Soil quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on safety

Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité

La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques. Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site puissent être contrôlés et minimisés. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site - en général, - sur des zones agricoles, - sur des zones contaminées, - au cours d'études géologiques, ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres situations telles que la construction.

Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 3. del: Varnostna navodila

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
19-Dec-2001
Withdrawal Date
19-Dec-2001
Current Stage
9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
Start Date
25-Jan-2017
Completion Date
13-Dec-2025

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Frequently Asked Questions

ISO 10381-3:2001 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Soil quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on safety". This standard covers: La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques. Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site puissent être contrôlés et minimisés. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site - en général, - sur des zones agricoles, - sur des zones contaminées, - au cours d'études géologiques, ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres situations telles que la construction.

La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques. Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site puissent être contrôlés et minimisés. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site - en général, - sur des zones agricoles, - sur des zones contaminées, - au cours d'études géologiques, ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques. La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres situations telles que la construction.

ISO 10381-3:2001 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ISO 10381-3:2001 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 18400-103:2017. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

You can purchase ISO 10381-3:2001 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2002
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO9DUQRVWQDQDYRGLOD
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 3: Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10381-3:2001
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-3
First edition
2001-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité

Reference number
©
ISO 2001
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ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Preliminary procedures . 1
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety . 2
4 Exposure of personnel to hazards . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Exposure by contact . 3
4.3 Exposure through ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposure through inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards . 4
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions . 4
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 General hazards . 5
5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites . 7
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations . 8
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations . 10
6 Safety precautions . 11
6.1 Safety policy . 11
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 11
6.3 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards . 13
6.4 Safety procedures . 16
6.5 Safety equipment . 18
6.6 General environmental safety . 19
Bibliography. 21
©
ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internatinal Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by
the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10381-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
— Part 3: Guidance on safety
— Part6:Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Additional parts are in preparation.
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iv ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. ISO 10381-3 deals with safety for various purposes of soil investigation.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved v

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 provides guidance on the hazards that may exist during a site investigation and when
collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation in
addition to the hazards that may arise from contamination and other physical hazards. Precautions are given so that
the risks involved in any sampling or site investigation can be controlled and minimized.
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on hazards which may be encountered in a site investigation
— in general,
— on agricultural areas,
— on contaminated areas,
— in geological investigations,
and an indication of the activities which may give rise to risks. It then describes procedures which may be adopted to
control risks.
This part of ISO 10381 is designed specifically to deal with the problems of safety during sampling and site
investigation, and is not intended to provide guidance for other situations such as construction.
NOTE Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to investigators and others
involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given in this part of ISO 10381 will be of assistance in
these situations, but additional guidance on the precautionary measures to be taken should be obtained from the specialists
responsible for the former operation of these sites.
2 Preliminary procedures
In all daily activities there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is unfamiliar. Even
sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler, because the nature of the ground and
possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased, due to the presence of chemicals, compounds and
agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial site, the risk of physical injury
can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities (physical hazards) beneath ground level which may
not have been properly filled in. Cavities may also be present where there has been underground combustion (for
example in refuse sites and colliery waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used; this applies to agricultural
sampling as much as to contaminated-site investigations. Possibly the injuries could be more serious in a
contaminated-site investigation because bigger and more powerful machines are involved, and even minor injuries
may provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should also be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site reconnaissance)
is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all potential hazards may not have been
identified at that time.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 1

The main objectives of this guidance on safety are
a) to identify the hazards that may exist in carrying out site investigations and soil sampling programmes,
b) to indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working and proper response in the case of
accident,
c) to indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to minimize any
hazard, and
d) to indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize hazards from contaminants and physical
hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery.
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety
It is not possible to identify all the hazards which may be encountered during site work, nor to provide guidance on
how the associated risks may be dealt with in all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude
and approach to any particular situation which will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated, and
appropriate precautions taken.
Those authorizing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying out the work all have a joint
responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond the workforce to include the general public, who may be
living or working close to the site to be investigated, or who may enter the site with or without permission while the
works are in progress.
The guidance in this part of ISO 10381 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international
legislation and regulations regarding health and safety at work.
In general, achievement of safe working conditions requires the employing organizations to adopt formal “policies”
and operating frameworks which will require and permit
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks,
— avoidance of risks wherever possible,
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures, and
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
It is necessary to provide training, to keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It may be necessary
to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
In these ways it should be possible to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum.
In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified, it is necessary, on a site-
specific basis, to
— identify hazards,
— identify under what circumstances the hazards may present a risk,
— quantify the actual risks.
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a desk study for identification of hazards from contamination and
physical conditions must be emphasized.
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4 Exposure of personnel to hazards
4.1 General
This clause deals with the way in which hazards present at a site may affect the investigators.
Different types of hazards have been identified as occurring in different situations. These can result in a range of
effects, varying from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death. When establishing suitable safety procedures
not only must the hazard be considered, but also the way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or
sampler. In most cases the hazards are due to acute toxic effects but, in the case of regular investigators and
samplers, chronic toxicity is a possible hazard.
4.2 Exposure by contact
Direct contact with chemicals such as chlorinated solvents, benzene, tars, oils and greases, phenols, chromium(VI)
compounds, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and many others can result in effects on humans.
These effects can result in the development of skin rashes or irritation and other dermal effects and, where
absorption occurs, more serious effects may result.
Some chemicals are potentially carcinogenic through skin contact.
The degreasing effect of solvents and oils also reduces the ability of the skin to prevent absorption of compounds and
to prevent infection.
Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin with adverse effects if the contact is sufficiently prolonged or of
sufficient concentration. If the skin is broken due to cuts or abrasion, then absorption occurs much more readily and
bacterial infections can be caused very easily, e.g. tetanus and suppurations. Weil’s disease can be transmitted
through breaks in the skin but the causative organism (Leptospira) can actually penetrate the skin if it is softened by
prolonged exposure to water.
The eyes can suffer from contact as a result of splashing when dealing with liquids and wet material, and also by
transfer from dirty hands, gloves or other articles of clothing. The eyes can suffer from irritation which may clear up
as a result of bathing, but particulate matter may cause scratching and solvents can cause permanent damage.
4.3 Exposure through ingestion
Contaminants from a site can be ingested by eating food, smoking, taking refreshment or even careless wiping of the
face with hands or gloves which have been dirtied with contaminated material.
Because the mucous membranes are generally more sensitive than skin, much less contamination is required to
cause an adverse reaction. If contaminated material is inadvertently swallowed, then stomach upsets, infections and
other short-term effects can ensue. It is also possible that ingestion will lead to more rapid absorption of toxic
material and can also result in longer-term adverse effects.
4.4 Exposure through inhalation
The presence of gases and vapours can cause a variety of effects ranging from headaches to death, the degree of
severity depending upon the toxicity of the chemical and the severity of the exposure. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide both cause the above range of reactions. Solvents and similar compounds can give rise to narcotic effects.
The effects caused by some compounds can be enhanced where the inhalation is a result of smoking, since the heat
of the tobacco can cause the formation of breakdown products more toxic than the original fumes, for example
chlorinated solvent vapours are converted to carbonyl chloride (COCl phosgene) by the heat of a cigarette.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 3

Exposure can also occur through inhalation of dust, fibres and fumes. The hazard from dusts may be due to different
effects. For example, silica and asbestos are not active chemically but can be dangerous when inhaled. Other dusts
which contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins can cause cancers, while other chemicals can have toxic effects.
Exposure by inhalation can arise from the sampling process (e.g. inhalation of the exhaust fumes, or dust from
drilling concrete), rather than from contaminants within the site.
The effects of exposure by inhalation varies; with some compounds the effects can be readily reversed by removal
from exposure, while in other cases more serious long-term effects result, requiring a much longer recovery period.
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards
Physical hazards can range from simple damage to limbs and joints, as in sprains and broken bones, through to
more serious injuries due to being hit by excavators or falling on equipment such as augers. Unstable ground around
excavations, boggy ground and bodies of water can result in physical injury, ingestion of contamination material, and
possibly in drowning.
Excavations, such as trial pits, are not normally entered during a site investigation but where entry is necessary, a
hazard is present due to possible collapse of the sides. This becomes a serious hazard when the excavation is
greater than about 1,2 m deep.
Excavations also present a hazard to personnel at ground level if the sides are not stable, due to the possibility of
collapse into the base of the excavation, the hazard increasing with increasing depth and decreasing stability of the
ground.
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions
The presence of underground fires can present a hazard due to the formation of underground cavities, breakout of
flames and the formation of toxic gases, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The presence of flammable and explosive gases in situations such as landfills and underground tanks can present a
hazard, particularly if some form of ignition is inadvertently provided.
Use of explosives may be necessary in very hard ground situations (for example in permafrost regions).
The presence of unexploded bombs and mines, etc. from former wartime activities can also present a hazard.
Hazards due to explosives residues and munitions are likely to exist at sites which have produced and handled
explosives and munitions.
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation
5.1 General
This clause describes the hazards that may be presented by different contaminants and physical aspects during the
course of site investigations and sampling.
This part of ISO 10381 does not seek to address everyday hazards that may arise from the use of such items as
sharp instruments, digging equipment such as forks, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed that
such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the sampling.
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4 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

