ISO 28560-2:2018

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 28560-2:2014
Informatika in dokumentacija - RFID v knjižnicah - 2. del: Kodiranje podatkovnih
elementov RFID po pravilih iz ISO/IEC 15962
Information and documentation -- RFID in libraries -- Part 2: Encoding of RFID data
elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation -- RFID dans les bibliothèques -- Partie 2: Encodage des
éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 28560-2:2018
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.040.50 Tehnike za samodejno Automatic identification and
razpoznavanje in zajem data capture techniques
podatkov
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28560-2
Third edition
2018-10
Information and documentation —
RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based
on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles
de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems . 3
5 Requirements . 5
5.1 Data elements . 5
5.2 RFID air interface . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Air interface conformance . 6
5.2.3 Tag performance . 6
5.3 Data protocol . 6
5.4 RFID readers . 6
6 Data elements . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Primary item identifier . 8
6.3 Content parameter . 8
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL) . 9
6.5 Set information . 9
6.6 Type of usage .10
6.7 Shelf location .10
6.8 ONIX media format .10
6.9 MARC media format .10
6.10 Supplier identifier .10
6.11 Order number .10
6.12 ILL borrowing institution .10
6.13 ILL transaction number .10
6.14 GS1 product identifier .10
6.15 Alternative unique item identifier .11
6.16 Local data .11
6.17 Title .11
6.18 Product identifier (local) .12
6.19 Media format (other) .12
6.20 Supply chain stage.12
6.21 Supplier invoice number .12
6.22 Alternative item identifier .12
6.23 Alternative owner institution .12
6.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution .12
6.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution.13
6.26 Other reserved data elements.13
7 Data encoding .13
7.1 Data protocol overview .13
7.2 Data constructs .13
7.2.1 General.13
7.2.2 AFI .13
7.2.3 Data format .14
7.2.4 Object identifier for library applications .14
7.2.5 Object identifier for the primary item identifier .14
7.2.6 DSFID and access method .14
7.3 ISO/IEC 15961-1 commands and responses .15
7.4 ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules .15
7.4.1 General.15
7.4.2 Logical memory .16
7.4.3 Configuration of the RFID tag .17
7.4.4 Data compaction .17
7.4.5 Creating the encoded data set(s) .18
8 RFID tag requirements .21
8.1 Air interface protocol .21
8.1.1 General.21
8.1.2 Declaring memory parameters .21
8.1.3 AFI memory . .21
8.1.4 DSFID memory .21
8.1.5 Required air interface commands .22
8.2 Bit and byte sequence .22
8.3 Air interface conformance.24
8.4 Performance .24
9 Data integrity, security and privacy issues .24
9.1 Data integrity .24
9.2 Item security .25
9.2.1 General.25
9.2.2 Use of the dual AFI system .25
9.2.3 Use of the unique tag ID .25
9.2.4 Use of the EAS features .25
10 Implementation and migration .26
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .27
Annex B (normative) Relevant ISO/IEC 15961-1 application commands .28
Annex C (normative) Pre-encoding the ISIL .31
Annex D (informative) Encoding examples.36
Annex E (informative) Implementation and migration .41
Bibliography .44
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 28560-2:2014), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— The data elements that require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction have been
identified in Table 1. There are no changes to the actual compaction rules that are applied.
— The correct object Identifier registered with ISO/IEC 15961-2 has been provided (see 7.2.4). This
has no impact on encoding on the RFID tag itself and is only relevant if a full OID structure is used,
for example, with a browser.
— A publication error has been discovered in the second edition (ISO 28560-2:2014), where Table C.3
has been deleted. This table has been re-instated.
— References have been modified (see 5.3 and 6.4) to clarify that Annexes B and C, respectively, are
normative.
— The text has been amended (in 7.4.5.1) to clarify that only some of the ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules
are relevant to this document.
— Withdrawn references to specific RFID protocol parameter codes (see 8.1.2) have been removed.
The rules defined in 8.1.2 remain unchanged.
— References to ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 31 have been removed.A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can
be found on the ISO website.
A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace
bar codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. A
standard data model for encoding information on RFID tags could increase the cost-effectiveness of the
technology within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment,
and enhance support for resource sharing between libraries.
Several countries have undertaken preliminary work on standardization. The Netherlands developed
a data model for public libraries and in Denmark “RFID Data Model for Libraries” has been published.
