ISO 17599:2015

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17599
First edition
2015-01-15
Technical product documentation
(TPD) — General requirements
of digital mock-up for mechanical
products
Documentation technique de produits (TPD) — Exigences générales
de Digital mock-up pour les produits mécaniques
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviations. 3
5 Classification of digital mock-up . 3
5.1 Development stage . 3
5.2 Purposes . 3
5.3 Data format . 3
6 Composition of digital mock-up . 4
6.1 Geometric information . 4
6.2 Constraint information . 4
6.3 Engineering attributes . 4
7 Requirements of a digital mock-up model . 4
7.1 General principles . 4
7.2 Relationship between all kinds of digital mock-up . 4
7.3 Requirements of complete digital mock-up . 5
7.4 Requirements of sub-system digital mock-up . 5
7.5 Requirements of scheme digital mock-up . 5
7.6 Requirements of detailed digital mock-up . 5
7.7 Requirements of manufacturing digital mock-up . 6
7.8 Requirements of geometry digital mock-up . 6
7.9 Requirements of function digital mock-up . 6
7.10 Requirements of performance digital mock-up . 6
7.11 Requirements of special-purpose digital mock-up . 7
7.12 Requirements of retrofit digital mock-up . 7
8 Requirements of DMU building . 7
8.1 General requirements . 7
8.1.1 General principles . 7
8.1.2 Fundamental requirements . 7
8.1.3 Identification of parts or components . 8
8.1.4 Definition and use of coordinate system . 8
8.1.5 Colouring and texture rendering requirements . 8
8.1.6 Model state . 8
8.2 Detailed requirements of model building . 8
8.2.1 Modelling of parts . 8
8.2.2 Assembly modelling . 9
8.2.3 Simulation modelling .12
9 Simplification and lightweight models of digital mock-up .13
9.1 Application .13
9.2 General requirements .13
10 Requirements of management .13
10.1 General requirements .13
10.2 Management of the whole DMU life cycle .14
10.2.1 General principles .14
10.2.2 Management of design stage .14
10.2.3 Management of manufacture stage.15
10.2.4 Management of marketing and aftermarket stages .15
10.3 Requirements of data management .15
10.4 Configuration management .16
11 Requirements of review .16
11.1 Purposes and aims of review .16
11.2 Foundations of reviewing .16
11.3 Materials of review .17
11.4 Contents to be reviewed .17
11.4.1 Review of scheme digital mock-up .19
11.4.2 Review of detailed digital mock-up .19
11.4.3 Review of manufacturing digital mock-up.20
11.5 Body of reviewers .20
11.6 Process of review .20
11.7 Summary of review .21
11.7.1 Report of review .21
11.7.2 Conclusion of review .21
11.8 Recheck after review.21
12 Application requirements.21
12.1 General requirements .21
12.2 Detailed requirements .21
12.2.1 Design stage .21
12.2.2 Manufacture stage .23
12.2.3 Marketing stage .24
12.2.4 Aftermarket stage .24
Bibliography .25
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
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the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 10, Technical product documentation,
Subcommittee SC 6, Mechanical engineering documentation.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17599:2015(E)
Technical product documentation (TPD) — General
requirements of digital mock-up for mechanical products
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for the classification, composition, modelling,
review, application, and management of digital mock-up.
This International Standard for mechanical products is applicable to the building, management, review,
and application of digital mock-up.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10007:2003, Quality management systems — Guidelines for configuration management
ISO 11442, Technical product documentation — Document management
ISO 16792:2006, Technical product documentation — Digital product definition data practices
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
digital mock-up (DMU)
digital specification given to a complete mechanical product or sub-system with an independent function,
not only of the geometric properties, but also of its function and/or performance in a particular field
Note 1 to entry: The digital mock-up of the product is built at a design stage and is applicable to the whole life
cycle of the product, including design, manufacture, marketing, and aftermarket. The digital mock-up could
realize interference check, motion analysis, simulation of performance and manufacturing, technical training,
advertising, maintenance planning, etc.
