assessment Documents (EAD), established by the European Organisation for Technical Assessment (EOTA), under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) 305/2011. Freely available at https://www.eota.eu/. SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 8 Steel and aluminium elements shall be designed in accordance with the relevant part of Eurocode 3, i.e. the EN 1993 series, and Eurocode 9, i.e. the EN 1999 series. In particular, the following aspects shall be considered: a) behaviour of all relevant details and the whole panel for alternating loading conditions and the corresponding frequency range; b) failure of fasteners subject to multiple axial stress condition, e.g. shear from global bending and tension from local load effects; c) interaction of bending, vertical shear and torsion; d) behaviour of the panel and the bearings at the support area considering secondary load paths; e) fatigue resistance of profiled, perforated and coated thin metal sheets; f) consideration of different material-combinations, e.g. aluminium linked with stainless steel; g) fatigue strength of cold-formed elements and cross-sections considering local load effects. The analytical verification of concrete elements shall be performed in accordance with the EN 1992 series for bending, shear and torsion as well as for bearing conditions at the uprights and for the anchoring of the reinforcement. In particular, the following aspects shall be considered: h) anchoring of the longitudinal reinforcement at the end support taking into account the anchoring length according to the EN 1992 series; i) verification of the ultimate limit state and the fatigue limit state for the shear force and the end anchorage at the end of the panel for alternating actions; j) verification of the ultimate limit state against fatigue of the porous layer of the panel (if any) against bonding failure in the interface and separation from the supporting concrete layer. 6 General requirements for testing The following information shall be provided before testing: a) scope for the use of the noise barrier or of its components; b) relevant railway and construction parameters (designed speed, traffic density, train types, maximum wall height, minimum distance to track, spacing of uprights, foundation type, wind zone, etc.); c) description of the noise barrier or components and of the global and local load transfer and bearing behaviour; d) information about the torsional behaviour (torsional stiffness and stresses) of the component caused by end twisting; e) drawings of the relevant noise barrier components including all details and information about tolerances; f) photographic information of all construction details; g) informative documents and certificates of used materials and fasteners, and the required material tests and the relevant standards to define the material properties; SIST EN 16727-2-1:2018
EN 16727-2-1:2018 (E) 9 h) description of test programme and test specimens; the structural supporting of the elements shall be in accordance with on-site conditions; i) method for the evaluation of test results and for the determination of the characteristic and design values of resistance against fatigue in accordance with the EN 1999 series and Annex B of this document; j) description of the load arrangement and load application: the load arrangement should be comparable with site conditions taking into account the effect of distributed loads due to the pressure wave and torsional deformations caused by the flexibility of the supporting posts; the influence of torsion may be neglected in testing if at critical points the increase of stresses due to torsion does not exceed 10 % of the corresponding stresses due to bending; k) test measuring setup with information about measurement devices for deformations and strains; l) specification of the representative loading in the case of use of verification procedure C; m) specification of the state of the sample: new or aged, condition of ageing (e.g. natural or accelerated, chemical, mechanical, UV radiation, etc.). 7 Test arrangement and evaluation of results 7.1 General In order to verify that the structural model used in verification procedures A and B is in accordance with the real behaviour of the element, two deformation-controlled static tests according to EN 16727-1 shall be carried out, taking into account the different mechanical behaviour of the two sides of the element (conventionally denoted as “facing the train” and “facing the receivers”). The sample under test shall be equipped with strain-gauges, in order to verify that the mechanical model used gives realistic data about the stresses at significant points. For the verification procedure A, at least one fatigue test with N = 5 x 106 load-cycles using the design values of the action due to aerodynamic excitation, if necessary under consideration of inertia forces, shall be performed. This test shall allow an assessment of the deformation behaviour and of the possible degradation of the deformation and load-bearing behaviour of the element at the limit state against fatigue. Fatigue tests for defining detail properties (verification procedure A) and fatigue tests according to verification procedure B shall be force-controlled. Alternatively, tests of whole panels (verification procedure B) may be deformation-controlled, but with checks and, if necessary, adjustment of the load amplitude at specified intervals (e.g. every 50 000 load-cycles). Where whole elements are tested, in addition to the measurement of deformations, strain gauge measurements are required in order to determine relevant stress ranges at all critical points. Special preliminary tests are required where fatigue tests with whole elements are performed neglecting