Finland has adopted the Danish model, but with a few changes. There is a French data model that differs
from the Danish and Dutch models. Other libraries in different parts of the world have installations
based on various proprietary systems offered by technology and library system suppliers. All of these
constitute the installed base of RFID systems, but only account for a small minority of the total of
libraries globally.
There is an opportunity to develop a standard data model, taking into account the lessons learned from
the national schemes and vendor solutions, and provide migration options for those libraries that have
already invested in the technology. Because new items are continually being purchased, a number of
migration options can be adopted based on factors relevant to each library.
This document deals with the encoding of data elements in a flexible manner using encoding rules that
are specified in ISO/IEC 15962. ISO 28560-1 defines the set of mandatory and optional data elements.
ISO 28560-3 and this document are mutually exclusive with respect to an RFID tag being applied to
a loan item. In other words, the RFID tag is encoded according to the rules of this document, or to the
rules of ISO 28560-3, or to some proprietary rules. Depending on the technologies being used, and other
features of tags that are claiming conformance with this document, the reading system might achieve a
degree of interoperability.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. Ongoing advice
needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology, and the opportunities to
migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this document.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28560-2:2018(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/
IEC 15962
1 Scope
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification
(RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic,
public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken
from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an
object identifier structure to identify data elements.
This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in
ISO 28560-1 in accordance with ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on
different items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on
the RFID tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable
length and variable format data.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of
additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-1, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management —
Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO/IEC 18000-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management —
Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO/IEC 18046-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device performance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for tag performance
ISO/IEC TR 18047-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO 28560-1, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
access method
component of the DSFID (3.8) that is responsible for declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction and
encoding rules on an RFID tag
3.2
air interface protocol
rules of communication between an RFID interrogator and the RFID tag of a particular type, covering:
frequency, modulation, bit encoding, and command sets
3.3
application command
instruction issued from the application to the ISO/IEC 15962 data protocol processor in order to initiate
an action or operation with the RFID tag(s) via the interrogator
3.4
AFI
application family identifier
mechanism used in the data protocol and the air interface protocol (3.2) to select a class of RFID tags
relevant to an application, or aspect of an application, and to ignore further communications with other
classes of RFID tags with different identifiers
3.5
arc
specific branch of an object identifier tree, with new arcs added as required to define a particular object
Note 1 to entry: The top three arcs of all object identifiers are compliant with ISO/IEC 9834-1, ensuring
uniqueness.
3.6
data format
mechanism used in the data protocol to identify how object identifiers (3.11) are encoded on the RFID
tag, and (where possible) identify a particular data dictionary for the set of relevant object identifiers
for that application
Note 1 to entry: The data format declares the Root-OID (3.13) in an efficient manner, so that a complete object
identifier (3.11) can be reconstructed for external communications.
3.7
data protocol process
implementation of the processes defined in ISO/IEC 15962, including data compaction, formatting,
support of the command/response unit, and an interface to the tag driver
3.8
DSFID
data storage format identifier
code that consists of, at least, the access method (3.1) and data format (3.6)
3.9
digital vandalism
unauthorized modification of data on an RFID tag that either renders it unusable or falsely represents
another identifier
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

3.10
metadata
type of data or information about data
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, metadata (3.10) can be the Relative-OID (3.12) in relation to the
data, the precursor in relation to the compacted and encoded bytes, or the AFI (3.4) and DSFID (3.8) in relation to
the data.
3.11
object identifier
value (distinguishable from all other such values), which is associated with an object
3.12
Relative-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the remaining arcs (3.5) after the Root-OID (3.13)
3.13
Root-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the first, second, and subsequent common arcs (3.5) of
a set of object identifiers (hence the common root)
3.14
tag driver
implementation of the process to transfer data between the data protocol processor and the RFID tag
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems
4.1 Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationship of this document with other systems. This document
defines a set of technical features while addressing a number of operational issues. This document
interfaces with four other activities, but with a clearly defined overlap. These other activities are
— the circulation of library materials,
— the data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers,
— the interlibrary loan processes, and
— the details of borrowers, including membership cards.
4.2 Figure 1 also shows that there is a direct relationship with supply chain activities, and internally
within the library with RFID circulation devices and the library management system including interfaces
such as SIP2 and NCIP.
As the use of RFID in libraries moves towards a more standardized approach as defined in this
document, the characteristics and architecture systems change compared to those already established.
