ISO/FDIS 4664

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 4664
ISO/TC 45/SC 2
Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic —
Secretariat: SIS
Determination of dynamic properties —
Voting begins on:
General guidance
2004-10-15
Voting terminates on:
Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Détermination des
2004-12-15
propriétés dynamiques — Lignes directrices

Please see the administrative notes on page iii

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©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2004

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ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993, this document is circulated in the
English language only.
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Symbols.7
5 Principles .9
6 Apparatus.14
7 Calibration.16
8 Test conditions and test pieces.16
9 Conditioning .20
10 Test procedure.21
11 Expression of results.21
12 Test report.24

iv © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4664 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee
SC 2, Testing and analyses.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 4664:1998), which has been technically revised.

FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 4664:2004(E)

Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of
dynamic properties — General guidance
WARNING — Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory
practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the determination of dynamic properties of vulcanized and
thermoplastic rubbers. It includes both free- and forced-vibration methods carried out on both materials and
products. It does not cover rebound resilience or cyclic tests in which the main objective is to fatigue the
rubber.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 815, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or
low temperatures
ISO 4663, Rubber — Determination of dynamic behaviour of vulcanizates at low frequencies — Torsion
pendulum method
ISO 5893, Rubber and plastics test equipment — Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of
traverse) — Specification
ISO 7743:2004, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression stress-strain properties
ISO 23529, Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test
methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Terms applying to any periodic deformation
3.1.1
mechanical hysteresis loop
closed curve representing successive stress-strain states of a material during a cyclic deformation
NOTE Loops may be centred around the origin of co-ordinates or more frequently displaced to various levels of strain
or stress; in this case the shape of the loop becomes variously asymmetrical in more than one way, but this fact is
frequently ignored.
3.1.2
energy loss
energy per unit volume which is lost in each deformation cycle, the hysteresis loop area, calculated with
reference to coordinate scales
NOTE It is expressed in J/m .
3.1.3
power loss
power per unit volume in each deformation cycle which is transformed into heat through hysteresis, expressed
as the product of energy loss and frequency
NOTE It is expressed in W/m .
3.1.4
mean load
average value of the load during a single complete hysteresis loop
NOTE It is expressed in N.
3.1.5
mean deflection
average value of the deflection during a single complete hysteresis loop (see Figure 1)
NOTE It is expressed in m.
Key
1 mean strain
2 mean stress
NOTE 1 Open initial loops are shown, as well as equilibrium mean strain and mean stress as time-averages of
instantaneous strain and stress.
NOTE 2 A sinusoidal response to a sinusoidal motion implies hysteresis loops which are or can be considered to be
elliptical. The term “incremental” may be used to designate dynamic response to sinusoidal deformation about various
levels of mean stress or mean strain (for example, incremental spring constant, incremental elastic shear modulus).
Figure 1 — Heavily distorted hysteresis loop obtained under forced pulsating sinusoidal strain
2 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

3.1.6
mean stress
average value of the stress during a single complete hysteresis loop (see Figure 1)
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.1.7
mean strain
average value of the strain during a single complete hysteresis loop (see Figure 1)
3.1.8
mean modulus
ratio of the mean stress to the mean strain
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.1.9
maximum load amplitude
F
ratio of the maximum applied load, measured from the mean load (zero to peak on one side only)
NOTE It is expressed in N.
3.1.10
maximum stress amplitude
τ
ratio of the maximum applied force, measured from the mean force, to the cross-sectional area of the
unstressed test piece (zero to peak on one side only)
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.1.11
root-mean-square stress
square root of the mean value of the square of the stress averaged over one cycle of deformation
NOTE 1 For a symmetrical sinusoidal stress the root-mean-square stress equals the stress amplitude divided by 2 .
NOTE 2 It is expressed in Pa.
3.1.12
maximum deflection amplitude
X
ratio of the maximum deflection, measured from the mean deflection (zero to peak on one side only)
NOTE It is expressed in m.
3.1.13
maximum strain amplitude
γ
ratio of the maximum strain, measured from the mean strain (zero to peak on one side only)
3.1.14
root-mean-square strain
square root of the mean value of the square of the strain averaged over one cycle of deformation
NOTE For a symmetrical sinusoidal strain, the root-mean-square strain equals the strain amplitude divided by 2 .
3.2 Terms applying to sinusoidal motion
3.2.1
spring constant
K
component of the applied load which is in phase with the deflection, divided by the deflection
NOTE It is expressed in N/m.
3.2.2
elastic shear modulus
storage shear modulus
G'
component of the applied shear stress which is in phase with the shear strain, divided by the strain
′
GG= *cosδ
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.3
loss shear modulus
G''
component of the applied shear stress which is in quadrature with the shear strain, divided by the strain
GG′′= *sinδ
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.4
complex shear modulus
G*
ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain, where each is a vector which can be represented by a complex
number
GG*=+′′iG′
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.5
absolute (value of) complex shear modulus
G*
absolute value of the complex shear modulus
GG*=+′′G′
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.6
elastic normal modulus
storage normal modulus
elastic Young's modulus
E'
component of the applied normal stress which is in phase with the normal strain, divided by the strain
′
EE= *cosδ
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
4 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