3.2
complete digital mock-up
digital specification given to all the information of a complete mechanical product or its systems
Note 1 to entry: The complete description pertains to mechanical components, system devices, function
components, accessories, etc.
3.3
sub-system digital mock-up
digital specification of all the information of sub-systems based on the different functional divisions of
mechanical products
EXAMPLE DMU of power, transmission, and control systems
3.4
scheme digital mock-up
part of the complete DMU, which includes the digital specification of product plan design
3.5
detailed digital mock-up
part of the complete DMU, which includes the digital specification of elaborate product design
3.6
manufacturing digital mock-up
part of the complete DMU, which includes the digital specification of product machining and assembling
3.7
geometry digital mock-up
subset of the complete DMU, providing digital information specification, geometrically emphasized,
extracted from officially released DMU
3.8
function digital mock-up
subset of the complete DMU, providing a digital information specification, functionally emphasized,
extracted from officially released DMU
3.9
performance digital mock-up
subset of the complete DMU, providing a digital information specification, based on performance,
extracted from officially released DMU
3.10
special-purpose digital mock-up
description extracted or simplified from a complete product model of a digital mock-up for special
purposes, such as simulation, technical training, and marketing
3.11
retrofit digital mock-up
DMU of a new product, built on the basis of an existing one
3.12
simplification
method which allows some features built without modelling or some parts (or components) without
assembling during the modelling process
Note 1 to entry: Through simplification, the geometric detailed representation can be simplified and the model
loading efficiency can be improved provided that the simplification does not incur ambiguous understanding or
bring about inconvenience to the use of a model.
3.13
lightweight
method to extract patches from the product geometry model
Note 1 to entry: It reduces resource expenditure in model loading, and it is suitable for large assembly, assembly
simulation, advertising, technical training, etc.
3.14
annotation
dimension(s), tolerance(s), note(s), text, or symbol(s) visible without any manual or external manipulation
[SOURCE: ISO 16792:2006, 3.1]
3.15
configuration
interrelated functional and physical characteristics of a product defined in product configuration information
[SOURCE: ISO 10007:2003, 3.3]
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.16
product configuration information
requirements for product design, realization, verification, operation, and support
[SOURCE: ISO 10007:2003, 3.9]
3.17
configuration management
coordinated activities to direct and control configuration
[SOURCE: ISO 10007:2003, 3.6]
4 Abbreviations
BOM bill of materials
CAD computer-aided design
CAE computer-aided engineering
CAM computer-aided manufacturing
CAPP computer-aided process planning
DMU digital mock-up
EBOM engineering bill of materials
FMEA failure mode and effects analysis
MBOM manufacturing bill of materials
PBOM process bill of materials
PDM product data management
QC quality control
TED theoretically exact dimension
5 Classification of digital mock-up
5.1 Development stage
According to the development or life cycle stage, digital mock-up is generally divided into scheme digital
mock-up, detailed digital mock-up, manufacturing digital mock-up, etc.
5.2 Purposes
Digital mock-up can be established according to various special purposes, such as simulation, manufacture,
technical training, marketing, and advertising. This classification is done in line with purposes.
5.3 Data format
Digital mock-up can be classified according to the software type or data format.
6 Composition of digital mock-up
6.1 Geometric information
The geometric information of DMU includes point, line, surface, body, and other relevant geometric
information.
6.2 Constraint information
The constraint information of DMU includes the constraints between parts or components and between
the internal and/or external reference information of DMU.
6.3 Engineering attributes
The engineering attributes of DMU include BOM, material properties, boundary conditions, loads, failure
criteria, lifetime performance, rigidity, strength, reliability, maintainability, safety, and other information.
7 Requirements of a digital mock-up model
7.1 General principles
Digital mock-up is the digital specification produced on a computer of a physical prototype, while the
physical prototype is the materialized object of digital mock-up. The digital mock-up model shall
a) reflect the geometric attributes, functional characteristics, and performance properties of the
physical prototype,
b) provide information representation required in the whole life cycle of a product with stability and
completeness,
c) truly reflect the content of product characteristics where its forms may be various, and
d) be derivative, which can generate corresponding models depending on the different purposes.