To achieve interoperability with equipment and software, the required features include:
— the air interface protocol, which defines the way readers and tags communicate with one another;
— the data protocol, which defines the encoding rules that convert application-based data to the
encoded bytes on the RFID tag; the data protocol also defines metadata features in the RFID tag to
protect the integrity of RFID for library systems in relation to other RFID applications;
— the set of data elements that form the dictionary from which individual libraries can choose those
that are most appropriate for their operation.
4.3 By adopting this document, libraries will have increased flexibility with a number of features as
follows.
— Beyond the minimum of mandatory data elements defined in this document, libraries are able to
choose from the optional data elements those that are more appropriate to its application, even
varying these for different types of item.
— Libraries should be able to rank the optional data elements into an appropriate order for encoding
on the RFID tag to support fast transactions across the air interface.
— Libraries have a greater choice of interoperable RFID equipment, and should be able to select RFID
tags with an appropriate size of memory.
— Some degree of choice in the types of security system becomes a library responsibility.
— Libraries with an installed base of RFID data capture is offered options on how to migrate to the
more open standard solution.
— The library community, as a whole and through developments of this document, is provided with
future options to cope with changes within the RFID equipment as the technology develops. This
includes ensuring that new open systems applications do not corrupt the established base of RFID
systems in libraries.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Figure 1 — Relationship of this document with other systems
5 Requirements
5.1 Data elements
The data elements shall be compliant with ISO 28560-1.
NOTE There is a degree of flexibility in using locally defined codes that enable enhancements and variations
to be implemented while still complying with the basic set of data elements.
5.2 RFID air interface
5.2.1 General
The air interface for compliant tags is specified in ISO/IEC 18000-3, especially the specification for Mode 1.
For migration purposes, additional non-compliant air interfaces used in legacy systems can be
supported during a transition period, which is permitted to remain in place for years as necessary.
5.2.2 Air interface conformance
The air interface conformance shall be tested in accordance with the procedures of ISO/IEC TR 18047-3.
5.2.3 Tag performance
Where there are requirements for testing tag performance, these shall be done in accordance with ISO/
IEC 18046-3.
5.3 Data protocol
ISO/IEC 15961-1 specifies the application commands that shall be used to define the communication
requirements between the application and the RFID tag. The relevant commands are specified in
Annex B.
The process rules of ISO/IEC 15962 shall be used to encode and decode data from the RFID tag. In
particular, the following constraints shall apply.
— The only encoding rules shall be based on the No-directory access method. No alternative access
method shall be supported until this document is revised.
— Both the hard-coded and software-encoded DSFID shall be supported, depending on the capabilities
of the RFID tag.
5.4 RFID readers
In order to achieve interoperability, RFID readers shall be based on open architecture RFID standards.
Particular standards are specified in this document. This means that any one manufacturer's reading/
writing equipment shall be able to read or write to any other manufacturer's RFID tags, and that any
manufacturer's RFID tags shall be able to be read and/or programmed by any other manufacturer's
reader/writer.
6 Data elements
6.1 General
The set of data elements that comprises the data dictionary for this document is fully described in
ISO 28560-1 and repeated in outline in Table 1. Only one data element is mandatory, the primary item
identifier. All others are optional, but can be selected to meet the requirements of individual libraries,
and/or for particular items.
Table 1 shows the Relative-OID value, the format for input data, and advice about locking the data
element as an encoded data set on the RFID tag. A maximum length of 255 characters should apply to all
data elements that have a variable length display format.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — List of data elements
Name of the
a
N Status Display format Lock
data element
1 Primary item identifier Mandatory Variable length alphanumeric Should be
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 International Refer- locked
ence Version (IRV)
c
2 Content parameter Optional Bit mapped code (see 6.3) Optional
b,c
3 Owner institution (ISIL) Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Optional
based on ISO 15511
4 Set information Optional {Total in set/part number} structure Optional
(maximum ≤ 255)
c
5 Type of usage Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
6 Shelf location Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
7 ONIX media format Optional Two uppercase alphabetic characters Optional
8 MARC media format Optional Two lowercase alphabetic characters Optional
9 Supplier identifier Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
10 Order number Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
b,c
11 ILL borrowing institu- Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Not locked
tion (ISIL) based on ISO 15511
12 ILL borrowing transac- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Not locked
tion number Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
13 GS1 product identifier Optional Fixed length 13 numeric digit field Optional
14 Alternative unique item Reserved
identifier for future — —
use
15 Local data A Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
16 Local data B Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
17 Title Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
18 Product identifier local Optional Variable length Alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
c
19 Media format (other) Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
c
20 Supply chain stage Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
21 Supplier invoice number Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
22 Alternative item identi- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
fier Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
23 Alternative owner Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
a
This column specifies the data element number (N) or the Relative-OID value, i.e. the number identifying the data
element, as defined in ISO 28560-1.
b
The ISIL, as used for Relative-OID values 3 and 11, is presented and displayed according to the characters defined in
ISO 15511. A special encoding scheme, as defined in 6.4, is used to compact efficiently the complex ISIL character string.
c
These data elements require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction to preserve the integrity of some pre-
processing that has been applied to them.