3.2.7
loss normal modulus
loss Young's modulus
E''
component of the applied normal stress which is in quadrature with the normal strain, divided by the strain
′′
EE= *sinδ
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.8
complex normal modulus
complex Young's modulus
E*
ratio of the normal stress to the normal strain, where each is a vector which can be represented by a complex
number
E*=+Ei′′E′
NOTE It is expressed in Pa.
3.2.9
absolute (value of) normal modulus
absolute value of the complex normal modulus
EE*=+′′E′
3.2.10
storage (dynamic) spring constant
K'
component of the applied load which is in phase with the deflection, divided by the deflection
KK′= *cosδ
NOTE It is expressed in N/m.
3.2.11
loss spring constant
K''
component of the applied load which is in quadrature with the deflection, divided by the deflection
′′
KK= *sinδ
NOTE It is expressed in N/m.
3.2.12
complex spring constant
K*
ratio of the load to the deflection, where each is a vector which can be represented by a complex number
K*=+Ki′′K′
NOTE It is expressed in N/m.
3.2.13
absolute (value of) complex spring constant
K*
absolute value of the complex spring constant
′′′
KK*=+K
NOTE It is expressed in N/m.
3.2.14
tangent of the loss angle
tanδ
ratio of the loss modulus to the elastic modulus
′′ ′′
G E
NOTE For shear stresses, tanδ= and for normal stresses tanδ= .
′ ′
G E
3.2.15
loss factor
L
f
ratio of the loss spring constant to the storage spring constant
′′
K
L =
f
′
K
3.2.16
loss angle
δ
phase angle between the stress and the strain, the tangent of which is the tangent of the loss angle
NOTE It is expressed in rad.
3.3 Other terms applying to periodic motion
3.3.1
logarithmic decrement
natural (Napierian) logarithm of the ratio between successive amplitudes of the same sign of a damped
oscillation
3.3.2
damping ratio
u
ratio of actual to critical damping, where critical damping is that required for the borderline condition between
oscillatory and non-oscillatory behaviour
NOTE 1 The damping ratio is a function of the logarithmic decrement:
Λ
Λ

−1
2π
u== sintan

2π

Λ

1+

2π

NOTE 2 For large sinusoidal deformations, the hysteresis loop will deviate from an ellipse since the stress-strain
relationship of rubber is non-linear and the response is no longer sinusoidal (see Figure 1).
6 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

3.3.3
damping constant
C
CK= *sinδ
f
where 2ω=πf
NOTE It is expressed in N⋅s/m.
3.3.4
transmissibility
V
T
1(+tanδ)
V =
T


ω

1(−+tanδ)

ω
n

where ω is the natural angular frequency of the undamped vibrator, given by
n
K′
ω =
n
m
and
KK′= *cosδ
4 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply:
A (m ) test piece cross-sectional area
a(T ) Williams, Landel, Ferry (WLF) shift factor
α (rad) angle of twist
b (m) test piece width
c damping coefficient (damping constant)
C heat capacity
γ strain
γ maximum strain amplitude
δ (rad) loss angle
E (Pa) Young’s modulus
E (Pa) effective Young’s modulus
c
E' (Pa) elastic modulus
E'' (Pa) loss normal modulus
E* (Pa) complex normal modulus (complex Young’s modulus)
E* (Pa) absolute value of normal modulus
F (N) load
f (Hz) frequency
G (Pa) shear modulus
G' (Pa) in-phase or storage shear modulus
G" (Pa) out-of-phase or loss shear modulus
G* (Pa) complex shear modulus
G* (Pa) absolute value of complex shear modulus
h (m) test piece thickness
K (N/m) spring constant
K' (N/m) storage spring constant
K" (N/m) loss spring constant
K * (N/m) absolute value of complex spring constant
K numerical factor
c
k shape factor in torsion
l
L loss factor
f
L (m) test piece length
λ extension ratio
Λ logarithmic decrement
M' (Pa) in phase or storage modulus
M" (Pa) out of phase or loss modulus
M* (Pa) complex modulus
M * (Pa) absolute value of complex modulus
M (kg) mass
ρ (kg/m) rubber density
Q (N⋅m) torque
8 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