effects of torsion caused by the flexibility of the substructure. In this case, the fatigue resistance determined by verification procedure B shall be modified where the reduction due to torsion shall be verified by an appropriate mechanical model or by separate tests. In order to determine the torsional effects, tests for the determination of the torsional rigidity and the shear and warping stresses shall be carried out. For this purpose, an end twist shall be applied on the element equal to 1,25 times the maximum end twist resulting from the maximum opposing deformation of the uprights (boundary conditions given in the design specifications). The element is allowed to be assessed without taking torsion effects into account, if at the serviceability limit state the stress in the panel (and the fastener) due to torsion is less than 10 % of the stress due to pure bending. If there was no failure of the element during these tests, it is allowed to be used for further tests at the limit state against fatigue
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
01-februar-2016
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Railway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne
sound propagation - Non-acoustic performance - Part 2-1: Mechanical performance
under dynamic loadings due to passing trains - Resistance to fatigue
Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Lärmschutzwände und verwandte Vorrichtungen zur
Beeinflussung der Luftschallausbreitung - Nicht akustische Eigenschaften - Teil 2-1:
Mechanische Eigenschafts- und Stabilitätsanforderungen unter dynamischen
Belastungen aufgrund vorbeifahrender Züge - Prüfverfahren
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16727-2-1
ICS:
17.140.30 Emisija hrupa transportnih Noise emitted by means of
sredstev transport
93.100 Gradnja železnic Construction of railways
oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 16727-2-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2015
ICS
English Version
Railway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related
devices acting on airborne sound propagation - Non-
acoustic performance - Part 2-1: Mechanical performance
under dynamic loadings due to passing trains - Resistance
to fatigue
Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Lärmschutzwände und
verwandte Vorrichtungen zur Beeinflussung der
Luftschallausbreitung - Nicht akustische Eigenschaften
- Teil 2-1: Mechanische Eigenschafts- und
Stabilitätsanforderungen unter dynamischen
Belastungen aufgrund vorbeifahrender Züge -
Prüfverfahren
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 256.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16727-2-1:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
prEN 16727-2-1:2015 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6
5 Analytical verification . 7
6 General requirements for testing . 8
7 Test arrangement and evaluation of results . 8
7.1 General . 8
7.2 Verification procedure A . 9
7.3 Verification procedure B . 9
7.4 Verification procedure C . 10
8 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Determination of the fatigue-strength curve . 14
Annex B (informative) Verification procedure C – Additional information . 17
Bibliography . 20
2
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
prEN 16727-2-1:2015 (E)
European foreword
This document (prEN 16727-2-1:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256
“Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This European Standard is part of the series EN 16727, Railway applications – Track – Noise barriers and
related devices acting on airborne sound propagation – Non-acoustic performance as listed below:
— Part 1: Mechanical performance under static loadings – Calculation and test methods
— Part 2-1: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings due to passing trains – Resistance to
fatigue
— Part 2-2: Mechanical performance under dynamic loadings caused by passing trains – Calculation
method
— Part 3: General safety and environmental requirements
It should be read in conjunction with:
— prEN 16727-1, Railway applications – Track – Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne
sound propagation – Non-acoustic performance – Part 1: Mechanical performance under static
loadings – Calculation and test methods
— prEN 16727-2-2, Railway applications – Track – Noise barriers and related devices acting on
airborne sound propagation – Non-acoustic performance – Part 2-2: Mechanical performance under
dynamic loadings caused by passing trains – Calculation method
3
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
prEN 16727-2-1:2015 (E)
Introduction
Passing trains generate an air pressure wave, which impacts on noise barriers installed alongside the
track. It is necessary that noise barriers withstand this impact without any part of them becoming
detached or displaced in an unsafe manner and they should be designed for the specified requirements
in ultimate, serviceability and fatigue limit states. Where no design rules or sufficient experience with
components are available, the design should be based on calculation and/or tests carried out in a way
that provides information on the properties of the component for design in ultimate and serviceability
limit states and the resistance to fatigue. This European Standard applies for noise barrier components
or for noise barriers considered as a whole.
4
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oSIST prEN 16727-2-1:2016
prEN 16727-2-1:2015 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard describes the basic requirements for the verification of ultimate and
serviceability limit states and the resistance to fatigue either of the noise barrier or its components by
means of analytical methods and/or tests.