Table 1 (continued)
Name of the
a
N Status Display format Lock
data element
24 Subsidiary of an owner Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
25 Alternative ILL borrow- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Not locked
ing institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
26 Local data C Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
27 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
28 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
29 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
30 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
31 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
a
This column specifies the data element number (N) or the Relative-OID value, i.e. the number identifying the data
element, as defined in ISO 28560-1.
b
The ISIL, as used for Relative-OID values 3 and 11, is presented and displayed according to the characters defined in
ISO 15511. A special encoding scheme, as defined in 6.4, is used to compact efficiently the complex ISIL character string.
c
These data elements require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction to preserve the integrity of some pre-
processing that has been applied to them.
6.2 Primary item identifier
The primary item identifier is a mandatory data element defined in ISO 28560-1.
This is the only mandatory data element that is required to be encoded to be compliant with this
document. The format is variable length, and the alphanumeric characters can be any from ISO/IEC 646
International Reference Version (also known as US-ASCII). Although the encoding rules support
any length of primary item identifier, shorter codes and all-numeric codes encode more efficiently,
requiring less memory and enabling faster transactions across the air interface. Although locking the
primary item identifier is optional, under normal circumstances, this data element should be locked to
prevent various forms of digital vandalism. The primary item identifier shall be encoded as the first
data element on the RFID tag to allow for faster transactions across the air interface by invoking a
Read-First-Object(s) argument in the read command (see B.5).
6.3 Content parameter
The content parameter is an optional data element used to declare the Relative-OID values that are
encoded on the RFID tag, and for the purposes of this document is used as an OID index. It should be
used if additional data elements are encoded on the RFID tag. If used, it can be an aid to faster reading,
because it indicates the presence or absence of a particular data element. If the desired data element is
encoded on the tag, then additional reading is required, whereas if the OID index indicates that it is not
on the tag, the wasted transaction time can be eliminated.
The index, itself, consists of a bit sequence, where each bit position is associated with a particular
Relative-OID. If the bit position is set “1”, then the Relative-OID and associated data object is encoded on
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

the RFID tag. As Relative-OID 1 is mandatory and Relative-OID 2 is this particular data element, the bit
map begins at Relative-OID 3. An example is shown in Figure 2.
Key
padded bits to indicate not encoded or not applicable (rounded to 8-bit boundaries)
Figure 2 — Example of OID index bit map
In the example in Figure 2, the OID index indicates that Relative-OID values 3, 8, and 11 are encoded.
Irrespective of whether the data dictionary includes other Relative-OID values, the bit map can be
truncated at this last Relative-OID that is encoded. It is also necessary to round up the bit map to 8-bit
boundaries for encoding on the RFID tag.
If this data element is encoded on the RFID tag, it should be in the second position so that the data
capture system can be set up to read the primary item identifier and the OID index in a single read
process. The OID index should only be locked if the information on the RFID tag is certain to remain
unchanged. This data element provides no information about the sequence of the encoded data
elements, nor their size. In the example in Figure 2, the encoding sequence could be Relative-OID value
8 followed by 11, followed by 3.
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL)
The owner institution data element represents the ISIL code as specified in ISO 15511. For this document,
the ISIL code is introduced into the RFID encoding process in a structure defined in accordance with the
rules of ISO 15511. This means that the hyphen (present in every ISIL code following the two-character
country code) is presented in the application commands.
To achieve efficient encoding, the ISIL shall be pre-encoded to rules defined in Annex C. This Annex also
applies to the ILL borrowing institution (6.12). In addition to providing details of the encoding scheme,
Annex C also provides advice about interfacing with ISO/IEC 15962 encoders and decoders.
The use of these codes assumes (for example) an external interlibrary loans (ILL) system capable of
tracking the item based on the unique combination of its primary item identifier and owner institution.