5.2 General hazards
5.2.1 Hazards due to solid and liquid chemicals
These may be very obvious (as in the case of chemicals remaining on a former industrial site) or may not be apparent
(for instance in the case of pesticides in a field). When devising a safe method of investigation and sampling, both
situations have to be considered and precautions taken.
The hazard may be presented by direct contact due to lack of protective clothing or contact through transmission by
hands. Where dusts are formed, inhalation can occur. Where wet conditions exist or there are liquids, inadvertent
contact due to splashing is possible.
5.2.2 Hazards due to gases
Since most site investigations are carried out in the open air, hazardous concentrations of gases rarely develop due
to dilution by the atmosphere. However there are recorded cases of drilling crews being overcome by fumes and
being hospitalized, thus caution should be exercised when assessing the potential hazards.
It is possible, in particular situations (where there is active anaerobic degradation and substantial methane
generation, for example in landfill sites), that dilution of the gas by the atmosphere could bring the concentration of
methane to within the explosive range.
In other situations, although dilution by the atmosphere prevents exposure to hazardous concentrations, lower
concentrations of gases can still cause symptoms such as headaches, runny eyes and are thus undesirable.
Use of machinery with closed unventilated cabs can lead to the development of toxic atmospheres which under
extreme conditions can be fatal.
The exhausts of internal combustion engines emit fumes which can present a hazard.
Where the investigation requires entry into deep excavations or confined spaces, particularly those below ground
level, the build-up of explosive and/or toxic gases and the formation of an atmosphere which is deficient in oxygen is
a possibility. An atmosphere deficient in oxygen even by a small amount (1%) can be fatal.
5.2.3 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses)
Although accidents due to biological reasons rarely occur, there is a potential for illness due to the widespread nature
of bacteria and viruses. These illnesses need not be fatal and may not necessarily be diagnosed as associated with
the work that has been carried out. Because of the widespread distribution of bacteria, it is worthwhile considering
the hazards that they may present and also taking precautions to prevent any adverse effects from them, however
mild.
Some biological hazards are not site-specific (e.g. tetanus, typhoid and Weil’s disease) and require appropriate
general precautions in addition to any local prevention.
Weil’s disease (Leptospira jaundice) occurs as a result of contact with water which has been contaminated by rat
urine (see 4.2). Any outdoor body of water may therefore be a source of hazard, as can areas where there has been
a high rat population, for instance landfill sites. Infection by Leptospira can be fatal if not diagnosed at an early stage.
The presence of anthrax spores can also present a hazard (see 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Hazards due to radiation
Radiation hazard is not usually very great in any normal site investigation or sampling exercise. The presence of a
radiation hazard due to previous operations at a site should be identified by the desk study. With any site
investigation, the transient nature of the exposure should ensure that harmful radioactive dosages are not received,
but the need for precautions and personnel monitoring should be considered.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 5

5.2.5 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical features are part of normal daily life. However, for site investigators and sampling personnel
dealing with an area with which they are not familiar, these same physical features can present a real and
unexpected hazard. In some cases they may be life-threatening, but are more likely to result in injuries to limbs such
as sprains and broken bones.
The ground can be unexpectedly uneven and features such as potholes and kerbs may be hidden by vegetation. On
derelict sites, reinforcing bars and other debris can also cause tripping if care is not exercised. The presence of
broken glass can increase the hazard from falling.
Excavations can present a hazard due to possible collapse of unstable sides, and below-ground cavities can present
a hazard where their presence is not obvious or where their cover is insufficient to support weight, e.g. cavities
formed as a result of below-ground combustion.
Overhead electrical cables present a hazard, particularly when using surveying poles and high machinery (backhoe
excavators, drilling rigs), which can short-circuit, causing electrocution.
Underground services can present a hazard, particularly electrical supply, because of the danger of electrocution.
5.2.6 Hazards due to machines
Virtually any machinery can be hazardous if not operated sensibly and with regard to the manufacturer’s instructions
and the safety regulations which apply. However, in many cases these aspects are not wholly observed or
appreciated.
When establishing a sampling location by breaking through concrete, the breaking of the concrete can result in
hazardous flying particles.
Noise from machinery can be a hazard, and particularly when using concrete-breakers, heavy machinery or
explosives.
When carrying out augering by hand, particularly to great depths, body strains can occur. With powered augers,
forcing the auger or running at too high a rate can result in an accident due to obstructions encountered or other
causes of a sharp change in movement.
Machines should always be operated in the correct manner. With large driver-operated machines, it is important that
investigation personnel do not expose themselves to the risk of being hit by the machine as it is operated, either by
standing too close, or carrying out operations where the driver cannot see them. Untrained personnel should never
operate such machines.
With any machine, but particularly with larger machines, care should be taken when traversing a site to ensure that
the ground does not collapse under the weight of the machine. This is particularly important in areas of dense
vegetation and areas where there is the possibility of below-ground voids (subsidence, old empty tanks, combustion).
Machines which become bogged down can present hazards due to the unexpected movement as the problem occurs
and subsequent sudden movement as the machine is extricated.
Machines powered by internal combustion engines can present a hazard due to the exhaust emissions.
Electrically powered machinery can be hazardous due to the possibility of current leakage to earth or short circuits.
Use of machines for excavating where mains services are located can result in damage to the services and hazard
to the operator and investigators.
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5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites
5.3.1 General
Hazards can exist on farms and agricultural installations due to machinery, animals, stored chemicals, stored
produce and facilities such as silage pits, slurry storage areas and lagoons.
5.3.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
A wide range of chemicals is applied to agricultural areas for widely different reasons. The method of application can
also vary considerably. Chemicals applied include fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate, lime, compound fertilisers,
mineral dressings for adding trace metals, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and pollutants in
organic wastes used for application to soil.
Chemicals can be applied by injection directly into the ground below the surface, by spreading on to the surface, by
scattering on the surface or by spraying from land machines and aircraft.
Where material is applied directly, occasional over-treatment can occur due to machine stoppage or breakdown,
which can result in increased chemical concentrations and greater hazards. This is unlikely with aerial spraying but
could occur with machine spraying.
The amount of chemical needed to present a hazard varies with the nature of the chemical, with organic chemicals
(including certain pesticides) probably presenting the greatest hazard and mineral additives presenting the least.
In areas of repeated application, accumulation of chemicals can occur, particularly of inorganic agents and persistent
organic chemicals.
5.3.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
There is not likely to be any particular hazard due to gases in agricultural areas. In isolated circumstances the
release of hydrogen sulfide could occur from boggy ground which is disturbed by sampling, or where a poor quality
sewage sludge has been recently applied to an area. Greater hazard could exist where an agricultural site has been
created over a former refuse site, or around pits used for burial of animal carcasses where decay is not complete.
5.3.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
Application of sewage sludge and animal wastes to land can result in a very high bacterial population. Where
digested sludge is applied, the proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greatly reduced compared with the original
primary sludge. However, where primary sludge is applied, the presence of pathogenic bacteria and of viruses can
present a serious hazard to the sampler, particularly during application. Care should be taken not to enter an area
where an aerosol is being created during the spreading operations. The risk from sewage sludge is generally
reduced significantly by 10 months after application.
The presence of faeces from animals and birds can also present a hazard, if contact with such material is not
avoided.
Other potential hazards include anthrax and other animal-derived pathogens. These can occur particularly where
animal carcasses have been buried or animal skins treated.
5.3.5 Hazards due to radiation (see also 5.2.4)
Radiation hazards normally only exist from the existence of fall-out, due to either a public incident or the proximity of
a nuclear installation. For such occasions on-site, it will be self-evident that a hazard may exist so that precautions
can be taken.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 7

