ISO/FDIS 1951
(Main)Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
This international standard focuses on the presentation of lexicographic articles in language dictionaries, either monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, being addressed for human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, the ISO 1951:2007 follows the ISO 24613 series. The document provides recommendations to deal with the heterogeneous structures of data presentation in lexicographic articles, both in print and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core concepts, terms and definitions related to the presentation of various components in a lexicographic article.
Présentation des articles lexicographiques dans les dictionnaires de langue générale — Principes fondamentaux et recommandations
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 37/SC 2 - Terminology workflow and language coding
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 37/SC 2 - Terminology workflow and language coding
- Current Stage
- 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
- Start Date
- 20-Mar-2026
- Completion Date
- 20-Mar-2026
Relations
- Effective Date
- 06-Jun-2022
Overview
ISO/FDIS 1951: Presentation of Lexicographic Entries in General Language Dictionaries - Fundamentals and Recommendations is an international standard developed by ISO Technical Committee 37, Subcommittee 2. It establishes foundational principles and recommendations for structuring and presenting lexicographic entries in monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual general language dictionaries. The standard is designed for human end-users and applies to both print and digital formats. By providing guidance on the visual and structural aspects of dictionary entries, it promotes clarity, consistency, and user-friendly access to lexical information.
Key Topics
ISO/FDIS 1951 addresses multiple key areas essential to the field of lexicography and dictionary publishing:
- Lexicographic Structures: Defines the standard layout for dictionary entries, including components such as headwords (lemmas), definitions, examples, grammatical information, etymology, usage labels, and cross-references.
- Component and Subcomponent Identification: Describes how elements like pronunciation, part of speech, sense divisions, synonyms, antonyms, and variants are to be presented and distinguished.
- Typographical Conventions: Recommends consistent typographic choices (e.g., bold, italics, superscript, bullet points, colour coding, hyperlinks) to increase readability and navigability for users.
- Terminology and Definitions: Establishes a unified vocabulary related to lexicographic presentation, facilitating standardization across dictionaries.
- Data Modelling Compatibility: Aligns data modelling guidance with the ISO 24613 series (Lexical Markup Framework - LMF), encouraging interoperability and digital consistency.
- Print and Digital Considerations: Addresses the transformation from print to digital dictionaries, reflecting current best practices in online dictionary interfaces.
Applications
The practical application of ISO/FDIS 1951 spans several professional and commercial contexts:
- Dictionary Publishers: Ensures uniformity in the presentation of entries, enhancing product quality and facilitating collaboration between editorial teams.
- Lexicographers: Provides clear guidelines for compiling and editing entries, supporting both traditional and digital lexicographic workflows.
- Digital Resource Developers: Standardizes the structure of electronic dictionaries and machine-readable lexical databases, enabling easier data integration, exchange, and long-term maintenance.
- Language Resource Managers: Assists organizations in harmonizing data from multiple dictionary sources, improving the accessibility and usability of lexical resources for research, education, and language technologies.
- Academic and Research Settings: Offers a reliable framework for constructing and analyzing lexicographic data, supporting linguistic studies, corpus development, and language documentation.
- Cross-lingual and Multilingual Projects: Facilitates the alignment and comparison of dictionaries across languages by recommending standardized entry components and metadata.
Related Standards
ISO/FDIS 1951 is closely linked with several important international standards that address language resources and lexicographic data modelling:
- ISO 24613 Series: Lexical Markup Framework (LMF)
- ISO 24613-1: Core Model for lexical data structure
- ISO 24613-2: Machine-readable dictionary (MRD) model
- ISO 24613-3: Etymological extension
- ISO 24613-4: TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) serialization
- ISO 1087: Terminology work and terminology science - Vocabulary
- ISO 639: Codes for the representation of language names
- ISO 21636-1: Language coding - A framework for language varieties
- TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange
- IETF BCP 47: Tags for identifying languages
By aligning with these standards, ISO/FDIS 1951 fosters an ecosystem of interoperable and future-proof language resources, ready for both human and machine use in diverse linguistic and technological environments.
Keywords: ISO 1951, lexicographic entries, dictionary standards, lexicography presentation, language resources, dictionary structure, typographical conventions, LMF, lexical data modelling, digital dictionary, human-readable dictionaries, dictionary publishing, language standardization
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 1951 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations". This standard covers: This international standard focuses on the presentation of lexicographic articles in language dictionaries, either monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, being addressed for human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, the ISO 1951:2007 follows the ISO 24613 series. The document provides recommendations to deal with the heterogeneous structures of data presentation in lexicographic articles, both in print and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core concepts, terms and definitions related to the presentation of various components in a lexicographic article.
This international standard focuses on the presentation of lexicographic articles in language dictionaries, either monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, being addressed for human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, the ISO 1951:2007 follows the ISO 24613 series. The document provides recommendations to deal with the heterogeneous structures of data presentation in lexicographic articles, both in print and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core concepts, terms and definitions related to the presentation of various components in a lexicographic article.
ISO/FDIS 1951 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.020 - Terminology (principles and coordination); 01.080.99 - Other graphical symbols. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 1951 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 1951:2007. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/FDIS 1951 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 1951
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Presentation of Lexicographic
Secretariat: SCC
Entries in General Language
Voting begins on:
Dictionaries – Fundamentals and
2025-05-23
Recommendations
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 01.080.99; 01.020
2025-08-15
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
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POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
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Reference number
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 1951
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Presentation of Lexicographic
Secretariat: SCC
Entries in General Language
Voting begins on:
Dictionaries – Fundamentals and
Recommendations
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 01.080.99; 01.020
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
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Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 An overview of lexicographic components . 5
5 Typographical conventions . 8
Annex A (informative) Structure of a lexicographic entry .10
Annex B (informative) Lexicographic symbols .12
Annex C (informative) Dictionary examples applying LMF modelling mechanisms .16
Bibliography .18
iii
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology, Subcommittee
SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 1951:2007), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— extending the scope;
— reviewing the entire content;
— changing the title, retaining the term ‘presentation’ because it is a fundamental aspect of this standard,
while the term ‘representation’ has been removed and is now referring to the ISO 24613 series available
on the ISO website;
— introducing the relationship between the generic structure and the presentation of lexicographic
entries, using the LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) TEI serialization and integrating the TEI tagset as
the reference for implementing the proposed model;
— reviewing and updating core lexicographic terms to align with the current state of the field, as well as
introducing new terms.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
Introduction
The lexicographic landscape has undergone a profound transformation over the last few decades, primarily
due to the definitive shift to digital platforms. Technological advances have played a pivotal role in shaping
new strategies and directions: a significant number of lexicographic resources are currently accessible
online, largely due to retro-digitization; the limitations imposed by print editions are no longer a concern;
the integration of corpora has evolved into a widely recognized best practice; various dictionary writing
systems have been developed to accommodate the changing landscape; and annotation schemes have
markedly improved. In this digital age, the ongoing revolution demands the application of adapted standards
and tools to ensure the availability of structured data and promote interoperability between systems,
especially given the inherent heterogeneity in the dictionary-making process due to variations in nature,
form, and content.
This revised document arose from the work within ISO working group ISO/TC 37/SC 2/WG 9, Terminology
workflow and language coding. It aligns with ISO international standards ISO 24613-1:2024, ISO 24613-2:2020,
ISO 24613-3:2021 and ISO 24613-4:2021 developed by ISO working group ISO/TC 37/SC 4/WG 4, focusing on
modelling data representation in a variety of dictionary subtypes.
The intended audience for this document includes lexicographers as well as researchers and practitioners in
the field of language resource management who work with lexicographic resources.
This document adopts a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach and focuses on general language
dictionaries, whether monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual, which serve as valuable tools and references
for broadening knowledge. Regarding representing lexicographic data, the relationship between the generic
structure and the presentation of lexicographic entries is elucidated using LMF TEI serialization, integrating
the TEI tagset as the reference for implementing the proposed model.
To develop a standard that establishes the model for the presentation of lexicographic entries in general
language dictionaries, this document aims to 1) provide recommendations for addressing the variety of
existing heterogeneous features and practices found in human-readable dictionaries, whether in print or
digital format; 2) standardize the core concepts related to the presentation of various components in a
lexicographic entry, as uniformity of terminology promotes consistency and data reusability; 3) reproduce
the typographical conventions described in previous editions of ISO 1951.
This document includes examples from printed and retro-digitized dictionaries, those converted from an
analogue (paper) or digital (e.g., PDF) medium into a computer-readable format. Born-digital dictionaries,
created directly in machine-readable formats, are excluded.
In the running text of this document, the following notations are employed:
— terms designating concepts defined in this document are in italics;
— TEI P5 terms (element names, attribute names, attribute values, etc.) are presented in a fixed-width
(monospace) font, as follows:
— individual element names are enclosed in angle brackets, e.g., ;
— names of nested elements are represented in XPath notation, e.g., cit/quote/bibl;
— attribute names are indicated with an @sign preceding the name of the attribute, e.g., @type;
— attribute values are enclosed in double quotation marks (" "), e.g., "domain".
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
Presentation of Lexicographic Entries in General Language
Dictionaries – Fundamentals and Recommendations
1 Scope
This document specifies the presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries, whether
monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, and addressed for
human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, this document follows the ISO 24613 series.
The document provides recommendations to deal with the heterogeneous structures of data presentation
in lexicographic entries, both in print and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core concepts
related to the broader scope of lexicographic work.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 639 (all parts), Code for individual languages and language groups
ISO 1087, Terminology work and terminology science — Vocabulary
ISO 24613-1, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 1: Core model
ISO 24613-2, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 2: Machine-readable
dictionary (MRD) model
ISO 24613-3, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 3: Etymological
extension
ISO 24613-4, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 4: TEI serialization
ISO 21636-1:2024, Language coding — A framework for language varieties — Part 1: Vocabulary
IETF BCP 47, Tags for Identifying Languages. (ed. A. Phillips; M. Davis). September 2009. Best Current Practice.