This element is optional where items are not included in an ILL scheme but required when items are
required to be issued on ILL using RFID. While it might be deemed necessary to lock this data element,
this is left optional as some libraries can choose to leave the data element unlocked so that it cou
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 28560-2:2014
Informatika in dokumentacija - RFID v knjižnicah - 2. del: Kodiranje podatkovnih
elementov RFID po pravilih iz ISO/IEC 15962
Information and documentation -- RFID in libraries -- Part 2: Encoding of RFID data
elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation -- RFID dans les bibliothèques -- Partie 2: Encodage des
éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 28560-2:2018
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28560-2
Third edition
2018-10
Information and documentation —
RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based
on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles
de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
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ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems . 3
5 Requirements . 5
5.1 Data elements . 5
5.2 RFID air interface . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Air interface conformance . 6
5.2.3 Tag performance . 6
5.3 Data protocol . 6
5.4 RFID readers . 6
6 Data elements . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Primary item identifier . 8
6.3 Content parameter . 8
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL) . 9
6.5 Set information . 9
6.6 Type of usage .10
6.7 Shelf location .10
6.8 ONIX media format .10
6.9 MARC media format .10
6.10 Supplier identifier .10
6.11 Order number .10
6.12 ILL borrowing institution .10
6.13 ILL transaction number .10
6.14 GS1 product identifier .10
6.15 Alternative unique item identifier .11
6.16 Local data .11
6.17 Title .11
6.18 Product identifier (local) .12
6.19 Media format (other) .12
6.20 Supply chain stage.12
6.21 Supplier invoice number .12
6.22 Alternative item identifier .12
6.23 Alternative owner institution .12
6.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution .12
6.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution.13
6.26 Other reserved data elements.13
7 Data encoding .13
7.1 Data protocol overview .13
7.2 Data constructs .13
7.2.1 General.13
7.2.2 AFI .13
7.2.3 Data format .14
7.2.4 Object identifier for library applications .14
7.2.5 Object identifier for the primary item identifier .14
7.2.6 DSFID and access method .14
7.3 ISO/IEC 15961-1 commands and responses .15
7.4 ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules .15
7.4.1 General.15
7.4.2 Logical memory .16
7.4.3 Configuration of the RFID tag .17
7.4.4 Data compaction .17
7.4.5 Creating the encoded data set(s) .18
8 RFID tag requirements .21
8.1 Air interface protocol .21
8.1.1 General.21
8.1.2 Declaring memory parameters .21
8.1.3 AFI memory . .21
8.1.4 DSFID memory .21
8.1.5 Required air interface commands .22
8.2 Bit and byte sequence .22
8.3 Air interface conformance.24
8.4 Performance .24
9 Data integrity, security and privacy issues .24
9.1 Data integrity .24
9.2 Item security .25
9.2.1 General.25
9.2.2 Use of the dual AFI system .25
9.2.3 Use of the unique tag ID .25
9.2.4 Use of the EAS features .25
10 Implementation and migration .26
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .27
Annex B (normative) Relevant ISO/IEC 15961-1 application commands .28
Annex C (normative) Pre-encoding the ISIL .31
Annex D (informative) Encoding examples.36
Annex E (informative) Implementation and migration .41
Bibliography .44
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 28560-2:2014), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— The data elements that require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction have been
identified in Table 1. There are no changes to the actual compaction rules that are applied.
— The correct object Identifier registered with ISO/IEC 15961-2 has been provided (see 7.2.4). This
has no impact on encoding on the RFID tag itself and is only relevant if a full OID structure is used,
for example, with a browser.
— A publication error has been discovered in the second edition (ISO 28560-2:2014), where Table C.3
has been deleted. This table has been re-instated.
— References have been modified (see 5.3 and 6.4) to clarify that Annexes B and C, respectively, are
normative.
— The text has been amended (in 7.4.5.1) to clarify that only some of the ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules
are relevant to this document.
— Withdrawn references to specific RFID protocol parameter codes (see 8.1.2) have been removed.
The rules defined in 8.1.2 remain unchanged.
— References to ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 31 have been removed.A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can
be found on the ISO website.
A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace
bar codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. A
standard data model for encoding information on RFID tags could increase the cost-effectiveness of the
technology within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment,
and enhance support for resource sharing between libraries.
Several countries have undertaken preliminary work on standardization. The Netherlands developed
a data model for public libraries and in Denmark “RFID Data Model for Libraries” has been published.
Finland has adopted the Danish model, but with a few changes. There is a French data model that differs
from the Danish and Dutch models. Other libraries in different parts of the world have installations
based on various proprietary systems offered by technology and library system suppliers. All of these
constitute the installed base of RFID systems, but only account for a small minority of the total of
libraries globally.