Analytical methods can be used for the determination of the characteristic values and design values.
Where sufficient information is not available, the analytical procedure may be combined with results
from tests.
The following types of test procedures may be used:
— test on small samples for defining detail categories, which may not be covered by Eurocodes
(verification procedure A provided within the present European Standard);
— test on a global element for defining the limit state against fatigue (verification procedure B
provided within the present European Standard).
In order to verify the assumptions of the design model, a static load test of the components shall be
performed according to prEN 16727-1.
Alternatively, fatigue resistance of the noise barrier components can be determined for defined loading
conditions by mean of full scale tests under a given representative loading (verification procedure C
provided within the present standard).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1990:2002 + A1:2005, Eurocode – Basis of structural design
EN 1999 series, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
prEN 16727-1, Railway applications - Track - Noise barriers and related devices acting on airborne sound
propagation - Non-acoustic performance - Part 1: Mechanical performance under static loadings -
Calculation and test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
noise barrier
noise reducing device, which obstructs the direct transmission of airborne sound emanating from
railways; it will typically span between posts and also may overhang the railway
Note 1 to entry: Noise barriers are generally made of acoustic and structural elements (3.3 and 3.4).
3.2
cladding
noise reducing device, which is attached to a wall or other structure and reduces the amount of sound
reflected
Note 1 to entry: Claddings are generally made of acoustic and structural elements (3.3 and 3.4).
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3.3
acoustic element
element whose primary function is to provide the acoustic performance of the device
3.4
structural element
element whose primary function is to support or hold in place acoustic elements
Note 1 to entry: In some noise barriers, the acoustic function and the structural function cannot be clearly
separated and attributed to different components.
3.5
added device
added component that influences the acoustic performance of the original noise-reducing device (acting
primarily on the diffracted energy)
3.6
representative loading
loading which takes into account the load effects caused by the air pressure wave of the train, the site-
dependent parameters, the dynamic amplification factor and the fatigue stress behaviour of the
component, including the fatigue damage accumulation
Note 1 to entry: Examples of site-dependent parameters are: the design life, the number of trains per day, the
maximum train speed, the spacing between the noise barrier and the rail track.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbol or
Designation Unit
abbreviation
a term for the representation of the mean value (50 % exceedance probability)
of the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale
a auxiliary parameter
k
m factor for the representation of the mean value (50 % exceedance probability)
of the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale
Δσ single value of the stress range Pa
i
Δσ , stress range at 2 million load cycles, mean value Pa
c m
Δσ , characteristic value of the fatigue strength at 2 million load cycles Pa
c k
Δσ stress range of the S-N-curve Pa
R
N single value of the number of load cycles -
i
N number of 2 million load cycles -
c
N spread around the mean value under the assumption of a Student-t
c,k
-
distribution
N number of load cycles of the S-N-curve -
R
x log Δσ
i i
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Symbol or
Designation Unit
abbreviation
y log N
i i
X
mean value of x
i
y
mean value of y
i
n number of specimens -
S variance of the random variable x
xx i
S variance of the random variable y
yy i
S covariance of the random variables x and y
xy i i
S standard deviation
N
f auxiliary parameter for the representation of the 95 % confidence interval
derived from the S-N curve on a logarithmic scale
x auxiliary parameter
c
t(α) parameter describing the Student-t Distribution with (n-2) degrees of freedom
-
and a 95 % confidence interval
5 Analytical verification
Where the design can be performed by analytical models, the verification for the foundations, posts and
panels should be in accordance with relevant Eurocodes or ETA.
Steel and aluminium elements should be designed in accordance with the relevant part of Eurocode 3
and Eurocode 9. In particular, the following aspects should be considered:
a) behaviour of all relevant details and the whole panel for alternating loading conditions and the
corresponding frequency range;
b) failure of fasteners subject to multiple axial stress condition, e.g. shear from global bending and
tension from local load effects;
c) interaction of bending, vertical shear and torsion;
d) behaviour of the panel and the bearings at the support area considering secondary load paths;
e) fatigue resistance of profiled, perforated and coated thin metal sheets;
f) consideration of different material-combinations, e.g. aluminium linked with stainless steel;
g) fatigue strength of cold-formed elements and cross-sections considering local load effects.