URL: https:// tools .ietf .org/ html/ bcp47
TEI P5, Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. [Version number: 4.6.0]. [Last modified date:
2023-04-04]. TEI Consortium. http:// www .tei -c .org/ Guidelines/ P5/
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
NOTE Terms and corresponding definitions related to lexicographic components and sub-components are listed
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
3.1
delimiter
separator
element used to separate different components of a lexicographic entry (3.11) or distinct entries within a
dictionary (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Delimiters help to organize information, making it easier for end-users to locate and understand the
various components of a lexicographic entry.
EXAMPLE The lemma delimiter used after a lemma (3.7), and the sense delimiter positioned before a new sense.
3.2
dictionary
lexicographic resource (3.13) that contains a structured collection of
lexicographic entries (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Dictionary can have a much broader meaning. The definition presented is restricted to the scope of
this document.
3.3
machine-readable dictionary
MRD
electronic dictionary
computer-aided dictionary
computer-assisted dictionary
dictionary (3.2) designed to be processed and interpreted by software
Note 1 to entry: Unlike traditional dictionaries (3.2), which are intended for human use, MRDs are formatted in such a
way that their contents can be efficiently accessed, manipulated, and utilized by software.
3.4
dictionary structure
structure containing a macrostructure (3.15), a microstructure (3.19) and a mediostructure (3.17)
3.5
general language
natural language (3.20) characterized by the use of linguistic means of expression independent of any
specific domain
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019]
3.6
grammatical feature
property associated with a lexical unit (3.9) to describe one of its grammatical attributes
Note 1 to entry: Possible grammatical features include gender, number, and transitivity.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.2, modified – lexical unit replaces word form; Note 1 to entry added, EXAMPLE
removed]
3.7
headword
entry word
a lexicographic component (3.12) that serves as the main access point to a lexicographic entry (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: This term is included in Table 1.
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
3.8
lemma
lemmatized form
canonical form
base form
base word (deprecated term)
conventional representation of a lexical unit (3.9) chosen as the headword in a lexicographic resource (3.13)
according to lexicographic conventions
Note 1 to entry: Conventions may vary between languages.
3.9
lexical unit
lexical item
meaningful lexical element within natural language (3.20)
Note 1 to entry: Although ‘lexeme’ is the term used in ISO 24613-1:2024, this document adopts the term ‘lexical unit’.
This preference is based on its practical orientation, emphasizing a meaningful lexical item that is readily identifiable
and applicable. This choice avoids confusion with the more abstract concept of ‘lexeme’, which is distinct from both
lemma and lexical unit, as defined in ISO 24613-1:2024.
3.10
lexicographer
expert who compiles or edits a dictionary (3.2)
3.11
lexicographic entry
entry
main entry
lexicographic article
dictionary article
structured set of lexicographic components (3.12) that treat a headword (3.8) in a lexicographic resource (3.13)
3.12
lexicographic component
structural element of a dictionary entry (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Lexicographic components can include but are not limited to headwords, definitions, examples,
etymology, and usage notes.
3.13
lexicographic resource
collection of lexicographic entries (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: A lexicographic resource can be a collection of structured datasets that is human-readable as a
dictionary and also can be processed as a machine-readable dictionary.
EXAMPLE Printed dictionaries, CDs, databases.
3.14
lexicon
resource containing a collection of lexical units (3.9)
3.15
macrostructure
dictionary structure (3.4) comprising a data set with a list of lemmas (3.7)
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
3.16
marker
type of notation used in lexicographic entries (3.11) to provide metadata (3.18) about a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Markers can indicate various aspects such as grammatical information and usage labels, helping users
understand the proper use of a lexical unit. For example, in the lexicographic entry for the lexical unit ‘run’, a marker
can indicate that it is a verb (v.), and another marker can label it as informal when used to mean ‘to manage’ (e.g., ‘run
a business’).
3.17
mediostructure
cross-reference structure
dictionary structure (3.4) of cross-references between lexicographic entries (3.11) or their lexicographic
components (3.12)
3.18
metadata
data that provides information about other data related to any element of a lexicographic resource (3.13)
3.19
microstructure
dictionary structure (3.4) of lexicographic components (3.12) within a lexicographic entry (3.11)
3.20
natural language
language that is or was in active use in a community of people, and the rules of which are mainly deduced
from usage
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019]
3.21
orthography
systematic way of spelling or writing lexical units (3.9) that conforms to a conventionalized use
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.10, modified – The term lexemes has been changed to lexical units.]
3.22
sense component
structural sense element of a lexicographic entry (3.11)
3.23
subentry
nested entry
grouping structure for related lexicographic entries (3.11) that share a common headword
3.24
typographical convention
set of practices governing the visual presentation of lexicographic content as displayed or output
Note 1 to entry: These conventions encompass choices related to typography, such as font usage, font size, line spacing,
margins, paragraph styles, text alignment, punctuation, symbols and other text design characteristics.
3.25
usage label
marker (3.16) that indicates a restricted use of a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Usage labels address different dimensions of linguistic variation, such as space, time, social group, and
situation (cf. ISO 21636-1:2024).
Note 2 to entry: General and specialized dictionaries employ a range of symbols and abbreviations as usage labels.
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
EXAMPLE Labels indicating currency or period (e.g., arch. for archaic), formality or register (e.g., inf. for informal),
regionality or dialect (e.g., Am. for American, York. for Yorkshire), technicality or subject field (e.g., bot. for botanical),
and textuality or genre (e.g., poet. for poetic).
4 An overview of lexicographic components
Table 1 describes various lexicographic components and sub-components typically found in lexicographic
resources or annotation schemes.
Table 1 — Lexicographic components and sub-components
Preferred desig- Other designa- Definition Example
nation tions
antonym cross-reference indicating a lexical unit low OPP high [Longman]
with a meaning contrary to that of the
desfavorable ANT.: favorable
lemma
[DLE]
NOTE: This component is generally
preceded by a delimiter, e. g. OPP [op-
posite], ANT. [antonym] or ≠.
attitude label marker that indicates the mood, pos- nice Of a (finished) action, task,
itive or negative, which a speaker is etc.: well-executed; commendably
wishing to convey via the use of a given performed or accomplished. Now
lexical unit frequently in interjections, as nice
going!, nice try!, nice work!. Also
used ironically or sarcastically.
[OED]
oik /ɔɪk/ noun [countable] British
English informal not polite [Long-
man]
citation quote sense component that references a porte-arquebuse Officier chargé
specific quote from written or spoken de porter l'arquebuse (puis
quotation
sources to illustrate the occurrence of a le fusil) du roi ou d'un grand
cited quotation
lexical unit seigneur, quand ils allaient à la
chasse. Vous n'avez pas ici votre
NOTE: A citation should be followed by
bon porte-arquebuse La Hurière
bibliographic reference (its source).
(DUMAS père, Reine Margot, 1847,
II, tabl. 5, 4, p. 70). [TLFi]
cross-reference lexicographic component which pro- empire See also imperial (EM-
vides a link or reference to another PIRE) [Cambridge]
component within the lexicographic
arthritis [.] SEE ALSO osteo-
resource
arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
NOTE: The reference may be internal to [Oxford Advanced Learner’s
a dictionary or pointing to an external Dictionary]
source.
ozonosferaTb. ozonósfera, Am. 1. f.
Meteor.capa de ozono. [DLE]
dating lexicographic component indicating the pill
date of the estimated first recorded use
Verb (1) 12th century, in the
of a lexical unit
meaning defined at intransitive
sense
Noun 14th century, in the meaning
defined at sense 1a
Verb (2) 1736, in the meaning
defined at transitive sense 1 [Mer-
riam-Webster]
domain label field label marker which identifies the specialized RHÉT (for “rhétorique” in AL-
field of knowledge in which a lexical LITÉRATION [Petit Robert 2017]
subject field label
unit is mainly used
astronomy (for “dark star”) [Ox-
topic label (depre-
ford Advanced Learner’s Diction-
cated term)
ary]
ISO/DIS 1951:2025(en)
TTabablele 1 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Preferred desig- Other designa- Definition Example
nation tions
etymology lexicographic component which con- tuer milieu XIIe s. <> du latin pop-
tains information about the origin of a ulaire tutare “éteindre” et “tuer”,
lexical unit and its historical develop- de tutari “protéger”, par l’inter-
ment médiaire d’expressions comme
tutari famen, sitim “calmer la faim,
NOTE: This information can include
la soif”, donc “protéger, garantir de
etymons, roots, cognates, etc.
la faim, la soif ” [Petit Robert 2017]
example usage example sense component that includes a text corriger […] corriger la vue de qqn
string to illustrate the occurrence of a par des verres de contact. [Petit
lexical unit Robert 2017]
punish Smacking is not an ac-
ceptable way of punishing a child
[Longman]
form lexical form instantiation of a lexical unit in a textu- color noun (US English) (British
al context English colour) [Oxford Learner’s
word form
Dictionaries]
frequency label marker which identifies the relative (also less frequent flyer) (for “flying
rate of occurrence of a lexical unit in a start”) [Oxford Advanced Learn-
given context er’s Dictionary]
geographic label region label marker which identifies the place or re- RÉGION. (Sud-Ouest; Canada) (for
gion where a lexical unit is mainly used “chocolatine”) [Petit Robert 2017]
NOTE: Some dictionaries do not iden- vacation US (UK holiday) [Cam-
tify a specific place but identify that bridge Dictionary]
the lexical unit is not used generally in
plonker Bri
...