7.2 Relationship between all kinds of digital mock-up
For relationships between all kinds of digital mock-up, see Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Relationship between all types of digital mock-up
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

7.3 Requirements of complete digital mock-up
A complete digital mock-up shall be formed after the general assembly of each sub-system with each
function modular included. It is a collective body involving information of a complete product in each
field. It is also a system description of a product object in the computer. The complete DMU shall include,
but not be limited to,
a) information which shall completely reflect product structure, layout, and position of each sub-
system on the digital mock-up,
b) information which shall reflect the compatibility and maintainability on structure and system
between a complete product and its sub-system,
c) information which shall reflect the working principles and the performance characteristics of one
or each field concerned, and
d) complete information necessary for manufacturing, when the digital mock-up is transformed to
physical prototype.
7.4 Requirements of sub-system digital mock-up
The sub-system digital mock-up is a description of the sub-system with a given function. It shall include,
but not be limited to,
a) information which shall completely show the distribution and location of geometry, structure,
and components,
b) information which shall reflect the working principles and performance characteristics in a
certain field, and
c) information which shall contain complete manufacturing information to transform sub-system
digital mock-up into a physical prototype.
7.5 Requirements of scheme digital mock-up
The scheme digital mock-up is formed at the scheme design stage. The definition and result of the scheme
digital mock-up shall include, but not be limited to,
a) describing primary overall indicators of products and defining the primary product structural
composition,
b) describing the product outline and carrying out industrial design evaluation,
c) establishment of basic parameters for each sub-system and enveloping space,
d) initial selection of standardized, purchased, finished parts, and equipment,
e) optimization of the scheme parameters and mechanism test models, and
f) carrying out overall layout design and scheme digital mock-up.
7.6 Requirements of detailed digital mock-up
Detailed digital mock-up is formed at the detailed design stage. The definition and result of the detailed
digital mock-up shall include, but not be limited to,
a) carrying out the overall design of system and mechanism, primary simulation and optimization of
system through CAE calculation, and getting a detailed design scheme,
b) carrying out calculations of detailed mass, performance, and load of the product and generally
evaluating system reliability, maintainability, etc.,
c) carrying out the detailed assembly hierarchy division, space split, connection method, and interface
definition of each sub-system and component model, and the calculation of envelope space of
moving parts,
d) carrying out detailed product analysis,
e) verifying the parameters of overall design, including product function and performance, and
modifying and optimizing partially if necessary, and
f) producing the assembly diagrams and engineering drawings of components and parts.
7.7 Requirements of manufacturing digital mock-up
Manufacturing digital mock-up is formed at the technological design stage. The definition and result of
the manufacturing digital mock-up shall include, but not be limited to,
a) design of tools, clamps, and gauges,
b) simulation of the technological process of the product, including virtual machining, assembly,
workshop (factory), etc., and
c) technological documents generation.
7.8 Requirements of geometry digital mock-up
The geometry digital mock-up of mechanical products shall include, but not be limited to,
a) information which can reflect each sub-system position in the digital mock-up,
b) information which can find the shape, dimension information, and geometric constraints of parts
and components, and
c) product coordination, assembly, and fitting relations.
7.9 Requirements of function digital mock-up
Function digital mock-up of mechanical products shall include the following information, but not be
limited to,
a) product working principles,
b) product hierarchical tree,
c) composition of parts and components, their state, and manual instructions,
d) coordinative harmony in the mechanical and function between sub-systems, and
e) information of product operation and maintenance.
7.10 Requirements of performance digital mock-up
Performance digital mock-up of mechanical products shall include the following information, but not
be limited to,
a) performance indicators of product,
b) working characteristics of input and output,
c) sub-system indicators and performance coupling relations between sub-systems,
d) the safety factor and the stress and strain for the critical and important parts, and
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

e) lifetime performance and its reliability indicator.