5.3.6 Hazards due to topography
The hazard varies according to the nature of the site, with a ploughed field or similar unevenness presenting a risk if
care is not taken in traversing the area. On grassland, rabbit burrows (and other animal holes) require caution,
particularly where the ground vegetation is tall and rank so that the actual ground cannot be seen and holes and
sharp depressions can be concealed.
Areas of soft ground due to waterlogging can present a particularly serious hazard when such land is concealed by
vegetation cover.
5.3.7 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.2.6)
Sampling for agricultural purposes is carried out in most cases using hand augers down to approximately 250 mm, or
by a wheeled or tracked vehicle with a mechanical auger or probe.
For hand-augering down to approximately 250 mm, there is little hazard providing normal physical exertion is applied.
The use of machines presents a greater hazard, since these may fall over and cause crushing if placed in an
unstable situation, and carelessness or uncontrolled movement could result in similar injuries.
5.3.8 Hazards from livestock
Arrangements should be made with the operator of agricultural land for access, prior to entering the site. These
should include removing potentially dangerous animals from the working area and the removal of any animals which
may be at risk from the site works.
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations
5.4.1 General
An essential preliminary to visiting a site, whether for reconnaissance or sampling, is the desk study. This will give
some guidance on the chemical, physical and biological hazards which may exist, and enable an appreciation of the
problems presented and what precautionary measures are appropriate.
5.4.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
Knowledge of the former uses of the site should give some indication of the chemicals that may be present and
hence some indication of the specific hazards. There is always a greater hazard on such sites than on undeveloped
areas, because of the potential presence of contaminated materials and chemicals. However, this hazard is greatly
increased when dealing with sites which have used or generated chemicals, or have been used for the disposal of
waste. These sites include gas works and any form of chemical manufacture, including fertilizers, pharmaceuticals
and pesticides, and sites used for toxic waste disposal. It should be remembered that the majority of industrial sites
have used chemicals to some extent, many of which are toxic.
5.4.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
Various toxic gases, including in particular hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, may exist in sites contaminated
by former use. These gases can be released by excavation and present a hazard.
Other gases can exist on sites used for chemical production or handling. This possibility should be identified by the
desk study and from historical information on the former use of the site.
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide can be trapped in the ground where underground combustion has occurred or
is currently occurring.
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It is not normal to enter excavations as part of a sampling exercise or site investigation, but where this is necessary,
to carry out in-situ measurements for instance, care should be taken that there is no hazardous gas concentration in
the excavation, nor an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
When installing boreholes, if there is any gas escape the atmospheric dilution is usually enough to prevent hazard.
Where there are high concentrations of solvents, this may not be so and special precautions should be taken. The
operator working adjacent to the borehole is at greatest risk from the escape of such gas or vapours.
The presence of high concentrations of methane in refuse sites can present a serious risk of fire or explosion from
sparks in open excavation or borehole operations. In this situation, the dilution of the atmosphere can bring the
concentrations of methane to within the flammable/explosive range (5 % to 15 % volume fraction in air).
5.4.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
There is risk due to tetanus infection on any site, and risk of other infection will probably be related to the history and
former uses of the site.
Investigation of refuse sites and other waste-disposal areas present the possibility of bacterial infection. Other
specific sites, such as abattoirs, mortuaries, leather works and pharmaceutical works, present a hazard due to the
possibilities of bacterial contamination of the ground.
5.4.5 Hazard due to radiation (see also 5.2.4)
In addition to possible fall-out hazard as covered in 5.3.5, it is also possible that the former industrial operations used
radioactive material. Such usage or the possibility of such usage should become apparent from the desk study. Use
of radioactive material is normally tightly controlled and monitored by the appropriate national authority, which can
advise on the potential risks at a particular site.
5.4.6 Hazards due to buildings and other structures
Old buildings, particularly of former industrial use, can present a hazard due to the presence of asbestos material in
an unconfined state so that fibres are readily released. The same hazard can be presented by old pipework
insulation. The structures themselves can present a hazard if in a dilapidated condition, since vibration from the
investigation can dislodge masonry. Underground voids and tanks can present a hazard due to the build-up of gases,
and lack of maintenance can result in manholes and other covers which lack the strength to support the passage of
pedestrian or machinery traffic.
Mains services such as gas, electricity (including overhead power lines), fuel and to a lesser extent water, can
present a hazard, since these may not necessarily be totally disconnected even though the responsible authorities
state that they are.
5.4.7 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical structures such as kerbs or foundations are normally self-evident, but may be concealed by
overgrown vegetation. Below-ground cavities which have not been properly backfilled present a hazard, particularly
if overgrown, but the desk study should indicate their possible presence from the former use. Cavities with water
(contaminated) or demolished steel work present a particular hazard which can dramatically increase when a trial pit
is excavated in such areas.
Cavities can also result from below-ground combustion or, in certain strata, from water erosion.
Backfilled areas may not have been properly compacted and may be unstable.
Areas of open contaminated water, such as former gas holder pits, can present a hazard.
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5.4.8 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.2.6)
If hand-augering is carried out, it is usually to a much greater depth than for agricultural purposes. This increases the
possibility of strains and sprains of the operator. If a mechanically powered auger is used, there is a much greater risk
of physical injury due to obstructions encountered or other problems resulting in violent movement of the auger.
Other machines used for the investigation of contaminated sites present a serious risk of injury during operations or
movement about the site. This applies equally to backhoe excavators, mechanical excavators, drilling rigs and driven
probe equipment.
If a machine is used for breaking through obstructions, there is a risk to all personnel in the area due to flying debris.
Holes excavated for sampling purposes can be a serious hazard if the ground is unstable and the sides of the
excavation collapse. Where groundwater is present, excavation of wet material can result in splashing which, if it gets
in the eyes, can be very painful. If such groundwater is contaminated with tars or other chemicals, permanent injury
could result.
Use of machines for excavation or construction of boreholes normally results in fairly rapid penetration of the ground.
If mains services are present, this can result in damage. In the case of electrical supply this can have serious
consequences but there is also a risk if gas service lines are involved. Damage to water pipes presents a risk to the
users of the water, but not necessarily the site investigation personnel.
Where machines are used for investigation, consideration should be given to the possible triggering of bombs and
other munitions remaining from warfare and other military activities, and the appropriate care exercised.
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations
5.5.1 General
Geological and geotechnical investigations can be carried out in locations which may vary between green fields and
derelict industrial sites. Reference should therefore be made to 5.3 and 5.4 as well as the subsequent paragraphs.
5.5.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
Depending upon the nature of the site, the hazards described in 5.3.2 and 5.4.2 could apply to a site being
investigated for geological or similar reasons. There could also be a hazard due to the natural occurrence of
concentrations of toxic substances.
5.5.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
Hazards that can exist in agricultural and contaminated land investigations can also exist in these investigations. See
5.3.3 and 5.4.3.
A geological investigation may involve entry of deeper excavations or could include investigation of caves and former
mines and adits. In these confined spaces, particular care should be exercised because of the greater possibility of
the presence of high concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and possible depletion of
oxygen in the atmosphere.
5.5.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
These hazards are those described in 5.3.4 and 5.4.4.
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5.5.5 Hazards due to radiation
Apart from the hazards described in 5.3.5 and 5.4.5, there may be natural radioactivity as gas (radon) or possibly
from rocks (granite) which might create a hazard if repeated exposure is experienced by a particular sampler. Such
exposure is only likely to be of serious concern if it occurs frequently and in confined spaces such as underground
caves or mines.
5.5.6 Hazards due to topography (see also 5.2.5)
In addition to the hazards for agricultural areas given in 5.3.6 and 5.4.7, hazards can exist due to unsafe or
unsecured structures if working in caves, mineshafts or adits. In these areas the professional judgement of an
engineer is required to determine the degree of hazard. Working in confined areas also presents the risk of personal
injury.
5.5.7 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.5.3)
These hazards are those described in 5.3.7 and 5.4.8.
6 Safety precautions
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets out the
requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of employment of all
personnel. The policy should
— insist on adherence to relevant legislation and regulations,
— emphasise the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves from hazards
during investigation and sampling,
— emphasise the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist,
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities to any sub-
contracted personnel and to the general public,
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while on site carrying out a sampling exercise or other
site investigation.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working in general, and
in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include the provision and use of
protective clothing and equipment, and the minimum number of personnel that should be involved in site work. The
standard procedures should also specify the requirements for contacting local emergency services, methods of
communication and methods of washing and decontamination.
6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To assure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and manage for
safety. This requires a combination of measures which may need to include
— assessment of the hazards arising from the site,
— avoidance of hazards where possible,
— selection of sampling methods with safety in mind,
— provision and use of personal protection equipment,
— provision of equipment for the detection of hazard
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-3
First edition
2001-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité