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Presentation of lexicographic
Secretariat: SN
entries in general language
Voting begins on:
dictionaries — Fundamentals and
2026-03-20
recommendations
Voting terminates on:
2026-05-15
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Presentation of lexicographic
Secretariat: SN
entries in general language
Voting begins on:
dictionaries — Fundamentals and
recommendations
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Overview of lexicographic components . 5
5 Typographical conventions . 9
Annex A (informative) Structural overview of lexicographic entries .11
Annex B (informative) Lexicographic symbols .13
Annex C (informative) Dictionary examples applying LMF modelling mechanisms . 17
Bibliography . 19
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology, Subcommittee
SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 1951:2007), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— extending the scope;
— reviewing the entire content;
— changing the title and retaining the term “presentation”, because it is a fundamental aspect of this
document;
— noting that the term “representation” is now addressed in the ISO 24613 series available on the ISO
website;
— introducing the relationship between the generic structure and the presentation of lexicographic
entries, using the LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) TEI serialization and integrating the TEI tagset as
the reference for implementing the proposed model;
— reviewing and updating core lexicographic terms and definitions to align with the current state of the
field, as well as introducing new terms.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The lexicographic landscape has undergone a profound transformation over the last few decades, primarily
due to the shift to digital platforms. Technological advances have played a pivotal role in shaping new
strategies and directions: a significant number of lexicographic resources are currently accessible online,
largely due to retro-digitization; the limitations imposed by print editions are no longer a concern; the
integration of corpora has evolved into a widely recognized best practice; various dictionary writing systems
have been developed to accommodate the changing landscape; and annotation schemes have markedly
improved. In this digital age, the ongoing revolution demands the application of adapted standards and tools
to ensure the availability of structured data and promote interoperability between systems, especially given
the inherent heterogeneity in the dictionary-making process due to variations in nature, form, and content.
This document aligns with ISO 24613-1:2024, ISO 24613-2:2020, ISO 24613-3:2021 and ISO 24613-4:2021
developed by ISO/TC 37/SC 4, focusing on modelling data representation in a variety of dictionary subtypes.
The intended audience for this document includes lexicographers as well as researchers and practitioners in
the field of language resource management who work with lexicographic resources.
This document adopts a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach and focuses on general language
dictionaries, whether monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual, which serve as valuable tools and references
for broadening knowledge. Regarding the presentation of lexicographic data, the relationship between the
generic structure and the presentation of lexicographic entries is elucidated using LMF TEI serialization
(ISO 24613), integrating the TEI tagset as the reference for implementing the proposed model.
This document establishes a generic model for the presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries and aims to:
— provide recommendations for addressing the variety of existing heterogeneous features and practices
found in human-readable dictionaries, whether in printed or digital format;
— standardize the core concepts and the terminology used for presenting the various components in a
lexicographic entry, so that a uniform metaterminology promotes consistency and data reusability;
— reproduce the typographical conventions described in previous editions of this document.
This document includes examples from printed and retro-digitized dictionaries, those converted from an
analogue (paper) or digital (e.g. PDF) medium into a computer-readable format. Born-digital dictionaries,
created directly in machine-readable formats, are excluded.
In the running text of this document, the following notations are employed:
— TEI P5 terms (element names, attribute names, attribute values, etc.) are presented in a fixed-width
(monospace) font, as follows:
— individual element names are enclosed in angle brackets, e.g. ;
— names of nested elements are represented in XPath notation, e.g. cit/quote/bibl;
— attribute names are indicated with an @sign preceding the name of the attribute, e.g. @type;
— attribute values are enclosed in double quotation marks (" "), e.g. "domain".
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 1951:2026(en)
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
1 Scope
This document specifies the presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries, whether
monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, and intended
for human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, this document follows the ISO 24613
series.
The document provides recommendations for addressing the heterogeneous structures of data presentation
in lexicographic entries, both in printed and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core
concepts related to the broader scope of lexicographic work.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
NOTE Terms and corresponding definitions related to lexicographic components are listed.
3.1
born-digital dictionary
lexicographic resource (3.13) that is conceptualized, designed and developed originally in digital form,
without a prior printed version
3.2
delimiter
separator
element used to separate different components of a lexicographic entry (3.12) or distinct entries within a
dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Delimiters help to organize information, making it easier for end-users to locate and understand the
various components of a lexicographic entry.
EXAMPLE The lemma delimiter is used after a lemma (3.8); a sense delimiter is positioned before a new sense
component (3.23).
3.3
dictionary
lexicographic resource (3.13) consisting of a systematically structured
collection of lexicographic entries (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: Dictionary can have a much broader meaning. The definition presented is restricted to the scope of
this document.
3.4
dictionary structure
organized set of components that defines the arrangement of lexicographic entries (3.12), the internal
composition of each entry, and the relationships among entries within a dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: A dictionary structure typically comprises a macrostructure (3.16), one or more types of microstructure
(3.20), and, where applicable, a mediostructure (3.18).
3.5
general language
natural language (3.21) characterized by the use of linguistic means of expression independent of any
specific domain
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.8]
3.6
grammatical feature
property associated with a lexical unit (3.9) to describe one of its grammatical attributes
Note 1 to entry: Potential grammatical features include gender, number, and transitivity.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.3, modified — “word form” replaced by “lexical unit”. Note 1 to entry added.
Example deleted.]
3.7
headword
entry word
lexicographic component (3.11) that serves as the main access point to a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: This term is included in Table 1.
3.8
lemma
lemmatized form
canonical form
base form
DEPRECATED: base word
representation of a lexical unit (3.9) chosen as the headword (3.7) in a lexicographic resource (3.13) according
to lexicographic conventions
Note 1 to entry: Conventions may vary across languages.
EXAMPLE In many European languages, nouns are lemmatized in the singular form, whereas verbs are
lemmatized in the infinitive form.
3.9
lexical unit
lexical item
lexical item within natural language (3.21) with an established meaning
Note 1 to entry: Although “lexeme” is the term used in ISO 24613-1:2024, this document adopts the term “lexical unit”.
This preference is based on its practical orientation, emphasizing a lexical item with an established meaning that is
readily identifiable and applicable. This choice avoids confusion with the more abstract concept of “lexeme”, which is
distinct from both lemma (3.8) and lexical unit, as defined in ISO 24613-1:2024.
EXAMPLE car, mega-.
3.10
lexicographer
expert who compiles or edits a dictionary (3.3)
3.11
lexicographic component
structural element of a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: Lexicographic components can include, but are not limited, to headwords (3.7), definitions, examples,
etymology and usage notes.
3.12
lexicographic entry
entry
main entry
lexicographic article
dictionary article
structured set of lexicographic components (3.11), including the headword (3.7), that describe and specify the
properties, meanings and use of a lexical unit (3.9) within a lexicographic resource (3.13)
3.13
lexicographic resource
collection of lexical data organized in one or more structures, which may include lexicographic entries (3.12)
or other forms of lexical organization
Note 1 to entry: A lexicographic resource may be intended for human use (e.g. a printed or born-digital dictionary) or
for machine processing (e.g. a machine-readable dictionary (3.15) or lexical database).
EXAMPLE Dictionaries, lexical databases, lexicographic databases, lemma lists.
3.14
lexicon
resource containing a collection of lexical units (3.9) belonging to a natural language (3.21), language variety
or subject field, without implying any specific lexicographic structuring
Note 1 to entry: A lexicon may underlie a dictionary (3.3) but does not itself require the presence of lexicographic
entries (3.12), definitions or other components typical of dictionaries.
3.15
machine-readable dictionary
MRD
electronic dictionary
DEPRECATED: computer-aided dictionary
DEPRECATED: computer-assisted dictionary
dictionary (3.3) encoded in a structured digital format that can be automatically accessed or interpreted by
software
Note 1 to entry: A machine-readable dictionary differs from a human-readable electronic dictionary in that its
structure is designed primarily for computational processing rather than visual presentation.
Note 2 to entry: The previously used terms “computer-aided dictionary” and “computer-assisted dictionary” are
deprecated, as they may be ambiguous and do not necessarily imply machine readability.
3.16
macrostructure
dictionary structure (3.4) describing the overall organization of the lexicographic entries (3.12) in a dictionary
(3.3), including the principles governing their selection, ordering and arrangement
3.17
marker
notation used in lexicographic entries (3.12) to provide metadata (3.19) about a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Markers can indicate grammatical information and usage labels (3.25), helping users understand the
proper use of a lexical unit.
EXAMPLE In the lexicographic entry for the lexical unit “run”, one marker can indicate that it is a verb (e.g. v.), and
another marker can label the sense “to manage” (as in “run a business”) as informal.
3.18
mediostructure
cross-reference structure
dictionary structure (3.4) comprising cross-references that link lexicographic entries (3.12) or their
lexicographic components (3.11) within the same dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: A mediostructure establishes navigational links inside a dictionary, e.g. through references such as
“see”, “see also” or links.
3.19
metadata
data that provides information about other data related to any element of a lexicographic resource (3.13)
EXAMPLE Metadata may include the creation date of an entry, the source of a definition, the identifier of the
contributor, the timestamp of the last modification, or usage frequency.
3.20
microstructure
dictionary structure (3.4) that specifies the internal organization of the lexicographic components (3.11)
within a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: The microstructure specifies how the components of an entry are arranged, e.g. definitions,
grammatical information, usage labels (3.25), examples or cross-references.
3.21
natural language
language that is or was in active use in a community of people, and the rules of which are mainly deduced
from usage
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.7]
3.22
orthography
set of conventional rules governing the spelling and writing of lexical units (3.9) in a given language
Note 1 to entry: Orthography may include rules for letter usage, word division, capitalization, hyphenation,
accentuation and punctuation.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.10, modified — The term “lexeme” has been changed to “lexical units”.]
3.23
sense component
part of a lexicographic entry (3.12) that presents a distinct meaning of a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: A sense component typically includes a definition and may also contain examples, citations, usage
labels (3.25), synonyms or other data relevant to that specific meaning.
3.24
typographical convention
set of practices governing the visual presentation of lexicographic content as displayed or output
Note 1 to entry: These conventions encompass choices related to typography, such as font usage, font size, line spacing,
margins, paragraph styles, text alignment, punctuation, symbols and other text design characteristics.
3.25
usage label
marker (3.17) that indicates a restricted use of a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Usage labels address different dimensions of linguistic variation, such as space, time, social group, and
situation (see ISO 21636-1:2024).
Note 2 to entry: General and specialized dictionaries (3.3) employ a range of symbols and abbreviations as usage labels.