S shape factor
T (K) absolute temperature (in kelvins)
T (K) low-frequency glass transition temperature
g
T (K) reference temperature
r
t (s) time
tanδ tangent of the loss angle
τ (Pa) stress
τ (Pa) maximum stress amplitude
τ' (Pa) in-phase stress
τ'' (Pa) out-of-phase stress
u damping ratio
V transmissibility
τ
ω (rad/s) angular frequency
X (m) deflection
X (m) maximum deflection amplitude
5 Principles
5.1 Viscoelasticity
Matter cannot be deformed without applying force. Unlike elastic materials such as metals, rubber is a
viscoelastic material, i.e. it shows both an elastic response and a viscous drag when deformed. Viscoelastic
properties have been modelled as combinations of perfectly elastic springs and viscous dampers (dashpots),
disposed in parallel (Voigt-Kelvin model) or in series (Maxwell model), giving a qualitative model of the time-
dependent behaviour of rubber-like materials.
NOTE For the use of more elaborate models to describe the behaviour accurately, see Viscoelastic Properties of
Polymers, by J. D. Ferry, published by John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
The dynamic properties of viscoelastic materials can be explained more conveniently by separating the two
components elasticity (spring) and viscosity (damping), for example as in Figure 2. Analysis of the behaviour
of this model, under a cyclic load or stress, shows that the resulting deformation lags in time behind the
applied load or stress (i.e. shows a phase difference) (see 5.5). The dynamic properties of rubber can be
thought of as physical properties quantitatively expressing the relationship of these inputs and responses.
Key
1 elasticity
2 viscosity
Figure 2 — A dynamic model for rubber (Voigt-Kelvin model)
5.2 Use of dynamic test data
Measurements of dynamic properties are generally used for the following purposes:
a) characterization of materials;
b) production of design data;
c) evaluation of products.
Viscoelastic behaviour of polymers is complex and the results can be very sensitive to test conditions such as
frequency, amplitude of the applied force or deformation, test piece geometry and mode of deformation, so
these conditions must be controlled carefully if comparable results are to be obtained.
An important consequence is that it is essential that the conditions under which data are produced are suitable
for the intended purpose of the data. In turn, this can mean that different types of test machine can produce
test data suitable for different purposes. For instance, small dynamic analyser machines are especially
suitable for material characterization, but may not have sufficient capacity for generating design data or
measuring product performance.
5.3 Classification of dynamic tests
There are numerous types of dynamic test apparatus in use and several ways in which they can be classified:
a) Classification by type of vibration
There are two basic classes of dynamic test, i.e. free vibration in which the test piece is set in oscillation and
the amplitude allowed to decay due to damping in the system, and forced vibration in which the oscillation is
maintained by external means. There are two types of test method using forced vibration, i.e. resonance type
and non-resonance type.
b) Classification by type of test apparatus
Forced-vibration machines can be conveniently divided into small-sized and large-sized test apparatuses (see
Table 1). Although the division is somewhat arbitrary, there is seldom difficulty in assigning particular
machines to one of these categories.
Other pieces of apparatus, such as the torsion pendulum, are usually dealt with individually.
10 © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — Classification of dynamic tests
Small-sized test apparatus Large-sized test apparatus
Purpose of test Comparison and evaluation of material Comparison and evaluation of design and
properties product performance
Vibration method Forced-vibration non-resonance method Forced-vibration non-resonance method
Forced-vibration resonance method
Free-vibration method
Deformation mode Tension, bending, compression and shear Compression, tension, torsion and shear
Test piece shapes Rectangular strip, cylinder, rectangular prism Cylinder, rectangular prism, cone, product

c) Classification by mode of deformation
The deformation method can involve compression, shear, tension, bending or torsion of the test piece.
5.4 Factors affecting machine selection
The advantages and disadvantages of the various types of dynamic test machine can be summarized as
follows:
a) Deformation in shear generally allows the most precise definition of strain and the stress-strain curve is
linear to higher amplitudes than for other deformation modes, but the test pieces have to be fabricated
with metal end pieces.
b) Deformation in compression can be useful in matching service conditions, particularly with products, but
generally requires a higher force capacity and consideration of the shape factor of the test piece.
c) Deformation in bending, torsion or tension requires a lower force capacity and test pieces are easily
produced, but it may be less satisfactory for measurements of absolute values of the modulus.
d) The preferred type of test machine for generating design data is a forced-vibration non-resonance
machine operating in shear.
e) A large force capacity, and hence an expensive machine, is necessary for
...