The analytical verification of concrete elements should be performed in accordance with EN 1992 series
for bending, shear and torsion as well as for bearing conditions at the uprights and for the anchoring of
the reinforcement. In particular, the following aspects should be considered:
h) anchoring of the longitudinal reinforcement at the end support taking into account the anchoring
length according to the EN 1992 series;
i) verification of the ultimate limit state and the fatigue limit state for the shear force and the end
anchorage at the end of the panel for alternating actions;
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j) verification of the ultimate limit state against fatigue of the porous layer of the panel (if any) against
bonding failure in the interface and separation from the supporting concrete layer.
6 General requirements for testing
The following information shall be provided before testing:
a) scope for the use of the noise barrier or of its components;
b) relevant railway and construction parameters (designed speed, traffic density, maximum wall
height, minimum distance to track, spacing of uprights, foundation type, wind zone, etc.);
c) description of the noise barrier or components and of the global and local load transfer and bearing
behaviour;
d) information about the torsional behaviour (torsional stiffness and stresses) of the component
caused by end twisting;
e) drawings of the relevant noise barrier components including all details and information about
tolerances;
f) photographic information of all construction details;
g) informative documents and certificates of used materials and fasteners, and the required material
tests and the relevant standards to define the material properties;
h) description of test programme and test specimens. The structural supporting of the elements shall
be in accordance with on-site conditions;
i) method for the evaluation of test results and for the determination of the characteristic and design
values of resistance against fatigue in accordance with EN 1999 series and Annex B of this
European Standard;
j) description of the load arrangement and load application. The load arrangement should be
comparable with site conditions taking into account the effect of distributed loads due to the
pressure wave and torsional deformations caused by the flexibility of the supporting posts. The
influence of torsion may be neglected in testing if at critical points the increase of stresses due to
torsion does not exceed 10 % of the corresponding stresses due to bending;
k) test measuring setup with information about measurement devices for deformations and strains;
l) specification of the representative loading in the case of use of verification procedure C;
m) specification of the state of the sample: new or aged, condition of ageing (e.g. natural or accelerated,
chemical, mechanical, UV radiation, etc.).
7 Test arrangement and evaluation of results
7.1 General
In order to verify that the structural model used in verification procedures A and B is in accordance
with the real behaviour of the element, two deformation-controlled static tests according to
prEN 16727-1 shall be carried out, taking into account the different mechanical behaviour of the two
sides of the element (facing the train and the receiver). The sample under test needs to be equipped
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with strain-gauges, in order to verify that the mechanical model used gives realistic data about the
6
stresses at significant points. For the verification procedure A, at least one fatigue test with N = 5 x 10
load-cycles using the design values of the action due to aerodynamic excitation, if necessary under
consideration of inertia forces, has to be performed. This test shall allow an assessment of the
deformation behaviour and of the possible degradation of the deformation and load-bearing behaviour
of the element at the limit state against fatigue.
Fatigue tests for defining detail properties (verification procedure A) and fatigue tests according to
verification procedure B should be force-controlled. Alternatively, tests of whole panels (verification
procedure B) may be deformation-controlled, but with checks and, if necessary, adjustment of the load
amplitude at specified intervals (e.g. every 50 000 load-cycles). Where whole elements are tested, in
addition to the measurement of deformations, strain gauge measurements are required in order to
determine relevant stress ranges at all critical points.
Special preliminary tests are required where fatigue tests with whole elements are performed
neglecting effects of torsion caused by the flexibility of the substructure. In this case, the fatigue
resistance determined by method B shall be modified where the reduction due to torsion has to be
verified by an appropriate mechanical model or by separate tests. In order to determine the torsional
effects, tests for the determination of the torsional rigidity and the shear and warping stresses have to
be carried out. For this purpose, an end twist shall be applied on the element equal to 1,25 times the
maximum end twist resulting from the maximum opposing deformation of the uprights (boundary
conditions given in the design specifications). The element is allowed to be assessed without taking
torsion effects into account, if at the serviceability limit state the stress in the panel (and the fastener)
due to torsion is less than 10 % of the stress due to pure bending. If there was no failure of the element
during these tests, it is allowed to be used for further tests at the limit state against fatigue.
Depending on the load application constructions and the load frequencies, possible inertia influences
from the load application construction on global element tests should be taken into account.
Effects of tolerance on post dimensions should be considered at the test planning stage.
7.2 Verification p
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