EXAMPLE Labels indicating currency or period (e.g. arch. for archaic), formality or register (e.g. inf. for informal),
regionality or dialect (e.g. Am. for American, York. for Yorkshire), technicality or subject field (e.g. bot. for botanical),
and textuality or genre (e.g. poet. for poetic).
4 Overview of lexicographic components
Table 1 describes various lexicographic components typically found in lexicographic resources or annotation
schemes.
Annex A provides a consolidated overview of the components of a lexicographic entry described in this
clause.
Table 1 — Lexicographic components
Preferred Other desig- Definition Further information Example
designation nations
antonym cross-reference indicating This component is general- low OPP high [Longman]
a lexical unit whose mean- ly preceded by a delimiter
desfavorable ANT.:
ing is opposite or contrary such as OPP [opposite],
favorable [DLE]
to that of the lemma ANT. [antonym] or the
symbol “≠”.
attitude label marker that indicates the nice of a (finished) action,
mood, positive or negative, task, etc.: well-executed;
which a speaker is wishing commendably performed
to convey via the use of a or accomplished. Now fre-
given lexical unit quently in interjections, as
nice going!, nice try!, nice
work!. Also used ironically
or sarcastically. [OED]
oik /ɔɪk/ noun [countable]
British English informal not
polite [Longman]
citation quote sense component that A citation should be fol- porte-arquebuse Officier
references a specific quote lowed by a bibliographic chargé de porter l'arque-
quotation
from written or spoken reference (its source). buse (puis le fusil) du roi
cited quota-
sources to illustrate the ou d'un grand seigneur,
tion
occurrence of a lexical unit quand ils allaient à la
chasse. Vous n'avez pas ici
votre bon porte-arquebuse
La Hurière (DUMAS père,
Reine Margot, 1847, II, tabl.
5, 4, p. 70). [TLFi]
cross-refer- lexicographic component The reference may be empire See also imperial
ence that provides a link or ref- internal to a lexicographic (EMPIRE) [Cambridge]
erence to another compo- resource or may point to an
arthritis [.] SEE ALSO
nent within a lexicographic external source.
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
resource
arthritis [Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary]
ozonosfera Tb. ozonósfera,
Am. 1. f. Meteor. capa de
ozono. [DLE]
TTabablele 1 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Preferred Other desig- Definition Further information Example
designation nations
dating lexicographic component pill
indicating the date of the
Verb (1) 12th century, in
estimated first recorded
the meaning defined as
use of a lexical unit
intransitive sense
Noun 14th century, in the
meaning defined as sense
1a
Verb (2) 1736, in the
meaning defined as transi-
tive sense 1
[Merriam-Webster]
domain label field label marker which identifies RHÉT (for “rhétorique”
the subject field of knowl- in ALLITÉRATION [Petit
subject field
edge in which a lexical unit Robert 2017]
label
is mainly used
astronomy (for “dark
topic label
star”) [Oxford Advanced
(deprecated
Learner’s Dictionary]
term)
etymology lexicographic component This information can tuer milieu XIIe s. <> du
which contains informa- include etymons, roots, latin populaire tutare
tion about the origin of a cognates, etc. “éteindre” et “tuer”, de
lexical unit and its histori- tutari “protéger”, par l’in-
cal development termédiaire d’expressions
comme tutari famen, sitim
“calmer la faim, la soif”,
donc “protéger, garantir
de la faim, la soif ” [Petit
Robert 2017]
example usage example sense component that corriger […] corriger la vue
includes a text string to de qqn par des verres de
illustrate the occurrence of contact. [Petit Robert 2017]
a lexical unit
punish Smacking is not an
acceptable way of punishing
a child [Longman]
form lexical form orthographic or phonolog- The lexical unit run may color noun (US English)
ical realization of a lexical appear in text in the forms (British English colour)
word form
unit, typically resulting run, runs, ran or running. [Oxford Learner’s
from inflection or other Dictionaries]
regular morphological
processes
frequency marker which identifies (also less frequent flyer)
label the relative rate of occur- (for “flying start”) [Oxford
rence of a lexical unit in a Advanced Learner’s
given context Dictionary]
geographic regional label marker which identifies Some dictionaries do not RÉGION. (Sud-Ouest;
label the place or region where identify a specific place Canada) (for “chocolatine”)
a lexical unit is mainly used but identify that the lexical [Petit Robert 2017]
unit is not used generally
vacation US (UK holiday)
in every geographic area.
[Cambridge Dictionary]
plonker British English
informal not polite
[Longman]
TTabablele 1 1 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Preferred Other desig- Definition Further information Example
designation nations
gender grammatical feature of Elefant m.
nouns and of the lexical or
Ladung f.
inflectional elements that
Eis n.
agree with them, used in
[Langenscheidt Taschen-
many languages to classify
wörterbuch] (Deutsch als
nouns into categories such
Fremdsprache)
as masculine, feminine,
neuter or other noun
classes
gloss any descriptive or explan- Glosses can include short elucidation [i.lu:si'deiʃən]
atory note within a lexico- comments, remarks. N (of text) Erklärung f; (of
graphic entry issue, situation) Erhel-
lung f; (of point) nähere
Ausführung; (of mystery)
Aufklärung f, Aufhellung f
[Collins]
headword entry word lexicographic component astrónomo, ma [DLE]
(deprecated/ that identifies the lexical
obsolete term) unit treated in a lexico-
graphic entry and serves as
its main access point
inflected form modified form of a base or make (meɪk) Word forms:
root of the headword that makes, making, made
conveys specific gram- [Collins]
matical information, such
as tense, number, gender,
case, mood, etc.
lexicographic definition sense component that boxeo m Deporte en que
definition describes the meaning of dos luchadores se golpean
a lexical unit by referenc- con los puños utilizando
ing a generic term (genus guantes especiales. [DEA]
proximum) and at least one
distinguishing characteris-
tic (differentia specifica)
meaning type marker which identifies a PRINTEMPS Fig. Temps de
label semantic extension of the la jeunesse. [DAF]
sense of a given lexical unit
[grammatical] grammatical feature that ŒIL [œj], plur. YEUX [jø]
number indicates the quantity or [Petit Robert 2017]
grammatical plurality,
duality and singularity of/
within a morphological
variant of a lexical unit
normativity marker which identifies círculo […] [uso indevido
label the use of a given lexical mas generalizado] GE-
unit which is in some OMETRIA circunferência
aspect considered to be [Infopédia]
non-standard or incorrect
note auxilia
...
ISO/TC 37/SC 2/WG 9
Secretariat: SN
Date: 2025-12-082026-03-06
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Overview of lexicographic components . 6
5 Typographical conventions . 6
Annex A (informative) Structural overview of lexicographic entries . 14
Annex B (informative) Lexicographic symbols . 17
Annex C (informative) Dictionary examples applying LMF modelling mechanisms . 21
Bibliography . 23
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology, Subcommittee
SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 1951:2007), which has been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— extending the scope;
— reviewing the entire content;
— changing the title and retaining the term “presentation”, because it is a fundamental aspect of this
document;
— noting that the term “representation” is now addressed in the ISO 24613 series available on the ISO
website;
— introducing the relationship between the generic structure and the presentation of lexicographic entries,
using the LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) TEI serialization and integrating the TEI tagset as the
reference for implementing the proposed model;
— reviewing and updating core lexicographic terms and definitions to align with the current state of the field,
as well as introducing new terms.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The lexicographic landscape has undergone a profound transformation over the last few decades, primarily
due to the shift to digital platforms. Technological advances have played a pivotal role in shaping new
strategies and directions: a significant number of lexicographic resources are currently accessible online,
largely due to retro-digitization; the limitations imposed by print editions are no longer a concern; the
integration of corpora has evolved into a widely recognized best practice; various dictionary writing systems
have been developed to accommodate the changing landscape; and annotation schemes have markedly
improved. In this digital age, the ongoing revolution demands the application of adapted standards and tools
to ensure the availability of structured data and promote interoperability between systems, especially given
the inherent heterogeneity in the dictionary-making process due to variations in nature, form, and content.
This document aligns with ISO 24613-1:2024, ISO 24613-2:2020, ISO 24613-3:2021 and ISO 24613-4:2021
developed by ISO/TC 37/SC 4, focusing on modelling data representation in a variety of dictionary subtypes.
The intended audience for this document includes lexicographers as well as researchers and practitioners in
the field of language resource management who work with lexicographic resources.
This document adopts a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach and focuses on general language dictionaries,
whether monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual, which serve as valuable tools and references for broadening
knowledge. Regarding the presentation of lexicographic data, the relationship between the generic structure
and the presentation of lexicographic entries is elucidated using LMF TEI serialization (ISO 24613),
integrating the TEI tagset as the reference for implementing the proposed model.
This document establishes a generic model for the presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries and aims to:
— provide recommendations for addressing the variety of existing heterogeneous features and practices
found in human-readable dictionaries, whether in printed or digital format;
— standardize the core concepts and the terminology used for presenting the various components in a
lexicographic entry, so that a uniform metaterminology promotes consistency and data reusability;
— reproduce the typographical conventions described in previous editions of ISO 1951this document.
This document includes examples from printed and retro-digitized dictionaries, those converted from an
analogue (paper) or digital (e.g. PDF) medium into a computer-readable format. Born-digital dictionaries,
created directly in machine-readable formats, are excluded.
In the running text of this document, the following notations are employed:
— TEI P5 terms (element names, attribute names, attribute values, etc.) are presented in a fixed-width
(monospace) font, as follows:
— individual element names are enclosed in angle brackets, e.g. ;
— names of nested elements are represented in XPath notation, e.g. cit/quote/bibl;
— attribute names are indicated with an @sign preceding the name of the attribute, e.g. @type;
— attribute values are enclosed in double quotation marks (" "), e.g. "domain".
v
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
1 Scope
This document specifies the presentation of lexicographic entries in general language dictionaries, whether
monolingual, bilingual or multilingual, following a lexicographic lemma-oriented approach, and intended for
human end-users. Concerning the modelling of the underlying data, this document follows the ISO 24613
series.