7.11 Requirements of special-purpose digital mock-up
Special-purpose DMU shall be derived from the complete DMU and is subordinate to the complete DMU.
It shall meet the following requirements:
a) When any change happens to the complete DMU, the derivative special-purpose digital mock-up
shall also change correspondingly.
b) Any model information lost as a result of the derivation process from the complete DMU model shall
not affect the use of the special-purpose DMU.
7.12 Requirements of retrofit digital mock-up
Retrofit digital mock-up shall meet the following requirements:
a) When retrofitting a new product, its complete digital mock-up shall be established.
b) As to partial modification, if the original product does not own the DMU model, the sub-system
digital mock-up for the modified part shall be established.
8 Requirements of DMU building
8.1 General requirements
8.1.1 General principles
a) The digital mock-up shall provide the digital specification of the product, covering every stage of
the life cycle of the mechanical product, while the information included by the digital mock-up shall
improve gradually as the development process goes on.
b) Before the building of the DMU, full consideration of the modular design shall be taken into
account, so as to facilitate the reuse, upgrade, and maintenance of the digital mock-up and ease the
disassembly, recycling, and disposal when the product is scrapped.
c) DMU simplification and/or lightweight versions shall be permitted according to the product
characteristics and places where the DMU is used.
d) The model of DMU shall be reviewed and appraised before its release.
8.1.2 Fundamental requirements
a) The DMU defines the nominal model. If the forms, orientation, and position of geometric elements are
determined by the theoretically exact dimension (TED), DMU models should be built by the TEDs.
NOTE The scale of 1:1 is recommended to build the DMU.
b) The uniform unit shall be used in building DMU. If the length unit is not millimetre, it shall be an
attribute of the model.
c) Before the modelling of a digital mock-up, a unified initial setting of modelling software shall be
provided; usually, the setting items should include, but not be limited to, the start path of file loading,
the initial screen and display environment, the initial modelling datum, the default view, layers, unit
specification, design model precision, annotation format, basic model attributes, etc.
8.1.3 Identification of parts or components
The identification of parts or components of digital mock-up shall meet the requirements as follows:
a) Uniqueness: All parts or components shall have unique identification to avoid confusion during data
storage, share, and release.
b) Unification: The identifications of parts or components shall be unified. Each enterprise or industry
organization should have rules of their own according to their characteristics.
c) Readability: The identifications of parts or components shall observe the regulations made by each
enterprise or industry organization and high readability facilitates the management of documents
of digital mock-up model.
d) Extensibility: The identifications of parts or components shall be extendable to add new information
according to different applications.
8.1.4 Definition and use of coordinate system
The definition and use of the coordinate system of the digital mock-up model shall abide by the
following principles:
a) The coordinate system definition of the digital mock-up model shall be unified before product
design, generally referring to the origin, orientation, naming of coordinate system, etc.
b) The coordinate system of the digital mock-up model should give concise and readable identifications.
c) The digital mock-up model shall have an absolute coordinate system and should establish a relative
coordinate system during model building according to actual situation.
8.1.5 Colouring and texture rendering requirements
Colouring and texture rendering of DMU shall meet the following requirements:
a) Easy to identify and operate.
b) For different purposes or at different stages; for example, when colouring DMU at the design stage,
only 8.1.5 a) is observed; when the design is complete, the DMU models should assume the state of
substantially dyed. When colouring the final DMU, either the product colour scheme or the colour of
physical prototype or the user’s practice and requirements should be taken into account.
c) When the texture rendering is given to DMU, the material properties of components shall be
considered and the material texture shall be decided on.
8.1.6 Model state
a) For the mechanical product with kinematic pair, the submitted DMU model shall stay in stationary
or stable state.
b) For the mechanical product with cyclic movement, the submitted DMU model shall stay in zero
position in a motion cycle or keep stable under the effect of gravity.
c) Models of DMU with multi-status movement should be derived from the DMU model under stationary
or stable state.