Reference number
©
ISO 2001
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ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Preliminary procedures . 1
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety . 2
4 Exposure of personnel to hazards . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Exposure by contact . 3
4.3 Exposure through ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposure through inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards . 4
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions . 4
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 General hazards . 5
5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites . 7
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations . 8
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations . 10
6 Safety precautions . 11
6.1 Safety policy . 11
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 11
6.3 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards . 13
6.4 Safety procedures . 16
6.5 Safety equipment . 18
6.6 General environmental safety . 19
Bibliography. 21
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internatinal Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by
the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 10381-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
— Part 3: Guidance on safety
— Part6:Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Additional parts are in preparation.
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iv ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. ISO 10381-3 deals with safety for various purposes of soil investigation.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-3:2001(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3:
Guidance on safety
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 provides guidance on the hazards that may exist during a site investigation and when
collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation in
addition to the hazards that may arise from contamination and other physical hazards. Precautions are given so that
the risks involved in any sampling or site investigation can be controlled and minimized.
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on hazards which may be encountered in a site investigation
— in general,
— on agricultural areas,
— on contaminated areas,
— in geological investigations,
and an indication of the activities which may give rise to risks. It then describes procedures which may be adopted to
control risks.
This part of ISO 10381 is designed specifically to deal with the problems of safety during sampling and site
investigation, and is not intended to provide guidance for other situations such as construction.
NOTE Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to investigators and others
involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given in this part of ISO 10381 will be of assistance in
these situations, but additional guidance on the precautionary measures to be taken should be obtained from the specialists
responsible for the former operation of these sites.
2 Preliminary procedures
In all daily activities there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is unfamiliar. Even
sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler, because the nature of the ground and
possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased, due to the presence of chemicals, compounds and
agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial site, the risk of physical injury
can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities (physical hazards) beneath ground level which may
not have been properly filled in. Cavities may also be present where there has been underground combustion (for
example in refuse sites and colliery waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used; this applies to agricultural
sampling as much as to contaminated-site investigations. Possibly the injuries could be more serious in a
contaminated-site investigation because bigger and more powerful machines are involved, and even minor injuries
may provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should also be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site reconnaissance)
is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all potential hazards may not have been
identified at that time.
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The main objectives of this guidance on safety are
a) to identify the hazards that may exist in carrying out site investigations and soil sampling programmes,
b) to indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working and proper response in the case of
accident,
c) to indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to minimize any
hazard, and
d) to indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize hazards from contaminants and physical
hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery.
3 Concepts of hazards, risks and safety
It is not possible to identify all the hazards which may be encountered during site work, nor to provide guidance on
how the associated risks may be dealt with in all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude
and approach to any particular situation which will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated, and
appropriate precautions taken.
Those authorizing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying out the work all have a joint
responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond the workforce to include the general public, who may be
living or working close to the site to be investigated, or who may enter the site with or without permission while the
works are in progress.
The guidance in this part of ISO 10381 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international
legislation and regulations regarding health and safety at work.
In general, achievement of safe working conditions requires the employing organizations to adopt formal “policies”
and operating frameworks which will require and permit
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks,
— avoidance of risks wherever possible,
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures, and
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
It is necessary to provide training, to keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It may be necessary
to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
In these ways it should be possible to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum.
In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified, it is necessary, on a site-
specific basis, to
— identify hazards,
— identify under what circumstances the hazards may present a risk,
— quantify the actual risks.
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a desk study for identification of hazards from contamination and
physical conditions must be emphasized.
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4 Exposure of personnel to hazards
4.1 General
This clause deals with the way in which hazards present at a site may affect the investigators.
Different types of hazards have been identified as occurring in different situations. These can result in a range of
effects, varying from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death. When establishing suitable safety procedures
not only must the hazard be considered, but also the way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or
sampler. In most cases the hazards are due to acute toxic effects but, in the case of regular investigators and
samplers, chronic toxicity is a possible hazard.
4.2 Exposure by contact
Direct contact with chemicals such as chlorinated solvents, benzene, tars, oils and greases, phenols, chromium(VI)
compounds, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and many others can result in effects on humans.
These effects can result in the development of skin rashes or irritation and other dermal effects and, where
absorption occurs, more serious effects may result.
Some chemicals are potentially carcinogenic through skin contact.
The degreasing effect of solvents and oils also reduces the ability of the skin to prevent absorption of compounds and
to prevent infection.
Some chemicals can be absorbed through the skin with adverse effects if the contact is sufficiently prolonged or of
sufficient concentration. If the skin is broken due to cuts or abrasion, then absorption occurs much more readily and
bacterial infections can be caused very easily, e.g. tetanus and suppurations. Weil’s disease can be transmitted
through breaks in the skin but the causative organism (Leptospira) can actually penetrate the skin if it is softened by
prolonged exposure to water.
The eyes can suffer from contact as a result of splashing when dealing with liquids and wet material, and also by
transfer from dirty hands, gloves or other articles of clothing. The eyes can suffer from irritation which may clear up
as a result of bathing, but particulate matter may cause scratching and solvents can cause permanent damage.
4.3 Exposure through ingestion
Contaminants from a site can be ingested by eating food, smoking, taking refreshment or even careless wiping of the
face with hands or gloves which have been dirtied with contaminated material.
Because the mucous membranes are generally more sensitive than skin, much less contamination is required to
cause an adverse reaction. If contaminated material is inadvertently swallowed, then stomach upsets, infections and
other short-term effects can ensue. It is also possible that ingestion will lead to more rapid absorption of toxic
material and can also result in longer-term adverse effects.
4.4 Exposure through inhalation
The presence of gases and vapours can cause a variety of effects ranging from headaches to death, the degree of
severity depending upon the toxicity of the chemical and the severity of the exposure. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide both cause the above range of reactions. Solvents and similar compounds can give rise to narcotic effects.
The effects caused by some compounds can be enhanced where the inhalation is a result of smoking, since the heat
of the tobacco can cause the formation of breakdown products more toxic than the original fumes, for example
chlorinated solvent vapours are converted to carbonyl chloride (COCl phosgene) by the heat of a cigarette.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 3

Exposure can also occur through inhalation of dust, fibres and fumes. The hazard from dusts may be due to different
effects. For example, silica and asbestos are not active chemically but can be dangerous when inhaled. Other dusts
which contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons or dioxins can cause cancers, while other chemicals can have toxic effects.
Exposure by inhalation can arise from the sampling process (e.g. inhalation of the exhaust fumes, or dust from
drilling concrete), rather than from contaminants within the site.
The effects of exposure by inhalation varies; with some compounds the effects can be readily reversed by removal
from exposure, while in other cases more serious long-term effects result, requiring a much longer recovery period.
4.5 Exposure to physical hazards
Physical hazards can range from simple damage to limbs and joints, as in sprains and broken bones, through to
more serious injuries due to being hit by excavators or falling on equipment such as augers. Unstable ground around
excavations, boggy ground and bodies of water can result in physical injury, ingestion of contamination material, and
possibly in drowning.
Excavations, such as trial pits, are not normally entered during a site investigation but where entry is necessary, a
hazard is present due to possible collapse of the sides. This becomes a serious hazard when the excavation is
greater than about 1,2 m deep.
Excavations also present a hazard to personnel at ground level if the sides are not stable, due to the possibility of
collapse into the base of the excavation, the hazard increasing with increasing depth and decreasing stability of the
ground.
4.6 Exposure to fire and explosions
The presence of underground fires can present a hazard due to the formation of underground cavities, breakout of
flames and the formation of toxic gases, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The presence of flammable and explosive gases in situations such as landfills and underground tanks can present a
hazard, particularly if some form of ignition is inadvertently provided.
Use of explosives may be necessary in very hard ground situations (for example in permafrost regions).
The presence of unexploded bombs and mines, etc. from former wartime activities can also present a hazard.
Hazards due to explosives residues and munitions are likely to exist at sites which have produced and handled
explosives and munitions.
5 Potential on-site hazards relating to sampling and the area of investigation
5.1 General
This clause describes the hazards that may be presented by different contaminants and physical aspects during the
course of site investigations and sampling.
This part of ISO 10381 does not seek to address everyday hazards that may arise from the use of such items as
sharp instruments, digging equipment such as forks, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed that
such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the sampling.
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5.2 General hazards
5.2.1 Hazards due to solid and liquid chemicals
These may be very obvious (as in the case of chemicals remaining on a former industrial site) or may not be apparent
(for instance in the case of pesticides in a field). When devising a safe method of investigation and sampling, both
situations have to be considered and precautions taken.
The hazard may be presented by direct contact due to lack of protective clothing or contact through transmission by
hands. Where dusts are formed, inhalation can occur. Where wet conditions exist or there are liquids, inadvertent
contact due to splashing is possible.
5.2.2 Hazards due to gases
Since most site investigations are carried out in the open air, hazardous concentrations of gases rarely develop due
to dilution by the atmosphere. However there are recorded cases of drilling crews being overcome by fumes and
being hospitalized, thus caution should be exercised when assessing the potential hazards.
It is possible, in particular situations (where there is active anaerobic degradation and substantial methane
generation, for example in landfill sites), that dilution of the gas by the atmosphere could bring the concentration of
methane to within the explosive range.
In other situations, although dilution by the atmosphere prevents exposure to hazardous concentrations, lower
concentrations of gases can still cause symptoms such as headaches, runny eyes and are thus undesirable.
Use of machinery with closed unventilated cabs can lead to the development of toxic atmospheres which under
extreme conditions can be fatal.
The exhausts of internal combustion engines emit fumes which can present a hazard.
Where the investigation requires entry into deep excavations or confined spaces, particularly those below ground
level, the build-up of explosive and/or toxic gases and the formation of an atmosphere which is deficient in oxygen is
a possibility. An atmosphere deficient in oxygen even by a small amount (1%) can be fatal.
5.2.3 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses)
Although accidents due to biological reasons rarely occur, there is a potential for illness due to the widespread nature
of bacteria and viruses. These illnesses need not be fatal and may not necessarily be diagnosed as associated with
the work that has been carried out. Because of the widespread distribution of bacteria, it is worthwhile considering
the hazards that they may present and also taking precautions to prevent any adverse effects from them, however
mild.
Some biological hazards are not site-specific (e.g. tetanus, typhoid and Weil’s disease) and require appropriate
general precautions in addition to any local prevention.
Weil’s disease (Leptospira jaundice) occurs as a result of contact with water which has been contaminated by rat
urine (see 4.2). Any outdoor body of water may therefore be a source of hazard, as can areas where there has been
a high rat population, for instance landfill sites. Infection by Leptospira can be fatal if not diagnosed at an early stage.
The presence of anthrax spores can also present a hazard (see 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Hazards due to radiation
Radiation hazard is not usually very great in any normal site investigation or sampling exercise. The presence of a
radiation hazard due to previous operations at a site should be identified by the desk study. With any site
investigation, the transient nature of the exposure should ensure that harmful radioactive dosages are not received,
but the need for precautions and personnel monitoring should be considered.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 5