The document provides recommendations for addressing the heterogeneous structures of data presentation
in lexicographic entries, both in printed and digital dictionaries. This document also establishes core concepts
related to the broader scope of lexicographic work.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 639, Codes for individual languages and language groups
ISO 1087, Terminology work and terminology science — Vocabulary
ISO 24613-1, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 1: Core model
ISO 24613-2, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 2: Machine-readable
dictionary (MRD) model
ISO 24613-3, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 3: Etymological
extension
ISO 24613-4, Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 4: TEI serialization
ISO 21636-1:2024, Language coding — A framework for language varieties — Part 1: Vocabulary
IETF BCP There are no normative references in this document.
47, Tags for Identifying Languages. (ed. A. Phillips; M. Davis). September 2009. Best Current Practice. URL:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
TEI P5, Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. [Version number: 4.6.0]. [Last modified date:
2023-04-04]. TEI Consortium. http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines/P5/
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
NOTE Terms and corresponding definitions related to lexicographic components are listed.
3.1
born-digital dictionary
lexicographic resource (3.13) that is conceptualized, designed and developed originally in digital form, without
a prior printed version
3.2
delimiter
separator
element used to separate different components of a lexicographic entry (3.12) or distinct entries within a
dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: Delimiters help to organize information, making it easier for end-users to locate and understand the
various components of a lexicographic entry.
EXAMPLE The lemma delimiter is used after a lemma (3.8); a sense delimiter is positioned before a new sense
component (3.23(3.22).).
3.3
dictionary
lexicographic resource (3.13) consisting of a systematically structured
collection of lexicographic entries (3.12(3.11))
Note 1 to entry: Dictionary can have a much broader meaning. The definition presented is restricted to the scope of this
document.
3.4
dictionary structure
organized set of components that defines the arrangement of lexicographic entries (3.12(3.11),), the internal
composition of each entry, and the relationships among entries within a dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: A dictionary structure typically comprises a macrostructure (3.16,), one or more types of microstructure
(3.20,), and, where applicable, a mediostructure (3.18.).
3.5
general language
natural language (3.21) characterized by the use of linguistic means of expression independent of any specific
domain
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.8]
3.6
grammatical feature
property associated with a lexical unit (3.9) to describe one of its grammatical attributes
Note 1 to entry: Potential grammatical features include gender, number, and transitivity.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.3, modified – — “word form” replaced by “lexical unit;”. Note 1 to entry added,
EXAMPLE removed. Example deleted.]
3.7
headword
entry word
a lexicographic component (3.11) that serves as the main access point to a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: This term is included in Table 1.
3.8
lemma
lemmatized form
canonical form
base form
DEPRECATED: base word (deprecated term)
representation of a lexical unit (3.9) chosen as the headword (3.7) in a lexicographic resource (3.13) according
to lexicographic conventions
Note 1 to entry: Conventions may vary across languages.
EXAMPLE In many European languages, nouns are lemmatized in the singular form, whereas verbs are lemmatized
in the infinitive form.
3.9
lexical unit
lexical item
lexical item within natural language (3.21) with an established meaning
Note 1 to entry: Although ‘lexeme’“lexeme” is the term used in ISO 24613-1:2024, this document adopts the term “lexical
unit”. This preference is based on its practical orientation, emphasizing a lexical item with an established meaning that
is readily identifiable and applicable. This choice avoids confusion with the more abstract concept of “lexeme”, which is
distinct from both lemma (3.8) and lexical unit, as defined in ISO 24613-1:2024.
EXAMPLE car, mega-.
3.10
lexicographer
expert who compiles or edits a dictionary (3.3)
3.11
lexicographic component
structural element of a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: Lexicographic components can include, but are not limited, to headwords (3.7,), definitions, examples,
etymology, and usage notes.
3.12
lexicographic entry
entry
main entry
lexicographic article
dictionary article
structured set of lexicographic components (3.11), including the headword (3.7), that describe and specify the
properties, meanings and use of a lexical unit (3.9) within a lexicographic resource (3.13)
3.13
lexicographic resource
collection of lexical data organized in one or more structures, which may include lexicographic entries (3.12)
or other forms of lexical organization
Note 1 to entry: A lexicographic resource may be intended for human use (e.g. a printed or born-digital dictionary) or for
machine processing (e.g. a machine-readable dictionary (3.15) or lexical database).
EXAMPLE : Dictionaries, lexical databases, lexicographic databases, lemma lists.
3.14
lexicon
resource containing a collection of lexical units (3.9) belonging to a natural language (3.21), language variety
or subject field, without implying any specific lexicographic structuring
Note 1 to entry: A lexicon may underlie a dictionary (3.3) but does not itself require the presence of lexicographic entries
(3.12), definitions or other components typical of dictionaries (3.2).
3.15
machine-readable dictionary
MRD
electronic dictionary
DEPRECATED: computer-aided dictionary
DEPRECATED: computer-assisted dictionary
dictionary (3.3) encoded in a structured digital format that can be automatically accessed or interpreted by
software
Note 1 to entry: A machine-readable dictionary differs from a human-readable electronic dictionary in that its structure
is designed primarily for computational processing rather than visual presentation.
Note 2 to entry: The previously used terms “computer-aided dictionary” and “computer-assisted dictionary” are
deprecated, as they may be ambiguous and do not necessarily imply machine readability.
3.16
macrostructure
dictionary structure (3.4) describing the overall organization of the lexicographic entries (3.12) in a dictionary
(3.3), including the principles governing their selection, ordering and arrangement
3.17
marker
notation used in lexicographic entries (3.12) to provide metadata (3.19) about a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Markers can indicate grammatical information and usage labels (3.25,), helping users understand the
proper use of a lexical unit.
EXAMPLE : In the lexicographic entry for the lexical unit “run,”, one marker can indicate that it is a verb (e.g. v.), and
another marker can label the sense “to manage” (as in “run a business)”) as informal.
3.18
mediostructure
cross-reference structure
dictionary structure (3.4) comprising cross-references that link lexicographic entries (3.12) or their
lexicographic components (3.11) within the same dictionary (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: A mediostructure establishes navigational links inside a dictionary, for examplee.g. through references
such as “see”, “see also”,” or links.
3.19
metadata
data that provides information about other data related to any element of a lexicographic resource (3.13)
EXAMPLE Metadata may include the creation date of an entry, the source of a definition, the identifier of the
contributor, the timestamp of the last modification, or usage frequency.
3.20
microstructure
dictionary structure (3.4) that specifies the internal organization of the lexicographic components (3.11) within
a lexicographic entry (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: The microstructure specifies how the components of an entry are arranged, for examplee.g. definitions,
grammatical information, usage labels (3.25,), examples or cross-references.
3.21
natural language
language that is or was in active use in a community of people, and the rules of which are mainly deduced from
usage
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.7]
3.22
orthography
set of conventional rules governing the spelling and writing of lexical units (3.9) in a given language
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.10, modified – The term lexeme has been changed to lexical units.]
Note 1 to entry: Orthography may include rules for letter usage, word division, capitalization, hyphenation, accentuation
and punctuation.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613-1:2024, 3.10, modified — The term “lexeme” has been changed to “lexical units”.]
3.23
sense component
part of a lexicographic entry (3.12) that presents a distinct meaning of a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: A sense component typically includes a definition and may also contain examples, citations, usage labels
(3.25,), synonyms, or other data relevant to that specific meaning.
3.24
subentry
nested entry
grouping structure for related lexicographic entries (3.12) that share a common headword (3.7)
3.24 3.25
typographical convention
set of practices governing the visual presentation of lexicographic content as displayed or output
Note 1 to entry: These conventions encompass choices related to typography, such as font usage, font size, line spacing,
margins, paragraph styles, text alignment, punctuation, symbols and other text design characteristics.
3.25 3.26
usage label
marker (3.17) that indicates a restricted use of a lexical unit (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Usage labels address different dimensions of linguistic variation, such as space, time, social group, and
situation (cf.see ISO 21636-1:2024).
Note 2 to entry: General and specialized dictionaries (3.3) employ a range of symbols and abbreviations as usage labels.
Example: EXAMPLE Labels indicating currency or period (e.g. arch. for archaic), formality or register (e.g.
inf. for informal), regionality or dialect (e.g. Am. for American, York. for Yorkshire), technicality or subject field (e.g. bot.
for botanical), and textuality or genre (e.g. poet. for poetic).
4 Overview of lexicographic components
Table 1 describes various lexicographic components typically found in lexicographic resources or annotation
schemes.
Annex A provides a consolidated overview of the components of a lexicographic entry described in this clause.
Table 1— Lexicographic components
Preferred Other Definition Further information Example
Inserted Cells
designatio designatio
n ns
antonym cross-reference indicating cross-reference indicating low OPP high [Longman]
Inserted Cells
a lexical unit whose a lexical unit whose
desfavorable ANT.:
meaning is opposite or meaning is opposite or
favorable [DLE]
contrary to that of the contrary to that of the
lemma lemmaNOTE: This
component is generally
preceded by a delimiter
such as OPP [opposite],
ANT. [antonym],] or the
symbol “≠”.
attitude label marker that indicates the nice of a (finished) action,
Inserted Cells
mood, positive or task, etc.: well-executed;
negative, which a speaker commendably performed
is wishing to convey via or accomplished. Now
the use of a given lexical frequently in
unit interjections, as nice
going!, nice try!, nice
work!. Also used ironically
or sarcastically. [OED]
oik /ɔɪk/ noun
[countable] British
English informal not polite
[Longman]
citation quote sense component that A citation should be porte-arquebuse Officier
references a specific followed by a chargé de porter
quotation
quote from written or bibliographic reference l'arquebuse (puis le fusil)
cited
spoken sources to (its source). du roi ou d'un grand
quotation
illustrate the occurrence seigneur, quand ils
of a lexical unit allaient à la chasse. Vous
n'avez pas ici votre bon
NOTE: A citation should
porte-arquebuse La
be followed by a
Hurière (DUMAS père,
bibliographic reference
Reine Margot, 1847, II,
(its source).
tabl. 5, 4, p. 70). [TLFi]
cross- lexicographic component The reference may be empire See also imperial
reference that provides a link or internal to a lexicographic (EMPIRE) [Cambridge]
reference to another resource or may point to
arthritis [.] SEE ALSO
component within a an external source.