There is an opportunity to develop a standard data model, taking into account the lessons learned from
the national schemes and vendor solutions, and provide migration options for those libraries that have
already invested in the technology. Because new items are continually being purchased, a number of
migration options can be adopted based on factors relevant to each library.
This document deals with the encoding of data elements in a flexible manner using encoding rules that
are specified in ISO/IEC 15962. ISO 28560-1 defines the set of mandatory and optional data elements.
ISO 28560-3 and this document are mutually exclusive with respect to an RFID tag being applied to
a loan item. In other words, the RFID tag is encoded according to the rules of this document, or to the
rules of ISO 28560-3, or to some proprietary rules. Depending on the technologies being used, and other
features of tags that are claiming conformance with this document, the reading system might achieve a
degree of interoperability.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. Ongoing advice
needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology, and the opportunities to
migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this document.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28560-2:2018(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/
IEC 15962
1 Scope
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification
(RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic,
public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken
from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an
object identifier structure to identify data elements.
This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in
ISO 28560-1 in accordance with ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on
different items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on
the RFID tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable
length and variable format data.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of
additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-1, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management —
Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO/IEC 18000-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management —
Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO/IEC 18046-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device performance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for tag performance
ISO/IEC TR 18047-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO 28560-1, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
access method
component of the DSFID (3.8) that is responsible for declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction and
encoding rules on an RFID tag
3.2
air interface protocol
rules of communication between an RFID interrogator and the RFID tag of a particular type, covering:
frequency, modulation, bit encoding, and command sets
3.3
application command
instruction issued from the application to the ISO/IEC 15962 data protocol processor in order to initiate
an action or operation with the RFID tag(s) via the interrogator
3.4
AFI
application family identifier
mechanism used in the data protocol and the air interface protocol (3.2) to select a class of RFID tags
relevant to an application, or aspect of an application, and to ignore further communications with other
classes of RFID tags with different identifiers
3.5
arc
specific branch of an object identifier tree, with new arcs added as required to define a particular object
Note 1 to entry: The top three arcs of all object identifiers are compliant with ISO/IEC 9834-1, ensuring
uniqueness.
3.6
data format
mechanism used in the data protocol to identify how object identifiers (3.11) are encoded on the RFID
tag, and (where possible) identify a particular data dictionary for the set of relevant object identifiers
for that application
Note 1 to entry: The data format declares the Root-OID (3.13) in an efficient manner, so that a complete object
identifier (3.11) can be reconstructed for external communications.
3.7
data protocol process
implementation of the processes defined in ISO/IEC 15962, including data compaction, formatting,
support of the command/response unit, and an interface to the tag driver
3.8
DSFID
data storage format identifier
code that consists of, at least, the access method (3.1) and data format (3.6)
3.9
digital vandalism
unauthorized modification of data on an RFID tag that either renders it unusable or falsely represents
another identifier
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

3.10
metadata
type of data or information about data
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, metadata (3.10) can be the Relative-OID (3.12) in relation to the
data, the precursor in relation to the compacted and encoded bytes, or the AFI (3.4) and DSFID (3.8) in relation to
the data.
3.11
object identifier
value (distinguishable from all other such values), which is associated with an object
3.12
Relative-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the remaining arcs (3.5) after the Root-OID (3.13)
3.13
Root-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the first, second, and subsequent common arcs (3.5) of
a set of object identifiers (hence the common root)
3.14
tag driver
implementation of the process to transfer data between the data protocol processor and the RFID tag
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems
4.1 Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationship of this document with other systems. This document
defines a set of technical features while addressing a number of operational issues. This document
interfaces with four other activities, but with a clearly defined overlap. These other activities are
— the circulation of library materials,
— the data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers,
— the interlibrary loan processes, and
— the details of borrowers, including membership cards.
4.2 Figure 1 also shows that there is a direct relationship with supply chain activities, and internally
within the library with RFID circulation devices and the library management system including interfaces
such as SIP2 and NCIP.
As the use of RFID in libraries moves towards a more standardized approach as defined in this
document, the characteristics and architecture systems change compared to those already established.
To achieve interoperability with equipment and software, the required features include:
— the air interface protocol, which defines the way readers and tags communicate with one another;
— the data protocol, which defines the encoding rules that convert application-based data to the
encoded bytes on the RFID tag; the data protocol also defines metadata features in the RFID tag to
protect the integrity of RFID for library systems in relation to other RFID applications;
— the set of data elements that form the dictionary from which individual libraries can choose those
that are most appropriate for their operation.