5.2.5 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical features are part of normal daily life. However, for site investigators and sampling personnel
dealing with an area with which they are not familiar, these same physical features can present a real and
unexpected hazard. In some cases they may be life-threatening, but are more likely to result in injuries to limbs such
as sprains and broken bones.
The ground can be unexpectedly uneven and features such as potholes and kerbs may be hidden by vegetation. On
derelict sites, reinforcing bars and other debris can also cause tripping if care is not exercised. The presence of
broken glass can increase the hazard from falling.
Excavations can present a hazard due to possible collapse of unstable sides, and below-ground cavities can present
a hazard where their presence is not obvious or where their cover is insufficient to support weight, e.g. cavities
formed as a result of below-ground combustion.
Overhead electrical cables present a hazard, particularly when using surveying poles and high machinery (backhoe
excavators, drilling rigs), which can short-circuit, causing electrocution.
Underground services can present a hazard, particularly electrical supply, because of the danger of electrocution.
5.2.6 Hazards due to machines
Virtually any machinery can be hazardous if not operated sensibly and with regard to the manufacturer’s instructions
and the safety regulations which apply. However, in many cases these aspects are not wholly observed or
appreciated.
When establishing a sampling location by breaking through concrete, the breaking of the concrete can result in
hazardous flying particles.
Noise from machinery can be a hazard, and particularly when using concrete-breakers, heavy machinery or
explosives.
When carrying out augering by hand, particularly to great depths, body strains can occur. With powered augers,
forcing the auger or running at too high a rate can result in an accident due to obstructions encountered or other
causes of a sharp change in movement.
Machines should always be operated in the correct manner. With large driver-operated machines, it is important that
investigation personnel do not expose themselves to the risk of being hit by the machine as it is operated, either by
standing too close, or carrying out operations where the driver cannot see them. Untrained personnel should never
operate such machines.
With any machine, but particularly with larger machines, care should be taken when traversing a site to ensure that
the ground does not collapse under the weight of the machine. This is particularly important in areas of dense
vegetation and areas where there is the possibility of below-ground voids (subsidence, old empty tanks, combustion).
Machines which become bogged down can present hazards due to the unexpected movement as the problem occurs
and subsequent sudden movement as the machine is extricated.
Machines powered by internal combustion engines can present a hazard due to the exhaust emissions.
Electrically powered machinery can be hazardous due to the possibility of current leakage to earth or short circuits.
Use of machines for excavating where mains services are located can result in damage to the services and hazard
to the operator and investigators.
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5.3 Particular hazards on agricultural sites
5.3.1 General
Hazards can exist on farms and agricultural installations due to machinery, animals, stored chemicals, stored
produce and facilities such as silage pits, slurry storage areas and lagoons.
5.3.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
A wide range of chemicals is applied to agricultural areas for widely different reasons. The method of application can
also vary considerably. Chemicals applied include fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate, lime, compound fertilisers,
mineral dressings for adding trace metals, pesticides (e.g. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides) and pollutants in
organic wastes used for application to soil.
Chemicals can be applied by injection directly into the ground below the surface, by spreading on to the surface, by
scattering on the surface or by spraying from land machines and aircraft.
Where material is applied directly, occasional over-treatment can occur due to machine stoppage or breakdown,
which can result in increased chemical concentrations and greater hazards. This is unlikely with aerial spraying but
could occur with machine spraying.
The amount of chemical needed to present a hazard varies with the nature of the chemical, with organic chemicals
(including certain pesticides) probably presenting the greatest hazard and mineral additives presenting the least.
In areas of repeated application, accumulation of chemicals can occur, particularly of inorganic agents and persistent
organic chemicals.
5.3.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
There is not likely to be any particular hazard due to gases in agricultural areas. In isolated circumstances the
release of hydrogen sulfide could occur from boggy ground which is disturbed by sampling, or where a poor quality
sewage sludge has been recently applied to an area. Greater hazard could exist where an agricultural site has been
created over a former refuse site, or around pits used for burial of animal carcasses where decay is not complete.
5.3.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
Application of sewage sludge and animal wastes to land can result in a very high bacterial population. Where
digested sludge is applied, the proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greatly reduced compared with the original
primary sludge. However, where primary sludge is applied, the presence of pathogenic bacteria and of viruses can
present a serious hazard to the sampler, particularly during application. Care should be taken not to enter an area
where an aerosol is being created during the spreading operations. The risk from sewage sludge is generally
reduced significantly by 10 months after application.
The presence of faeces from animals and birds can also present a hazard, if contact with such material is not
avoided.
Other potential hazards include anthrax and other animal-derived pathogens. These can occur particularly where
animal carcasses have been buried or animal skins treated.
5.3.5 Hazards due to radiation (see also 5.2.4)
Radiation hazards normally only exist from the existence of fall-out, due to either a public incident or the proximity of
a nuclear installation. For such occasions on-site, it will be self-evident that a hazard may exist so that precautions
can be taken.
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5.3.6 Hazards due to topography
The hazard varies according to the nature of the site, with a ploughed field or similar unevenness presenting a risk if
care is not taken in traversing the area. On grassland, rabbit burrows (and other animal holes) require caution,
particularly where the ground vegetation is tall and rank so that the actual ground cannot be seen and holes and
sharp depressions can be concealed.
Areas of soft ground due to waterlogging can present a particularly serious hazard when such land is concealed by
vegetation cover.
5.3.7 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.2.6)
Sampling for agricultural purposes is carried out in most cases using hand augers down to approximately 250 mm, or
by a wheeled or tracked vehicle with a mechanical auger or probe.
For hand-augering down to approximately 250 mm, there is little hazard providing normal physical exertion is applied.
The use of machines presents a greater hazard, since these may fall over and cause crushing if placed in an
unstable situation, and carelessness or uncontrolled movement could result in similar injuries.
5.3.8 Hazards from livestock
Arrangements should be made with the operator of agricultural land for access, prior to entering the site. These
should include removing potentially dangerous animals from the working area and the removal of any animals which
may be at risk from the site works.
5.4 Particular hazards in contamination investigations
5.4.1 General
An essential preliminary to visiting a site, whether for reconnaissance or sampling, is the desk study. This will give
some guidance on the chemical, physical and biological hazards which may exist, and enable an appreciation of the
problems presented and what precautionary measures are appropriate.
5.4.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
Knowledge of the former uses of the site should give some indication of the chemicals that may be present and
hence some indication of the specific hazards. There is always a greater hazard on such sites than on undeveloped
areas, because of the potential presence of contaminated materials and chemicals. However, this hazard is greatly
increased when dealing with sites which have used or generated chemicals, or have been used for the disposal of
waste. These sites include gas works and any form of chemical manufacture, including fertilizers, pharmaceuticals
and pesticides, and sites used for toxic waste disposal. It should be remembered that the majority of industrial sites
have used chemicals to some extent, many of which are toxic.
5.4.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
Various toxic gases, including in particular hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, may exist in sites contaminated
by former use. These gases can be released by excavation and present a hazard.
Other gases can exist on sites used for chemical production or handling. This possibility should be identified by the
desk study and from historical information on the former use of the site.
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide can be trapped in the ground where underground combustion has occurred or
is currently occurring.
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It is not normal to enter excavations as part of a sampling exercise or site investigation, but where this is necessary,
to carry out in-situ measurements for instance, care should be taken that there is no hazardous gas concentration in
the excavation, nor an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
When installing boreholes, if there is any gas escape the atmospheric dilution is usually enough to prevent hazard.
Where there are high concentrations of solvents, this may not be so and special precautions should be taken. The
operator working adjacent to the borehole is at greatest risk from the escape of such gas or vapours.
The presence of high concentrations of methane in refuse sites can present a serious risk of fire or explosion from
sparks in open excavation or borehole operations. In this situation, the dilution of the atmosphere can bring the