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
lexicographic resource
arthritis [Oxford
NOTE: The reference may Advanced Learner’s
be internal to a Dictionary]
lexicographic resource or
ozonosfera Tb.
may point to an external
ozonósfera, Am. 1. f.
source.
Preferred Other Definition Further information Example
Inserted Cells
designatio designatio
n ns
Meteor. capa de ozono.
[DLE]
dating lexicographic component pill
indicating the date of the
Verb (1) 12th century, in
estimated first recorded
the meaning defined as
use of a lexical unit
intransitive sense
Noun 14th century, in the
meaning defined as sense
1a
Verb (2) 1736, in the
meaning defined as
transitive sense 1
[Merriam-Webster]
domain label field label marker which identifies RHÉT (for “rhétorique” in
the subject field of ALLITÉRATION [Petit
subject field
knowledge in which a Robert 2017]
label
lexical unit is mainly used
astronomy (for “”)“dark
topic label
star”) [Oxford Advanced
(deprecated
Learner’s Dictionary]
term)
etymology lexicographic component This information can tuer milieu XIIe s.
which contains include etymons, roots, <> <> du latin populaire
information about the cognates, etc. tutare “éteindre” et “tuer”,
origin of a lexical unit and de tutari “protéger”, par
its historical development l’intermédiaire
d’expressions comme
NOTE: This information
tutari famen, sitim
can include etymons,
“calmer la faim, la soif”,
roots, cognates, etc.
donc “protéger, garantir
de la faim, la soif ” [Petit
Robert 2017]
example usage sense component that corriger […] corriger la
example includes a text string to vue de qqn par des verres
illustrate the occurrence de contact. [Petit Robert
of a lexical unit 2017]
punish Smacking is not an
acceptable way of
punishing a child
[Longman]
form lexical form orthographic or The lexical unit run may color noun (US English)
phonological realization appear in text in the forms (British English colour)
word form
of a lexical unit (3.9),, run, runs, ran or running. [Oxford Learner’s
typically resulting from Dictionaries]
inflection or other regular
morphological processes
NOTE: The lexical unit run
may appear in text in the
forms run, runs, ran or
running.
frequency marker which identifies (also less frequent flyer)
label the relative rate of (for “”)“flying start”)
Preferred Other Definition Further information Example
Inserted Cells
designatio designatio
n ns
occurrence of a lexical [Oxford Advanced
unit in a given context Learner’s
Dictionary]
geographic regional marker which identifies marker which identifies RÉGION. (Sud-Ouest;
Inserted Cells
label label the place or region where the place or region where Canada) (for
a lexical unit is mainly a lexical unit is mainly “chocolatine”) [Petit
used used Robert 2017]
NOTE: Some dictionaries vacation US (UK holiday)
do not identify a specific [Cambridge Dictionary]
place but identify that the
plonker British English
lexical unit is not used
informal not polite
generally in every
[Longman]
geographic area.
gender grammatical feature of Elefant m.
Inserted Cells
nouns and of the lexical or
Ladung f.
inflectional elements that
Eis n.
agree with them, used in
[Langenscheidt
many languages to
Taschenwörterbuch]
classify nouns into
(Deutsch als
categories such as
Fremdsprache)
masculine, feminine,
neuter or other noun
classes
gloss any descriptive or Glosses can include short elucidation [i.lu:si'deiʃən]
explanatory note within a comments, remarks. N (of text) Erklärung f; (of
lexicographic entry issue, situation) Erhellung
f; (of point) nähere
Note: Glosses can include
Ausführung; (of mystery)
short comments, remarks.
Aufklärung f, Aufhellung f
[Collins]
headword entry word lexicographic component astrónomo, ma [DLE]
(deprecated/ that identifies the lexical
obsolete unit treated in a
term) lexicographic entry and
serves as its main access
point
inflected modified form of a base or make (meɪk) Word forms:
form root of the headword that makes, making, made
conveys specific [Collins]
grammatical information,
such as tense, number,
gender, case, mood, etc.
lexicographic definition sense component that boxeo m Deporte en que
definition describes the meaning of dos luchadores se golpean
a lexical unit by con los puños utilizando
referencing a generic term guantes especiales. [DEA]
(genus proximum) and at
least one distinguishing
characteristic (differentia
specifica)
Preferred Other Definition Further information Example
Inserted Cells
designatio designatio
n ns
meaning marker which identifies a PRINTEMPS Fig. Temps
type label semantic extension of the de la jeunesse. [DAF]
sense of a given lexical
unit
[grammatical grammatical feature that ŒIL [œj], plur. YEUX [jø]
] number indicates the quantity or [Petit Robert 2017]
grammatical plurality,
duality and singularity
of/within a morphological
variant of a lexical unit
normativity marker which identifies círculo […] [uso indevido
label the use of a given lexical mas generalizado]
unit which is in some GEOMETRIA
aspect considered to be circunferência [Infopédia]
non-standard or incorrect
note auxiliary information escolasticídio […] Palavra
supplementing a cunhada por Kelma
lexicographic component Nabulsi, jurista palestina e
to clarify, qualify or académica de Oxford, em
contextualize its content 2009. [DLP]
part of lexical lexicographic component lexicographic component PÉRÉGRINATION nom
Inserted Cells
speech category assigned to a lemma assigned to a lemma féminin [DAF]
based on its morpho- based on its morpho-
word class
syntactic properties syntactic properties
NOTE: In some
dictionaries, gender,
number, and transitivity
are —, among others —,
considered part of speech
elements.
[SOURCE:See ISO 24613-
1:2024].
pronunciatio lexicographic component lexicographic component ventura [vẽˈtu
...
PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Présentation des articles
Secrétariat: SN
lexicographiques dans les
Début de vote:
dictionnaires de langue générale —
2026-03-20
Principes fondamentaux et
Vote clos le:
recommandations
2026-05-15
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
PROJETS DE NORMES
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
NORMES POUVANT
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
Numéro de référence
PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Présentation des articles
Secrétariat: SN
lexicographiques dans les
Début de vote:
dictionnaires de langue générale —
2026-03-20
Principes fondamentaux et
Vote clos le:
recommandations
2026-05-15
Presentation of lexicographic entries in general language
dictionaries — Fundamentals and recommendations
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
© ISO 2026 INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
PROJETS DE NORMES
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
NORMES POUVANT
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
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Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse Numéro de référence
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Vue d’ensemble des composants lexicographiques . 5
5 Conventions typographiques . 10
Annexe A (informative) Présentation générale de la structure des articles lexicographiques .12
Annexe B (informative) Symboles lexicographiques . 14
Annexe C (informative) Exemples tirés de dictionnaires illustrant l’application des mécanismes
de modélisation LMF .18
Bibliographie .20
iii
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO, participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations
plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de
propriété et averti de leur existence.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le Comité technique ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie, sous-comité
SC 2, Flux des travaux terminologiques et codage des langues.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 1951:2007), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— élargir le domaine d’application;
— passer en revue l’ensemble du contenu;
— modifier le titre tout en conservant le terme “présentation”, car il s’agit d’un aspect fondamental du
présent document;
— noter que le terme “représentation” est désormais traité dans la série de normes ISO 24613 disponible
sur le site Web de l’ISO;
— présenter le lien entre la structure générique et la présentation des articles lexicographiques, en utilisant
la sérialisation TEI du cadre de balisage lexical LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) et en intégrant
l’ensemble de balises TEI comme référence pour la mise en œuvre du modèle proposé;
— réviser et mettre à jour les termes et définitions lexicographiques fondamentaux afin de les adapter à
l’état actuel de la discipline, ainsi qu introduire de nouveaux termes.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Le paysage lexicographique a connu une profonde transformation au cours des dernières décennies,
principalement en raison du passage aux plateformes numériques. Les progrès technologiques ont joué un rôle
déterminant dans l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies et orientations: un nombre important de ressources
lexicographiques sont désormais accessibles en ligne, en grande partie grâce à la rétro-numérisation; les
contraintes imposées par les éditions imprimées ne constituent plus un obstacle; l’intégration de corpus est
devenue une pratique exemplaire largement reconnue; divers systèmes de rédaction de dictionnaires ont
été mis au point pour s’adapter à ce contexte en perpétuelle évolution; et les systèmes d’annotation se sont
considérablement améliorés. À l’ère du numérique, la révolution en cours exige la mise en œuvre de normes
et d’outils adaptés afin de garantir la disponibilité de données structurées et de favoriser l’interopérabilité
entre les systèmes, compte tenu notamment de l’hétérogénéité inhérente au processus de création de
dictionnaires, due aux variations de nature, de forme et de contenu.
Le présent document s’aligne sur les normes ISO 24613-1:2024, ISO 24613-2:2020, ISO 24613-3:2021 et
ISO 24613-4:2021 élaborées par l’ISO/TC 37/SC 4, qui portent sur la modélisation de la représentation des
données dans divers sous-types de dictionnaires.
Il s’adresse aux lexicographes ainsi qu’aux chercheurs et aux professionnels du domaine de la gestion des
ressources linguistiques qui travaillent avec des ressources lexicographiques.
Il offre une approche lexicographique axée sur les lemmes et l’accent est mis sur les dictionnaires de langue
générale, qu’ils soient monolingues, bilingues ou multilingues, qui constituent des outils et des références
précieux pour élargir les connaissances. En ce qui concerne la présentation des données lexicographiques, la
relation entre la structure générique et la présentation des articles lexicographiques est mise en évidence à
l’aide de la sérialisation LMF TEI (ISO 24613), en intégrant l’ensemble de balises TEI comme référence pour
la mise en œuvre du modèle proposé.