4.3 By adopting this document, libraries will have increased flexibility with a number of features as
follows.
— Beyond the minimum of mandatory data elements defined in this document, libraries are able to
choose from the optional data elements those that are more appropriate to its application, even
varying these for different types of item.
— Libraries should be able to rank the optional data elements into an appropriate order for encoding
on the RFID tag to support fast transactions across the air interface.
— Libraries have a greater choice of interoperable RFID equipment, and should be able to select RFID
tags with an appropriate size of memory.
— Some degree of choice in the types of security system becomes a library responsibility.
— Libraries with an installed base of RFID data capture is offered options on how to migrate to the
more open standard solution.
— The library community, as a whole and through developments of this document, is provided with
future options to cope with changes within the RFID equipment as the technology develops. This
includes ensuring that new open systems applications do not corrupt the established base of RFID
systems in libraries.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Figure 1 — Relationship of this document with other systems
5 Requirements
5.1 Data elements
The data elements shall be compliant with ISO 28560-1.
NOTE There is a degree of flexibility in using locally defined codes that enable enhancements and variations
to be implemented while still complying with the basic set of data elements.
5.2 RFID air interface
5.2.1 General
The air interface for compliant tags is specified in ISO/IEC 18000-3, especially the specification for Mode 1.
For migration purposes, additional non-compliant air interfaces used in legacy systems can be
supported during a transition period, which is permitted to remain in place for years as necessary.
5.2.2 Air interface conformance
The air interface conformance shall be tested in accordance with the procedures of ISO/IEC TR 18047-3.
5.2.3 Tag performance
Where there are requirements for testing tag performance, these shall be done in accordance with ISO/
IEC 18046-3.
5.3 Data protocol
ISO/IEC 15961-1 specifies the application commands that shall be used to define the communication
requirements between the application and the RFID tag. The relevant commands are specified in
Annex B.
The process rules of ISO/IEC 15962 shall be used to encode and decode data from the RFID tag. In
particular, the following constraints shall apply.
— The only encoding rules shall be based on the No-directory access method. No alternative access
method shall be supported until this document is revised.
— Both the hard-coded and software-encoded DSFID shall be supported, depending on the capabilities
of the RFID tag.
5.4 RFID readers
In order to achieve interoperability, RFID readers shall be based on open architecture RFID standards.
Particular standards are specified in this document. This means that any one manufacturer's reading/
writing equipment shall be able to read or write to any other manufacturer's RFID tags, and that any
manufacturer's RFID tags shall be able to be read and/or programmed by any other manufacturer's
reader/writer.
6 Data elements
6.1 General
The set of data elements that comprises the data dictionary for this document is fully described in
ISO 28560-1 and repeated in outline in Table 1. Only one data element is mandatory, the primary item
identifier. All others are optional, but can be selected to meet the requirements of individual libraries,
and/or for particular items.
Table 1 shows the Relative-OID value, the format for input data, and advice about locking the data
element as an encoded data set on the RFID tag. A maximum length of 255 characters should apply to all
data elements that have a variable length display format.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — List of data elements
Name of the
a
N Status Display format Lock
data element
1 Primary item identifier Mandatory Variable length alphanumeric Should be
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 International Refer- locked
ence Version (IRV)
c
2 Content parameter Optional Bit mapped code (see 6.3) Optional
b,c
3 Owner institution (ISIL) Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Optional
based on ISO 15511
4 Set information Optional {Total in set/part number} structure Optional
(maximum ≤ 255)
c
5 Type of usage Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
6 Shelf location Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
7 ONIX media format Optional Two uppercase alphabetic characters Optional
8 MARC media format Optional Two lowercase alphabetic characters Optional
9 Supplier identifier Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
10 Order number Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
b,c
11 ILL borrowing institu- Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Not locked
tion (ISIL) based on ISO 15511
12 ILL borrowing transac- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Not locked
tion number Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
13 GS1 product identifier Optional Fixed length 13 numeric digit field Optional
14 Alternative unique item Reserved
identifier for future — —
use
15 Local data A Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
16 Local data B Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
17 Title Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
18 Product identifier local Optional Variable length Alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
c
19 Media format (other) Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
c
20 Supply chain stage Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
21 Supplier invoice number Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
22 Alternative item identi- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
fier Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
23 Alternative owner Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
a
This column specifies the data element number (N) or the Relative-OID value, i.e. the number identifying the data
element, as defined in ISO 28560-1.
b
The ISIL, as used for Relative-OID values 3 and 11, is presented and displayed according to the characters defined in
ISO 15511. A special encoding scheme, as defined in 6.4, is used to compact efficiently the complex ISIL character string.
c
These data elements require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction to preserve the integrity of some pre-
processing that has been applied to them.