8.2 Detailed requirements of model building
8.2.1 Modelling of parts
8.2.1.1 Fundamental principles
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a) The model of parts shall accurately express the design intent.
b) The model of a part shall not contain redundant elements. For example, it shall not comprise any
geometry information which is not related to the model building result.
c) The modelling of a part should reflect that the design is for manufacturing and assembly, so as to
enhance the manufacturability and ease of assembly.
d) The main frame of the model shall be built first, and then the detailed features of the model.
e) The parameterization to modelling of parts is recommended, and the inherent links and reference
relations between data should be taken into account.
8.2.1.2 The general process of modelling of parts
The general process of modelling of parts is as follows:
a) Set the initial environment of modelling software.
b) Define examination rules for future DMU model validation.
c) Create DMU model file, and then copy and quote the reference relation if necessary.
d) Build the main frame.
e) Build part from detailed geometric features, such as rounds, chamfers, and small holes.
f) Create 2D engineering drawings, if required.
g) Add other information as necessary, such as annotation, attributes, analysis data, and material
description as described in ISO 16792.
h) Examine and validate the DMU model.
8.2.1.3 Fundamental requirements
a) The model of parts shall include engineering information, for instance, performance indicator,
analysis data, material description, etc.
b) Part-modelling features shall be fully constrained, neither should they be under-constrained nor
over-constrained, unless otherwise specified.
c) Priority shall be given to the geometric constraint, such as parallel, perpendicular, and aligned. The
dimension constraint is in the second consideration.
d) The outline surface of the part model shall be smooth and ruled surfaces should be adopted.
Model data shall provide machining information, such as reference plane, technological holes, and
positioning datum.
e) Priority shall be given to parameterized series family table when modelling the standardized parts.
f) Models of purchased parts should be provided by the supplier. If the supplier cannot do it, the parts
model shall be set up by the user.
8.2.2 Assembly modelling
8.2.2.1 Fundamental principles
a) DMU models shall be assembled by hierarchy and by sub-systems (reflecting the physical sequences
of assembly or disassembly of the product).
b) The assembly model shall include not only the information of parts or components but also the
associativity between them.
c) The configuration status or released version of the DMU shall be recorded.
d) A complete assembly hierarchical tree shall be defined.
8.2.2.2 The process of assembly modelling
There are two modes in assembly modelling: design from top to bottom and that from bottom to top
design. For the product with simple structure, the mode from bottom to top should be recommended;
for the newly designed product with complex structure, the mode from top to bottom is recommended.
These two design modes do not conflict with each other, and they may be used in combination sometimes.
The process from top to bottom is generally as follows:
a) Create top-level assembly model, and build layout model or skeleton model.
b) Define the assembly datum.
c) Create sub-assembly by the mode from top to bottom level by level, with the layout model as the
design basis, until a complete assembly structure is formed.
d) Build the sub-assembly and models of parts.
e) Add relevant annotation and attribute description, as described in ISO 16792, including dimensional
specification, geometrical specification with datum system or not, or surface texture specification
or other types of specification and add when it is applicable, process capability index (or process
performance index) and data. Refer to ISO 3534-2.
f) Create 2D engineering drawings as required.
g) Check the model according to the predefined inspection rules and modify any unconformities until
the predefined requirements are met.
The process from bottom to top is generally as follows:
a) Carry out the bottom part or component modelling.
b) Create assembly model file for the upper level.
c) Set up the assembly datum and assemble the part or component model level by level until the
complete assembly structure is formed.
d) Add relevant annotation and attribute description, as described in ISO 16792, including dimensional
specification, geometrical specification with datum system or not, or surface texture specification
or other types of specification and add when it is applicable, process capability index (or process
performance index) and data. Refer to ISO 3534-2.
e) Make 2D engineering drawings as required.
f) Check model according to the predefined inspection rules and modify any unconformities until the
predefined requirements are met.