Le présent document établit un modèle générique pour la présentation des articles lexicographiques dans
les dictionnaires de langue générale et a pour objectif de:
— formuler des recommandations visant à prendre en compte la diversité des caractéristiques et des
pratiques hétérogènes que l’on retrouve dans les dictionnaires destinés à être lus par l’homme, qu’ils se
présentent sous forme imprimée ou numérique;
— harmoniser les concepts fondamentaux et la terminologie utilisés pour présenter les différents éléments
d’un article lexicographique, afin qu’une métaterminologie uniforme favorise la cohérence et la
réutilisabilité des données;
— respecter les conventions typographiques décrites dans les éditions précédentes du présent document.
Le présent document contient des exemples tirés de dictionnaires imprimés et rétro-numérisés, c’est-à-dire
de dictionnaires convertis à partir d’un support analogique (papier) ou numérique (par exemple, PDF) vers
un format lisible par ordinateur. Les dictionnaires numériques d’origine, créés directement dans des formats
lisibles par machine, en sont exclus.
Les notations suivantes sont utilisées tout au long du présent document:
— Les éléments TEI P5 (noms d’éléments, noms d’attributs, valeurs d’attributs, etc.) sont présentés dans
une police à espacement fixe (monospace), comme suit:
— les noms des éléments individuels sont placés entre crochets angulaires, par exemple ;
— les noms des éléments imbriqués sont représentés en notation XPath, par exemple cit/quote/bibl;
— les noms d’attributs sont indiqués par le signe @ précédant le nom de l’attribut, par exemple @type;
— les valeurs d’attribut sont placées entre guillemets doubles (” “), par exemple “domain”.
v
PROJET FINAL Norme internationale ISO/FDIS 1951:2026(fr)
Présentation des articles lexicographiques dans les
dictionnaires de langue générale — Principes fondamentaux
et recommandations
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie la présentation des articles lexicographiques dans les dictionnaires de langue
générale, qu’ils soient monolingues, bilingues ou multilingues, en adoptant une approche lexicographique
axée sur les lemmes et destinés à des utilisateurs finaux humains. En ce qui concerne la modélisation des
données sous-jacentes, le présent document suit la série de norme ISO 24613.
Le présent document fournit des recommandations visant à prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des
structures de présentation des données dans les articles lexicographiques, aussi bien pour les dictionnaires
imprimés que numériques. Il établit également les principes fondamentaux associés au domaine d’application
plus vaste du travail lexicographique.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en normalisation,
consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
NOTE Les termes et les définitions correspondantes, relatifs aux éléments lexicographiques, sont répertoriés ici.
3.1
dictionnaire nativement numérique
ressource lexicographique (3.13) conçue, élaborée et développée dès le départ sous forme numérique, sans
version imprimée antérieure
3.2
délimiteur
séparateur
élément utilisé pour séparer différents composants d’un article lexicographique (3.12) ou différents articles
au sein d’un dictionnaire (3.3)
Note 1 à l'article: Les délimiteurs contribuent à l’organisation des informations, ce qui aide les utilisateurs finaux à
trouver et à comprendre les différents éléments d’un article lexicographique.
EXEMPLE Le délimiteur de lemme est utilisé après un lemme (3.8); le délimiteur de sens est positionné avant une
nouvelle composante sémantique (3.23).
3.3
dictionnaire
ressource lexicographique (3.13) constituée d’une collection
systématiquement structurée d’articles lexicographiques (3.12)
Note 1 à l'article: Le terme “dictionnaire” peut avoir un sens bien plus large. La définition présentée est limitée au
domaine d’application du présent document.
3.4
structure de dictionnaire
ensemble organisé d’éléments définissant la disposition des articles lexicographiques (3.12), la composition
interne de chaque article et les relations entre les articles au sein d’un dictionnaire (3.3)
Note 1 à l'article: Une structure de dictionnaire comprend généralement une macrostructure (3.16), un ou plusieurs
types de microstructures (3.20) et, le cas échéant, une médiostructure (3.18).
3.5
langue générale
langue (3.21) caractérisée par l’utilisation de moyens d’expression linguistiques indépendants de tout
domaine spécifique
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.8]
3.6
trait grammatical
propriété associée à une unité lexicale (3.9) pour décrire l’un de ses attributs grammaticaux
Note 1 à l'article: Les traits grammaticaux potentiels comprennent le genre, le nombre et la transitivité.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613‑1:2024, 3.3, modifié — “mot‑forme” a été remplacé par “unité lexicale”. La Note 1 à
l’article a été ajoutée. L’exemple a été supprimé.]
3.7
entrée principale
entrée
composant lexicographique (3.11) servant de point d’accès principal à un article lexicographique (3.12)
Note 1 à l'article: Ce terme est inclus dans le Tableau 1.
3.8
lemme
forme lemmatisée
forme canonique
forme de base
DÉCONSEILLÉ: forme de base
représentation d’une unité lexicale (3.9) choisie en tant qu’entrée principale (3.7) dans une ressource
lexicographique (3.13) conformément aux conventions lexicographiques
Note 1 à l'article: Les conventions peuvent varier d’une langue à l’autre.
EXEMPLE Dans de nombreuses langues européennes, les noms sont lemmatisés au singulier, alors que les verbes
sont lemmatisés à la forme infinitive.
3.9
unité lexicale
élément lexical
élément lexical doté d’un sens défini au sein d’une langue (3.21)
Note 1 à l'article: Bien que le terme “lexème” soit employé dans l’ISO 24613‑1:2024, le présent document emploie le
terme “unité lexicale”. Cette préférence s’explique par son caractère pratique, qui privilégie un élément lexical dont
la signification est bien établie, facilement identifiable et applicable. Ce choix évite toute confusion avec le concept
plus abstrait de “lexème”, qui est distinct aussi bien de lemme (3.8) que de l’unité lexicale, comme défini dans
l’ISO 24613-1:2024.
EXEMPLE voiture, méga-.
3.10
lexicographe
expert chargé de composer ou de réviser un dictionnaire (3.3)
3.11
composant lexicographique
élément structurel d’un article lexicographique (3.12)
Note 1 à l'article: Les composants lexicographiques peuvent inclure, mais sans s’y limiter, les entrées principales (3.7),
les définitions, les exemples, l’étymologie et les notes d’usage.
3.12
article lexicographique
article
entrée principale
entrée lexicographique
article de dictionnaire
ensemble structuré de composants lexicographiques (3.11), y compris l’entrée principale (3.7), qui décrit
et spécifie les propriétés, les significations et l’utilisation d’une unité lexicale (3.9) au sein d’une ressource
lexicographique (3.13)
3.13
ressource lexicographique
ensemble de données lexicales organisées en une ou plusieurs structures, qui peuvent inclure des articles
lexicographiques (3.12) ou d’autres formes d’organisation lexicale
Note 1 à l'article: Une ressource lexicographique peut être destinée à une utilisation par l’être humain (par exemple,
un dictionnaire imprimé ou nativement numérique) ou à un traitement par une machine (par exemple un dictionnaire
lisible par une machine (3.15) ou une base de données lexicales).
EXEMPLE Dictionnaires, bases de données lexicales, bases de données lexicographiques, listes de lemmes.
3.14
lexique
ressource contenant un ensemble d’unités lexicales (3.9) appartenant à une langue (3.21), une variété de
langue ou un domaine, sans impliquer de structure lexicographique spécifique
Note 1 à l'article: Un lexique peut servir de base à un dictionnaire (3.3), mais ne nécessite pas en soi la présence
d’articles lexicographiques (3.12), de définitions ou d’autres éléments caractéristiques des dictionnaires.
3.15
dictionnaire lisible par une machine
MRD
dictionnaire électronique
DÉCONSEILLÉ: dictionnaire informatisé
DÉCONSEILLÉ: dictionnaire assisté par ordinateur
dictionnaire (3.3) encodé dans un format numérique structuré pouvant être automatiquement consulté ou
interprété par un logiciel
Note 1 à l'article: Un dictionnaire lisible par une machine se distingue d’un dictionnaire électronique destiné à la
lecture par un être humain car sa structure est conçue avant tout pour le traitement informatique plutôt qu’à des fins
de présentation visuelle.
Note 2 à l'article: Les termes “dictionnaire informatisé” et “dictionnaire assisté par ordinateur”, qui étaient utilisés
auparavant, sont déconseillés car ils peuvent être ambigus et n’impliquent pas nécessairement la lisibilité par une
machine.
3.16
macrostructure
structure de dictionnaire (3.4) décrivant l’organisation générale des articles lexicographiques (3.12) dans un
dictionnaire (3.3), y compris les principes régissant leur sélection, leur classement et leur disposition
3.17
marqueur
notation utilisée dans les articles lexicographiques (3.12) afin de fournir des métadonnées (3.19) concernant
une unité lexicale (3.9)
Note 1 à l'article: Les marqueurs peuvent indiquer des informations grammaticales et des marques d’usage(3.25)
aidant les utilisateurs à comprendre l’utilisation appropriée d’une unité lexicale.
EXEMPLE Dans l’article lexicographique de l’unité lexicale “marcher”, un marqueur peut indiquer qu’il s’agit d’un
verbe (par exemple, “v.”) et un autre marqueur peut qualifier le sens “fonctionner” (par exemple, “faire fonctionner un
objet”) d’informel.
3.18
médiostructure
structure de références croisées
structure de dictionnaire (3.4) comprenant des références croisées qui relient des articles lexicographiques
(3.12) ou leurs composants lexicographiques (3.11) au sein d’un même dictionnaire (3.3)
Note 1 à l'article: Une médiostructure établit des liens de navigation au sein d’un dictionnaire, par exemple au moyen
de références telles que “voir”, “voir également” ou à l’aide de liens.
3.19
métadonnées
données fournissant des informations relatives à d’autres données liées à tout élément d’une ressource
lexicographique (3.13)
EXEMPLE Les métadonnées peuvent inclure la date de création de l’article, la source de la définition, l’identifiant
du contributeur, l’horodatage de la dernière modification ou la fréquence d’usage.