concentrations of methane to within the flammable/explosive range (5 % to 15 % volume fraction in air).
5.4.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
There is risk due to tetanus infection on any site, and risk of other infection will probably be related to the history and
former uses of the site.
Investigation of refuse sites and other waste-disposal areas present the possibility of bacterial infection. Other
specific sites, such as abattoirs, mortuaries, leather works and pharmaceutical works, present a hazard due to the
possibilities of bacterial contamination of the ground.
5.4.5 Hazard due to radiation (see also 5.2.4)
In addition to possible fall-out hazard as covered in 5.3.5, it is also possible that the former industrial operations used
radioactive material. Such usage or the possibility of such usage should become apparent from the desk study. Use
of radioactive material is normally tightly controlled and monitored by the appropriate national authority, which can
advise on the potential risks at a particular site.
5.4.6 Hazards due to buildings and other structures
Old buildings, particularly of former industrial use, can present a hazard due to the presence of asbestos material in
an unconfined state so that fibres are readily released. The same hazard can be presented by old pipework
insulation. The structures themselves can present a hazard if in a dilapidated condition, since vibration from the
investigation can dislodge masonry. Underground voids and tanks can present a hazard due to the build-up of gases,
and lack of maintenance can result in manholes and other covers which lack the strength to support the passage of
pedestrian or machinery traffic.
Mains services such as gas, electricity (including overhead power lines), fuel and to a lesser extent water, can
present a hazard, since these may not necessarily be totally disconnected even though the responsible authorities
state that they are.
5.4.7 Hazards due to topography
Hazards due to physical structures such as kerbs or foundations are normally self-evident, but may be concealed by
overgrown vegetation. Below-ground cavities which have not been properly backfilled present a hazard, particularly
if overgrown, but the desk study should indicate their possible presence from the former use. Cavities with water
(contaminated) or demolished steel work present a particular hazard which can dramatically increase when a trial pit
is excavated in such areas.
Cavities can also result from below-ground combustion or, in certain strata, from water erosion.
Backfilled areas may not have been properly compacted and may be unstable.
Areas of open contaminated water, such as former gas holder pits, can present a hazard.
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5.4.8 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.2.6)
If hand-augering is carried out, it is usually to a much greater depth than for agricultural purposes. This increases the
possibility of strains and sprains of the operator. If a mechanically powered auger is used, there is a much greater risk
of physical injury due to obstructions encountered or other problems resulting in violent movement of the auger.
Other machines used for the investigation of contaminated sites present a serious risk of injury during operations or
movement about the site. This applies equally to backhoe excavators, mechanical excavators, drilling rigs and driven
probe equipment.
If a machine is used for breaking through obstructions, there is a risk to all personnel in the area due to flying debris.
Holes excavated for sampling purposes can be a serious hazard if the ground is unstable and the sides of the
excavation collapse. Where groundwater is present, excavation of wet material can result in splashing which, if it gets
in the eyes, can be very painful. If such groundwater is contaminated with tars or other chemicals, permanent injury
could result.
Use of machines for excavation or construction of boreholes normally results in fairly rapid penetration of the ground.
If mains services are present, this can result in damage. In the case of electrical supply this can have serious
consequences but there is also a risk if gas service lines are involved. Damage to water pipes presents a risk to the
users of the water, but not necessarily the site investigation personnel.
Where machines are used for investigation, consideration should be given to the possible triggering of bombs and
other munitions remaining from warfare and other military activities, and the appropriate care exercised.
5.5 Hazards in geological and geotechnical investigations
5.5.1 General
Geological and geotechnical investigations can be carried out in locations which may vary between green fields and
derelict industrial sites. Reference should therefore be made to 5.3 and 5.4 as well as the subsequent paragraphs.
5.5.2 Hazards due to chemicals (see also 5.2.1)
Depending upon the nature of the site, the hazards described in 5.3.2 and 5.4.2 could apply to a site being
investigated for geological or similar reasons. There could also be a hazard due to the natural occurrence of
concentrations of toxic substances.
5.5.3 Hazards due to gases (see also 5.2.2)
Hazards that can exist in agricultural and contaminated land investigations can also exist in these investigations. See
5.3.3 and 5.4.3.
A geological investigation may involve entry of deeper excavations or could include investigation of caves and former
mines and adits. In these confined spaces, particular care should be exercised because of the greater possibility of
the presence of high concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and possible depletion of
oxygen in the atmosphere.
5.5.4 Hazards due to biological causes (bacteria and viruses) (see also 5.2.3)
These hazards are those described in 5.3.4 and 5.4.4.
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5.5.5 Hazards due to radiation
Apart from the hazards described in 5.3.5 and 5.4.5, there may be natural radioactivity as gas (radon) or possibly
from rocks (granite) which might create a hazard if repeated exposure is experienced by a particular sampler. Such
exposure is only likely to be of serious concern if it occurs frequently and in confined spaces such as underground
caves or mines.
5.5.6 Hazards due to topography (see also 5.2.5)
In addition to the hazards for agricultural areas given in 5.3.6 and 5.4.7, hazards can exist due to unsafe or
unsecured structures if working in caves, mineshafts or adits. In these areas the professional judgement of an
engineer is required to determine the degree of hazard. Working in confined areas also presents the risk of personal
injury.
5.5.7 Hazards due to machines (see also 5.5.3)
These hazards are those described in 5.3.7 and 5.4.8.
6 Safety precautions
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets out the
requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of employment of all
personnel. The policy should
— insist on adherence to relevant legislation and regulations,
— emphasise the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves from hazards
during investigation and sampling,
— emphasise the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist,
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities to any sub-
contracted personnel and to the general public,
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while on site carrying out a sampling exercise or other
site investigation.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working in general, and
in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include the provision and use of
protective clothing and equipment, and the minimum number of personnel that should be involved in site work. The
standard procedures should also specify the requirements for contacting local emergency services, methods of
communication and methods of washing and decontamination.
6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To assure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and manage for
safety. This requires a combination of measures which may need to include
— assessment of the hazards arising from the site,
— avoidance of hazards where possible,
— selection of sampling methods with safety in mind,
— provision and use of personal protection equipment,
— provision of equipment for the detection of hazardous environments,
— provision of appropriate personnel site facilities,
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— provision of decontamination facilities for personnel and equipment,
— appointment of an individual to take responsibility for implementation of safety plan and measures,
— clear assignment of responsibilities,
— documentation of safe working procedures,
—“permit to work” system,
— provision of information to all concerned,
— training,
— provision of first aid facilities,
— planning and use of emergency procedures,
— installation of system of record-keeping of “incidents” and possible exposures,
— health surveillance,
— compliance with company safety policy (see 6.1),
— compliance with national laws and regulations concerning the health and safety of the personnel and the general
public.
Some measures for protection, monitoring and control are given in Table 1. Some of these are discussed in detail in
6.3.
Table 1 — Health and safety measures that may be required for site investigations
Protective clothing and
Monitoring
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-3
Première édition
2001-12-15
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3:
Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2001
PDF — Exonération de responsabilité
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ii ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Procédures préliminaires . 1
3 Concepts de dangers, risques et sécurité . 2
4 Exposition du personnel aux risques . 3
4.1 Généralités . 3
4.2 Exposition par contact . 3
4.3 Exposition par ingestion . 3
4.4 Exposition par inhalation . 3
4.5 Exposition aux dangers physiques . 4
4.6 Exposition au feu et aux explosifs . 4
5 Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l'échantillonnage et à la zone d'investigation . 4
5.1 Généralités . 4
5.2 Dangers d'ordre général . 5
5.3 Dangers particuliers aux sites agricoles . 7
5.4 Dangers particuliers liés aux investigations concernant les contaminations . 9
5.5 Dangers présents lors des investigations géologiques et géotechniques . 11
6 Précautions de sécurité . 12
6.1 Politique de sécurité . 12
6.2 Planification et gestion de la sécurité . 12
6.3 Mesures de sécurité contre les dangers spécifiques . 14
6.4 Procédures de sécurité . 17
6.5 Équipement de sécurité . 20
6.6 Sécurité environnementale générale . 20
Bibliographie. 22
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés iii