Table 1 (continued)
Name of the
a
N Status Display format Lock
data element
24 Subsidiary of an owner Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
25 Alternative ILL borrow- Optional Variable length alphanumeric Not locked
ing institution Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
26 Local data C Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV, ISO/IEC 8859-1,
or UTF-8
27 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
28 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
29 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
30 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
31 Not defined Reserved
for future — —
use
a
This column specifies the data element number (N) or the Relative-OID value, i.e. the number identifying the data
element, as defined in ISO 28560-1.
b
The ISIL, as used for Relative-OID values 3 and 11, is presented and displayed according to the characters defined in
ISO 15511. A special encoding scheme, as defined in 6.4, is used to compact efficiently the complex ISIL character string.
c
These data elements require the ISO/IEC 15962 application-defined compaction to preserve the integrity of some pre-
processing that has been applied to them.
6.2 Primary item identifier
The primary item identifier is a mandatory data element defined in ISO 28560-1.
This is the only mandatory data element that is required to be encoded to be compliant with this
document. The format is variable length, and the alphanumeric characters can be any from ISO/IEC 646
International Reference Version (also known as US-ASCII). Although the encoding rules support
any length of primary item identifier, shorter codes and all-numeric codes encode more efficiently,
requiring less memory and enabling faster transactions across the air interface. Although locking the
primary item identifier is optional, under normal circumstances, this data element should be locked to
prevent various forms of digital vandalism. The primary item identifier shall be encoded as the first
data element on the RFID tag to allow for faster transactions across the air interface by invoking a
Read-First-Object(s) argument in the read command (see B.5).
6.3 Content parameter
The content parameter is an optional data element used to declare the Relative-OID values that are
encoded on the RFID tag, and for the purposes of this document is used as an OID index. It should be
used if additional data elements are encoded on the RFID tag. If used, it can be an aid to faster reading,
because it indicates the presence or absence of a particular data element. If the desired data element is
encoded on the tag, then additional reading is required, whereas if the OID index indicates that it is not
on the tag, the wasted transaction time can be eliminated.
The index, itself, consists of a bit sequence, where each bit position is associated with a particular
Relative-OID. If the bit position is set “1”, then the Relative-OID and associated data object is encoded on
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

the RFID tag. As Relative-OID 1 is mandatory and Relative-OID 2 is this particular data element, the bit
map begins at Relative-OID 3. An example is shown in Figure 2.
Key
padded bits to indicate not encoded or not applicable (rounded to 8-bit boundaries)
Figure 2 — Example of OID index bit map
In the example in Figure 2, the OID index indicates that Relative-OID values 3, 8, and 11 are encoded.
Irrespective of whether the data dictionary includes other Relative-OID values, the bit map can be
truncated at this last Relative-OID that is encoded. It is also necessary to round up the bit map to 8-bit
boundaries for encoding on the RFID tag.
If this data element is encoded on the RFID tag, it should be in the second position so that the data
capture system can be set up to read the primary item identifier and the OID index in a single read
process. The OID index should only be locked if the information on the RFID tag is certain to remain
unchanged. This data element provides no information about the sequence of the encoded data
elements, nor their size. In the example in Figure 2, the encoding sequence could be Relative-OID value
8 followed by 11, followed by 3.
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL)
The owner institution data element represents the ISIL code as specified in ISO 15511. For this document,
the ISIL code is introduced into the RFID encoding process in a structure defined in accordance with the
rules of ISO 15511. This means that the hyphen (present in every ISIL code following the two-character
country code) is presented in the application commands.
To achieve efficient encoding, the ISIL shall be pre-encoded to rules defined in Annex C. This Annex also
applies to the ILL borrowing institution (6.12). In addition to providing details of the encoding scheme,
Annex C also provides advice about interfacing with ISO/IEC 15962 encoders and decoders.
The use of these codes assumes (for example) an external interlibrary loans (ILL) system capable of
tracking the item based on the unique combination of its primary item identifier and owner institution.
This element is optional where items are not included in an ILL scheme but required when items are
required to be issued on ILL using RFID. While it might be deemed necessary to lock this data element,
this is left optional as some libraries can choose to leave the data element unlocked so that it could be
changed if necessary as a result of library mergers or transfer of collections, etc. Other applications can
a
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