8.2.2.3 Assembly constraints
8.2.2.3.1 Principles for constraint selection
a) The selection of the assembly constraint should reflect the constraint properties and motion
relations of product object as truly as possible and selection shall be made about the constraint
type which best reflects design intent. With regard to the moving product, the constraint shall truly
reflect its mechanical motion characteristics.
10 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

b) Over-constraints or under-constraints shall be avoided.
c) According to design intent, the rational assembly datum shall be chosen and the assembly relations
should be simplified as much as possible.
8.2.2.3.2 Model assembly without degree of freedom
For a model assembly without freedom, each component shall be completely constrained. The commonly
used static constraint should include, but not be limited to, one coordinate system being fitted to another,
one axis to another, one plane to another, and one surface tangent to another.
One constraint or a combination of several above constraints shall be used to give full constraints
to a component.
a) one coordinate system being fitted to another
The position relations of components shall be constrained by the alignment or offset of coordinate
systems. Each component should be constrained in the same coordinate system, in order to reduce
unnecessary cross-referencing relationship between these components.
b) one axis being fitted to another
Axes of two components shall be constrained to be in superposition by alignment or insertion
manner. This kind of constraint should be used commonly in fitting between the shaft and hole.
c) one plane being fitted to another
The position relations of components shall be constrained through alignment, matching or offset
of plane to plane. If the normal direction of two planes is the same, this kind of constraint is called
‘planes alignment’; if the normal direction of two planes is opposite, this kind of constraint is known
as ‘planes mate’; if the two planes are parallel and there is a certain offset distance between them,
this kind of constraint is referred to as ‘planes offset’.
d) one surface tangent to another
Two components position relationship shall be constrained by one surface tangent to another.
8.2.2.3.3 Model assembly with degree of freedom
For a three-dimensional model assembly with degree of freedom, assembly shall be done according
to the actual mechanical kinematic pair type. Constraints affected shall correspond with the kinetic
characteristics of actual mechanical kinematic pair. The common mechanical kinematic pair includes,
but is not limited to, the revolute, sliding, cylindrical, planar, spherical connection and special moving
pairs, or the combination of these kinematic pairs.
a) revolute pair
Also known as ‘hinge’; it refers to the relative rotation of one component around an axis of another.
The mobile component has one rotational degree of freedom.
b) sliding pair
It refers to the linear motion of one component relative to another along a straight line. The mobile
component has one sliding degree of freedom.
c) cylindrical pair
One component affects a linear motion along a cylindrical plane relative to another, and rotates
around the axis of the cylinder. The mobile component has two degrees of freedom, i.e. one sliding
degree of freedom and one rotational degree of freedom.
d) planar pair
One component moves on a certain plane relative to another and rotates around the normal line of
the plane. The moving component has three degrees of freedom, i.e. two sliding degrees of freedom
and one rotational degree of freedom.
e) spherical connection pair
One component rotates in any direction around the centre of the sphere relative to another. The
mobile component has three rotational degrees of freedom.
f) special moving pair
It refers to the movement constrained by special drive mechanism which usually includes gear, cam,
belt, chain, coupler, and screw pairs.
8.2.3 Simulation modelling
8.2.3.1 Fundamental requirements
The simulation model is a subset of DMU and the digital specification expresses its capability necessary
to show up product function and performance simulation.
According to application, different simulation models shall be built, such as assembly simulation model,
kinematic simulation model, finite element model, and dynamic simulation model.
Full use shall be made of the existing geometric DMU to build simulation model, so as to reduce the work
of model rebuilding.
8.2.3.2 Requirements of simulation modelling
The general process of simulation modelling based on the geometry model is as follows:
a) The initial setting of simulation software shall be made.
b) Simplification of geometry DMU should be carried out with detail features being deleted, provided
it does not affect the simulation result. Take for example, when mechanical finite element analysis
model is to be built, the detail features in the geometry DMU should be deleted, such as the chamfers,
small holes, and turned edges; when the analysis model of multi-body dynamic is to be built, the
several components, whose interacting load at co
...