3.20
microstructure
structure de dictionnaire (3.4) qui spécifie l’organisation interne des composants lexicographiques (3.11) au
sein d’un article lexicographique (3.12)
Note 1 à l'article: La microstructure spécifie comment les composants d'un article sont disposés, par exemple les
définitions, les informations grammaticales, les marques d’usage (3.25), les exemples ou encore les références croisées.
3.21
langue naturelle
langage qui est ou a été utilisé activement dans une communauté de personnes et dont les règles sont
principalement déduites de l’usage
[SOURCE: ISO 1087:2019, 3.1.7]
3.22
orthographe
ensemble de règles conventionnelles régissant la façon d’écrire et d’épeler les unités lexicales (3.9) d’une
langue donnée
Note 1 à l'article: L’orthographe peut inclure des règles relatives à l’emploi des lettres, à la césure, à l’emploi des
majuscules, à l’emploi des traits d’union, à l’accentuation et à la ponctuation.
[SOURCE: ISO 24613‑1:2024, 3.10, modifié — Le terme “lexèmes” a été remplacé par “unités lexicales”.]
3.23
composante sémantique
partie d’un article lexicographique (3.12) qui présente une signification spécifique d’une unité lexicale (3.9)
Note 1 à l'article: Une composante sémantique comprend généralement une définition et peut également contenir des
exemples, des citations, des marques d’usage (3.25), des synonymes ou d’autres données conformes à cette signification
spécifique.
3.24
convention typographique
ensemble de pratiques régissant la présentation visuelle du contenu lexicographique tel qu’il est affiché ou
généré
Note 1 à l'article: Ces conventions comprennent les choix liés à la typographie, tels que l’utilisation de la police, la taille
de la police, l’espacement entre les lignes, les marges, les styles de paragraphes, l’alignement du texte, la ponctuation,
les symboles et d’autres caractéristiques de mise en page.
3.25
marque d’usage
marqueur (3.17) qui indique un usage restreint d’une unité lexicale (3.9)
Note 1 à l'article: Les marques d’usage prennent en compte différentes dimensions de la variation linguistique, telles
que l’emplacement géographique, la période, le groupe social et le contexte (voir l’ISO 21636-1:2024).
Note 2 à l'article: Les dictionnaires (3.3) généraux et spécialisés utilisent de nombreux symboles et abréviations en
tant que marques d’usage.
EXEMPLE Marques indiquant la devise ou la période (par exemple arch. pour archaïque), le degré de formalité
ou le registre (par exemple inf. pour informel), le régionalisme ou le dialecte (par exemple Am. pour américain, York.
pour Yorkshire), la technicité ou le sujet technique (par exemple bot. pour botanique) et le type ou le genre de texte
(par exemple poét. pour poétique).
4 Vue d’ensemble des composants lexicographiques
Le Tableau 1 décrit différents éléments lexicographiques que l’on trouve généralement dans les ressources
lexicographiques ou les schémas d’annotation.
L’Annexe A offre une vue d’ensemble consolidée des composants d’un article lexicographique décrits dans le
présent article.
Tableau 1 — Composants lexicographiques
Désignation Autres dési- Définition Détails Exemple
préférée gnations
antonyme référence croisée indi- Ce composant est géné- low OPP high [Longman]
quant une unité lexicale ralement précédé d’un
desfavorable ANT.:
dont le sens est opposé ou délimiteur tel que OPP
favorable [DLE]
contraire à celui du lemme [opposé], ANT. [antonyme]
ou le symbole “≠”.
marque d’atti- marqueur qui indique le nice of a (finished) action,
tude ton, positif ou négatif, que task, etc.: well-executed;
le locuteur souhaite trans- commendably performed
mettre par l’emploi d’une or accomplished. Now
unité lexicale donnée frequently in interjections,
as nice going!, nice try!,
nice work!. Also used ironi-
cally or sarcastically. [OED]
oik /ɔɪk/ noun [countable]
British English informal not
polite [Longman]
TTabableleaauu 1 1 ((ssuuiitte)e)
Désignation Autres dési- Définition Détails Exemple
préférée gnations
citation composante sémantique Il convient qu’une citation porte‑arquebuse Officier
qui fait référence à une soit suivie d’une réfé- chargé de porter l’arque-
citation précise tirée de rence bibliographique (sa buse (puis le fusil) du roi
sources écrites ou orales source). ou d’un grand seigneur,
afin d’illustrer l’occurrence quand ils allaient à la
d’une unité lexicale chasse. Vous n’avez pas ici
votre bon porte-arquebuse
La Hurière (Dumas père,
Reine Margot, 1847, II, tabl.
5, 4, p. 70). [TLFi]
référence composant lexicographique La référence peut provenir empire See also imperial
croisée qui fournit un lien ou une d’une ressource lexicogra- (EMPIRE) [Cambridge]
référence vers un autre phique interne ou renvoyer
arthritis [.] SEE ALSO
élément au sein d’une res- à une source externe.
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
source lexicographique
arthritis [Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary]
ozonosfera Tb. ozonósfera,
Am. 1. f. Meteor. capa de
ozono. [DLE]
date composant lexicographique pill
indiquant la date estimée
Verb (1) 12th century, in
de la première utilisation
the meaning defined as
constatée d’une unité
intransitive sense
lexicale
Noun 14th century, in the
meaning defined as sense
1a
Verb (2) 1736, in the mea-
ning defined as transitive
sense 1
[Merriam-Webster]
étiquette de étiquette du marqueur qui identifie le RHÉT (pour “rhétorique”
domaine champ domaine dans lequel une dans ALLITÉRATION [Petit
unité lexicale est principa- Robert 2017])
étiquette du
lement utilisée
champ de astronomy (for “dark
domaine star”) [Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary]
étiquette de
sujet (terme
déconseillé)
étymologie composant lexicographique Ces informations peuvent tuer milieu XIIe s. < > du
contenant des informations inclure des étymons, des latin populaire tutare
sur l’origine d’une unité racines, des mots apparen- “éteindre” et “tuer”, de
lexicale et son évolution tés, etc. tutari “protéger”, par l’in-
historique termédiaire d’expressions
comme tutari famen, sitim
“calmer la faim, la soif”,
donc “protéger, garantir
de la faim, la soif ” [Petit
Robert 2017]
exemple exemple d’uti- composante sémantique corriger […] corriger la vue
lisation comprenant une chaîne de de qqn par des verres de
texte destinée à illustrer contact. [Petit Robert 2017]
l’occurrence d’une unité
punish Smacking is not an
lexicale
acceptable way of punishing
a child [Longman]
TTabableleaauu 1 1 ((ssuuiitte)e)
Désignation Autres dési- Définition Détails Exemple
préférée gnations
forme forme lexicale réalisation orthographique The lexical unit run may color noun (US English)
ou phonologique d’une appear in text in the forms (British English colour)
mot-forme
unité lexicale, résultant run, runs, ran or running. [Oxford Learner’s
généralement d’une flexion Dictionaries]
ou d’autres processus mor-
phologiques réguliers
étiquette de marqueur qui indique la (also less frequent flyer)
fréquence fréquence relative d’une (for “flying start”) [Oxford
unité lexicale dans un Advanced Learner’s
contexte donné Dictionary]
étiquette géo- étiquette marqueur qui identifie le Certains dictionnaires ne RÉGION. (Sud-Ouest; Ca-
graphique régionale lieu ou la région où une mentionnent pas de lieu nada) (pour “chocolatine”)
unité lexicale est principa- précis, mais précisent que [Petit Robert 2017]
lement utilisée cette unité lexicale n’est
vacation US (UK holiday)
généralement pas utilisée
[Cambridge Dictionary]
dans toutes les régions
plonker British English
géographiques.
informal not polite
[Longman]
genre trait grammatical des Elefant m.
noms et des éléments
Ladung f.
lexicaux ou flexionnels
Eis n.
qui s’accordent avec eux,
[Langenscheidt
utilisé dans de nombreuses
Taschenwörterbuch]
langues pour classer les
(Deutsch als Fremds-
noms en catégories telles
prache)
que le masculin, le fémi-
nin, le neutre ou d’autres
classes de noms
glose toute note descriptive ou Les gloses peuvent prendre Elucidation [i.lu: si’deiʃən]
explicative figurant dans la forme de brefs commen- N (of text) Erklärung f; (of
un article lexicographique taires ou de remarques. issue, situation) Erhel-
lung f; (of point) nähere
Ausführung; (of mystery)
Aufklärung f, Aufhellung f
[Collins]
entrée princi- entrée (terme composant lexicographique astrónomo, ma [DLE]
pale déconseillé/ qui identifie l’unité lexicale
désuet) traitée dans un article
lexicographique et qui sert
de point d’accès principal à
celle-ci
forme fléchie forme dérivée d’un radical make (meɪk) Word forms:
ou d’une racine de lentrée makes, making, made
principale qui véhicule des [Collins]
informations grammati-
cales spécifiques, telles
que le temps, le nombre, le
genre, le cas, le mode, etc.
définition lexi- définition composante sémantique boxeo m Deporte en que
cographique qui décrit la signification dos luchadores se golpean
d’une unité lexicale en fai- con los puños utilizando
sant référence à un terme guantes especiales. [DEA]
générique (genus proxi-
mum) et à au moins une
caractéristique distinctive
(differentia specifica)
TTabableleaauu 1 1 ((ssuuiitte)e)
Désignation Autres dési- Définition Détails Exemple
préférée gnations
étiquette de marqueur qui identifie une PRINTEMPS Fig. Temps de
nature du sens extension sémantique du la jeunesse. [DAF]
sens d’une unité lexicale
donnée
[grammatical] trait grammatical qui ŒIL [œj], plur. YEUX [jø]
nombre indique la quantité ou la [Petit Robert 2017]
pluralité, la dualité et la
singularité d’une variante
morphologique d’une unité
lexicale
étiquette de marqueur indiquant círculo […] [uso indevido
normativité l’emploi d’une unité lexi- mas generalizado] GEO-
cale donnée qui, à certains METRIA circunferência
égards, est
...
















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