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison
avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique
internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 peuvent faire l'objet
de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas
avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
La Norme internationale ISO 10381-3 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-
comité SC 2, Échantillonnage.
L'ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage:
— Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
— Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une étude en
laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
Des parties additionnelles sont en préparation.
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Introduction
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 fait partie d'une série de Normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
ensemble si nécessaire. L'ISO 10381-3 traite de la sécurité rapportée aux différentes études de sols.
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés v

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 10381-3:2001(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 3:
Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 décrit les dangers pouvant se présenter au cours d'une investigation de site et lors
du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux terrestres, y compris les dangers inhérents aux
opérations d'échantillonnage, les dangers pouvant provenir de la contamination et les autres dangers physiques.
Sont indiquées les précautions à prendre pour que les risques liés à tout échantillonnage ou investigation sur site
puissent être contrôlés et minimisés.
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux dangers et aux risques qui peuvent être
rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site
— en général,
— sur des zones agricoles,
— sur des zones contaminées,
— au cours d'études géologiques,
ainsi qu'une indication des activités qui peuvent engendrer des risques. Elle décrit ensuite les modes opératoires qui
peuvent être appliqués pour contrôler les risques.
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 est conçue spécifiquement pour traiter des problèmes de sécurité durant
l'échantillonnage et l'investigation sur site, et n'est pas destinée à fournir des lignes directrices pour d'autres
situations telles que la construction.
NOTE Les anciens sites de production de munitions et autres matériels militaires posent des problèmes particuliers aux
investigateurs et autres personnes impliquées dans la manipulation des échantillons prélevés dans de tels endroits. Les lignes
directrices données dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 seront utiles dans de telles situations, mais il convient que des lignes
directrices supplémentaires sur les mesures de précautions à prendre soient obtenues auprès des spécialistes responsables de
l'exploitation antérieure de ces sites.
2Procédures préliminaires
Dans toutes les activités journalières, il existe un facteur de risque et ce risque augmente dans un environnement
inconnu. Même lors de l'échantillonnage d'une zone agricole, il existe un risque accru pour la personne chargée de
l'échantillonnage, car cette personne ne connaît pas nécessairement la nature du sol et les dangers éventuels.
Lors d'une recherche de contamination sur un site, les risques sont accrus suite à la présence de produits
chimiques, de composés et agents présentant un danger pour la santé humaine. Lors de l'examen d'un site industriel
ancien, les risques de blessure sont accrus car il peut exister des cavités et des vides souterrains (dangers
physiques) imparfaitement comblés. Des poches peuvent aussi exister à cause de combustions souterraines (par
exemple dans des décharges et des sites de stockage de produits résiduels de houillères).
Le risque de préjudice physique existe aussi dans toute situation d'échantillonnage où des machines sont utilisées;
ceci s'applique aussi bien à l'échantillonnage agricole qu'aux investigations de sites contaminés. Les préjudices
corporels peuvent être éventuellement plus graves lors d'investigations sur des sites contaminés, car des machines
plus puissantes et plus importantes sont impliquées, et des blessures mineures peuvent permettre à des substances
toxiques et à des agents pathogènes de pénétrer dans le corps.
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Il convient, par ailleurs, de prendre des précautions pour assurer la sécurité de l'investigateur lorsqu'une visite de site
préliminaire (reconnaissance de site) est effectuée avant le début de l'investigation complète du site, étant donné, en
particulier, que tous les dangers potentiels n'ont pas été identifiés à ce stade.
Les objectifs principaux des présentes lignes directrices concernant la sécurité sont les suivants:
a) identifier les dangers pouvant exister lors d'une investigation de site et de programmes d'échantillonnage de sol;
b) indiquer des procédures de gestion afin de fournir un cadre de travail en sécurité et une réponse appropriée en
cas d'accident;
c) indiquer les précautions à prendre concernant la protection du personnel et les dispositifs de nettoyage afin
d'éviter tout danger;
d) indiquer les procédures de travail pouvant être adoptées afin de réduire les dangers de contamination et les
dangers physiques liés à la collecte d'échantillons et à l'utilisation de machines.
3 Concepts de dangers, risques et sécurité
Il n'est pas possible d'identifier tous les dangers pouvant être rencontrés au cours du travail sur site, ni de fournir des
lignes directrices sur la façon de traiter les risques associés dans toutes les situations. La sécurité dépend
finalement, dans toute situation particulière, de l'adoption d'une attitude et d'une approche qui donnent l'assurance
que les dangers sont identifiés, correctement évalués, et que les précautions appropriées sont prises.
Les personnes qui autorisent, conçoivent et supervisent les travaux, les employeurs et le personnel qui effectue le
travail ont tous une responsabilité collective vis-à-vis de la sécurité. Cette responsabilité s'étend, au-delà du
personnel impliqué dans les travaux, au grand public, qu'il habite ou travaille à proximité du site à étudier, ou qu'il soit
susceptible de pénétrer sur le site avec ou sans autorisation pendant les travaux.
Il convient d'associer la lecture des lignes directrices contenues dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 à celle de la
législation et des réglementations nationales et internationales en vigueur concernant la santé et la sécurité sur le
lieu de travail.
Pour parvenir à des conditions de travail sécurisantes, il est généralement nécessaire que les employeurs adoptent
des «lignes de conduite» formelles et des cadres de fonctionnement qui exigent et permettent
— d'identifier les dangers et d'évaluer les risques,
— d'éviter les risques partout où cela est possible,
— si ce n'est pas le cas, de contrôler les risques par l'adoption de procédures d'exploitation appropriées,
—à défaut, ou en outre, de protéger les personnes contre les risques inévitables.
Il est nécessaire de prévoir une formation pour enregistrer les modes opératoires adoptés et les incidents éventuels.
Il peut être nécessaire d'établir des programmes sanitaires de surveillance et de dépistage.
Grâce à ces actions, il devrait être possible de réduire les risques à un niveau minimal acceptable.
Afin de pouvoir identifier des procédures appropriées de gestion et de réduction des risques, il est nécessaire, site
par site
— d'identifier les dangers,
— d'identifier dans quelles circonstances les dangers peuvent présenter un risque,
— de quantifier les risques réels.
Pour les sites contaminés, l'importance d'une étude sur dossier pour identifier les dangers de contamination et
l'environnement physique est à souligner.
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4 Exposition du personnel aux risques
4.1 Généralités
Le présent article traite de la façon dont les dangers présents sur un site peuvent affecter les investigateurs.
Différents types de dangers apparaissant dans différentes situations ont été identifiés. Leurs effets peuvent aller
d'une irritation de la peau et de blessures simples à des conséquences mortelles. Lors de l'élaboration de
procédures de sécurité adaptées, non seulement doivent être déterminés les dangers et leurs causes, mais
également la façon dont le personnel chargé de l'investigation ou de l'échantillonnage peut y être confronté. Dans la
plupart des cas, les dangers sont liés à une toxicité aiguë, mais il peut exister, pour les personnels effectuant
régulièrement des investigations et des échantillonnages, un danger de toxicité chronique.
4.2 Exposition par contact
Un contact direct avec des produits chimiques tels que les solvants chlorés, le benzène, les goudrons, les huiles et
les graisses, les phénols, les composés du chrome(VI), les pesticides (par exemple les insecticides, herbicides,
fongicides) et avec beaucoup d'autres, peut avoir des effets nocifs sur l'homme. Ces effets peuvent avoir pour
conséquence le développement de rougeurs ou d'irritations cutanées et d'autres maladies de peau, l'absorption
cutanée de ces produits pouvant avoir des conséquences plus graves.
Certains produits chimiques mis en contact avec la peau sont potentiellement cancérigènes.
L'effet dégraissant des solvants et des huiles réduit également la capacité de la peau à empêcher l'absorption des
composés et à prévenir les infections.
Certains produits chimiques peuvent être absorbés par la peau avec des effets néfastes si le contact est
suffisamment prolongé ou la concentration suffisante. Si la peau est entaillée par des coupures ou des éraflures,
l'absorption des produits chimiques est facilitée et les infections bactériennes peuvent intervenir très facilement, par
exemple tétanos, suppurations. La maladie de Weils peut être contractée par des coupures, mais l'organisme qui en
est la cause (le leptospire) peut pénétrer dans la peau si elle est ramollie par un séjour prolongé dans l'eau.
Les yeux peuvent souffrir d'un contact avec des éclaboussures lors de la manipulation de liquides et de matières
humides, et aussi à partir d'un contact avec des mains, des gants ou d'autres articles vestimentaires souillés. Les
irritations oculaires éventuelles peuvent être éliminées par rinçage, mais les particules peuvent causer des
égratignures et les solvants des dommages permanents.
4.3 Exposition par ingestion
Les agents contaminants provenant d'un site peuvent être ingérés en mangeant, en fumant, en prenant un
rafraîchissement ou en s'essuyant sans précautions le visage avec les mains ou avec des gants souillés par des
matières contaminées.
Les muqueuses étant généralement plus sensibles que la peau, il suffit d'un niveau de contamination nettement
inférieur pour causer une réaction désagréable. Si une matière contaminée est avalée par inadvertance, il peut
s'ensuivre des douleurs à l'estomac, des infections et d'autres effets à court terme. Il est aussi possible que
l'ingestion conduise à une absorption plus rapide de matériaux toxiques avec des effets plus graves.
4.4 Exposition par inhalation
La présence de gaz et de vapeurs peut avoir diverses conséquences allant de maux de tête à des accidents mortels,
le degré de gravité dépendant de la toxicité du produit chimique et de la gravité de l'exposition. Ainsi, le dioxyde de
carbone et le sulfure d'hydrogène peuvent donner lieu aux réactions ci-dessus. De même, les solvants et les
composés similaires peuvent avoir des conséquences de type narcotique ou stupéfiant.
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Les effets de certains composés peuvent être aggravés lorsque l'inhalation se fait en fumant, puisque la chaleur du
tabac peut entraîner la formation de produits de décomposition plus toxiques que les fumées d'origine; par exemple,
les vapeurs de solvants chlorés sont transformées en gaz phosgène (COCl phosgène) par la chaleur d'une
cigarette.
L'exposition peut aussi se faire par inhalation de poussières, fibres et fumées. Le danger présenté par les poussières
peut avoir plusieurs origines. Par exemple, la silice et l'amiante ne sont pas actives chimiquement mais peuvent être
dangereuses si elles sont inhalées. D'autres poussières qui contiennent des hydrocarbures polyaromatiques ou des
dioxines peuvent occasionner des cancers, tandis que d'autres produits chimiques peuvent avoir des effets toxiques.
L'exposition par inhalation peut être due au procédé d'échantillonnage (par exemple inhalation des gaz
d'échappement des machines, ou de poussière provenant du forage du béton), et pas nécessairement aux agents
contaminants présents sur le site.
Les effets d'une exposition par inhalation sont variables; avec certains composés, les effets peuvent être aisément
inversés par arrêt de l'exposition alors que, dans d'autres cas, des effets plus graves à long terme nécessitent une
période de rétablissement plus longue.
4.5 Exposition aux dangers physiques
Les dangers physiques peuvent aller d'une simple blessure aux jambes et aux articulations, comme des entorses et
des fractures, à des blessures plus graves par suite de chocs avec des excavateurs ou lors de chutes sur des
équipements tels que des tarières. Un terrain instable autour des excavations, un terrain marécageux et des poches
d'eau peuvent être causes de blessures, d'ingestion de matières contaminées et, éventuellement, de noyade.
Normalement, lors de l'investigation d'un site, le personnel ne pénètre pas dans les excavations telles que les puits
de sondage; toutefois, lorsque cela est nécessaire, il existe un danger d'effondrement des parois qui devient
1,2 m
important lorsque la profondeur de l'excavation dépasse environ.
Si les parois des excavations ne sont pas stables, il existe également un danger de chute pour le personnel
travaillant en surface, le danger augmentant avec la profondeur et l'instabilité du terrain.
4.6 Exposition au feu et aux explosifs
La présence de combustions souterraines peut présenter un danger par suite de la formation de cavités souterraines
et de la formation de gaz toxiques, dont le dioxyde de carbone et le monoxyde de carbone.
La présence de gaz inflammables et explosifs dans les décharges et les réservoirs souterrains peut présenter un
danger, en particulier si un allumage est provoqué par inadvertance.
L'utilisation d'explosifs peut être nécessaire en présence de sols très durs (par exemple dans les régions de
permafrost).
La présence de bombes, mines, etc. non explosées datant de conflits passés peut aussi présenter un danger. Des
risques dus à la présence de résidus d'explosifs et de matériels de guerre peuvent exister sur les sites qui ont produit
et traité de tels produits.
5 Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l'échantillonnage et à la zone d'investigation
5.1 Généralités
Le présent article décrit les dangers pouvant être présentés par différents agents contaminants et aspects physiques
durant les investigations de sites et les échantillonnages.
La vie quotidienne présente des dangers, mais la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 n'a pas pour objet de traiter des
dangers liés à l'utilisation d'outils tranchants ou d'outils de forage, tels que des fourches, ni des dangers encourus en
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4 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés

se rendant sur un site à bord d'un véhicule. Il est supposé que de tels dangers seront pris en compte de façon
satisfaisante par le personnel qui procède à l'investigation et à l'échantillonnage.
5.2 Dangers d'ordre général
5.2.1 Dangers liés aux produits chimiques solides et liquides
Ces dangers peuvent être évidents (comme dans le cas de produits chimiques restés sur un ancien site industriel)
ou non apparents (dans le cas, par exemple, de pesticides dans un champ). Lors de la recherche d'une méthode
sûre d'investigation et d'échantillonnage, les deux cas doivent être considérés et des précautions prises en
conséquence.
Le danger peut provenir d'un contact direct si l'on ne porte pas de vêtements de protection ou d'un contact par
transmission par les mains. En cas de formation de poussière, il peut se produire une inhalation. En présence
d'humidité ou de liquides, il existe la possibilité d'un contact accidentel par éclaboussure.
5.2.2 Dangers liés aux gaz
La plupart des investigations de sites étant réalisée en plein air, il se produit rarement de concentrations
dangereuses de gaz du fait de la dilution dans l'atmosphère. On a cependant enregistré des cas d'équipes de forage
surprises par des fumées qui ont dû être hospitalisées; c'est pourquoi il convient de prendre toutes les précautions
nécessaires lors de l'évaluation des dangers potentiels.
Dans des situations particulières, il est possible (lorsqu'il existe une dégradation anaérobie active et une production
substantielle de méthane, dans les décharges par exemple) que la dilution du gaz dans l'atmosphère puisse générer
une concentration de méthane à un niveau explosif.
Dans d'autres situations, bien que la dilution dans l'atmosphère évite l'exposition à des concentrations dangereuses,
de plus faibles concentrations de gaz peuvent quand même être à l'origine de symptômes tels que des maux de tête,
des écoulements oculaires et sont, en conséquence, à éviter.
L'utilisation de machines à cabines closes non ventilées peut contribuer au développement d'atmosphères toxiques
qui, à un niveau extrême, peuvent être mortelles.
Les fumées émises par les échappements des moteurs à explosion peuvent être dangereuses.
Lorsque l'investigation nécessite de pénétrer dans des excavations profondes ou des espaces confinés, en
particulier au-dessous du niveau du sol, il existe une possibilité d'accumulation de gaz explosifs et/ou toxiques et la
formation d'une atmosphère pauvre en oxygène. Une atmosphère pauvre en oxygène peut être mortelle, même
dans le cas d'une faible diminution de la teneur en oxygène (1%).
5.2.3 Dangers d'origine biologique (bactéries et virus)
Bien que des accidents d'origine biologique se produisent rarement, il existe un risque de maladies dues à la
prolifération de bactéries et de virus. Ces maladies ne sont pas nécessairement mortelles et leur diagnostic peut ne
pas établir un lien avec le travail réalisé. Les bactéries étant très répandues, il est utile d'évaluer les dangers qu'elles
peuvent représenter et, également, de prendre des précautions pour prévenir tout effet défavorable dû aux bactéries,
même bénignes.
Certains dangers biologiques ne sont pas propres à un site, par exemple tétanos, typhoïde et maladie de Weils, et
exigent des précautions d'ordre général en plus de celles spécifiques au site.
La maladie de Weils (ictère leptospirochétosique) résulte d'un contact avec de l'eau contaminée par de l'urine de rat
(voir 4.2). C'est pourquoi toute étendue d'eau en extérieur peut être une source de dangers, tout comme les zones à
forte population de rats, comme par exemple les décharges. L'infection par le leptospire peut être mortelle si elle
n'est pas diagnostiquée à temps.
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La présence de spores de charbons bactéridiens peut également présenter un danger (voir 5.3.4).
5.2.4 Dangers liés aux rayonnements
Les dangers liés aux rayonnements ne sont généralement pas élevés sur un site normal d'investigation et
d'échantillonnage. La présence de dangers par rayonnement suite à l'exploitation antérieure d'un site doit être
identifiée par une étude sur dossier. Dans toute investigation de site, la nature transitoire de l'exposition devrait
permettre de ne pas absorber des doses dangereuses de radioactivité, mais il convient de tenir compte de la
nécessité de prendre des précautions et de surveiller le personnel.
5.2.5 Dangers liés à la topographie
Les dangers liés aux caractéristiques physiques font partie de la vie quotidienne. Toutefois, pour les personnels
chargés des investigations sur site et des échantillonnages qui travaillent sur un site qu'ils ne connaissent pas, ces
caractéristiques physiques peuvent présenter un danger réel et inattendu. Dans certains cas, elles peuvent mettre
leur vie en danger mais, plus généralement, il s'agira de blessures aux membres, telles que des entorses ou des
fractures.
Le sol peut présenter des irrégularités imprévisibles, comme des fondrières ou des trottoirs masqués par la
végétation. Sur les sites abandonnés, prendre garde à ne pas trébucher sur les armatures et les débris. La présence
de verre brisé peut augmenter les dangers en cas de chute.
Les excavations aux parois instables peuvent présenter un danger d'effondrement; par ailleurs, les cavités
souterraines peuvent également constituer un danger, parce que leur présence n'est pas manifeste ou parce que
leur couverture est trop fragile pour supporter un poids comme, par exemple, les cavités ayant pour origine une
combustion souterraine.
Les câbles électriques aériens présentent un danger, en particulier lors de l'utilisation de mires ou bien de machines
de hauteur importante (excavateurs, équipements de forage), qui peuvent provoquer un court-circuit et par suite une
électrocution.
Les canalisations et câbles souterrains peuvent être dangereux, en particulier les alimentations électriques qui
présentent un danger d'électrocution.
5.2.6 Dangers liés aux machines
Pratiquement toutes les machines peuvent présenter un certain danger si elles ne sont pas utilisées correctement,
conformément aux instructions du fabricant et dans le respect des règles de sécurité applicables. Dans de nombreux
cas, toutefois, ces points ne sont pas totalement observés ni pris en compte.
Lors de l'installation d'un site d'échantillonnage, le fait de perforer du béton peut provoquer des projections
dangereuses de particules.
Le bruit causé par les machines peut aussi présenter un danger, en particulier lors de l'utilisation de brise-béton, de
machines de grande puissance ou d'explosifs.
Concernant l'utilisation d'une tarière manuelle, en particulier à grande profondeur, prendre garde à ne pas fournir
d'efforts physiques trop importants. Concernant l'utilisation des tarières mécaniques, prendre garde à ne pas forcer
sur la tarière ou à ne pas l'utiliser à trop haut régime pour réduire la possibilité d'un accident lors de la rencontre d'un
obstacle ou de toute autre cause de changement de direction brutal.
Il convient de toujours utiliser correctement les machines. Dans le cas de machines de grande taille avec conducteur,
il est important que le personnel effectuant l'investigation ne s'expose pas au risque d'être heurté par la machine en
fonctionnement, soit en se tenant trop près, soit en travaillant hors du champ visuel du conducteur. Il convient de ne
jamais confier l'utilisation de ces machines à un personnel non formé.
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Avec toute machine, mais en particulier avec des machines de grande taille, il convient de prendre des précautions
pour traverser le site afin de s'assurer que le sol ne s'effondre pas sous le poids de la machine. Ceci est
particulièrement important dans des zones de végétation dense et dans les zones où il existe une possibilité de
vides souterrains (affaissements de terrain, anciens réservoirs vides, combustion).
Les machines embourbées peuvent présenter un danger lié à un mouvement inattendu lorsque survient le problème
et à un autre mouvement brusque lorsque la machine est dégagée.
Les machines à moteur à explosion peuvent présenter un danger lié aux gaz d'échappement.
Les machines à moteur électrique peuvent présenter un danger lié à la possibilité d'une fuite à la terre ou à des
courts-circuits.
L'utilisation de machines excavatrices à proximité de canalisations et câbles souterrains peut conduire à la
détérioration de ces derniers et présenter un danger pour l'opérateur et les personnels chargés de l'investigation.
5.3 Dangers particuliers aux sites agricoles
5.3.1 Généralités
Il existe dans les fermes et les installations agricoles, des dangers liés aux machines, aux animaux, aux stocks de
produits, qu'ils soient chimiques ou autres, et aux installations telles que les fosses d'ensilage, les zones de stockage
des lisiers et les bassins de décantation.
5.3.2 Dangers liés aux produits chimiques (voir aussi 5.2.1)
Une gamme étendue de produits chimiques peut être utilisée dans les zones agricoles, pour des raisons très
différentes. Les méthodes d'application peuvent aussi varier considérablement. Les produits chimiques utilisés
comprennent les engrais, tels que le nitrate d'ammonium, la chaux, les fertilisants composés, les traitements pour
ajout d'oligo-éléments, les pesticides (par exemple insecticides, herbicides, fongicides) et les boues de stations
d'épuration des eaux usées que l'on épand sur le sol.
Les produits chimiques peuvent être appliqués par injection directe sous la surface du sol, étalement en surface,
épandage en surface ou pulvérisation à partir de machines agricoles et d'avions.
Lorsque des produits sont appliqués directement, il peut se produire un surdosage occasionnel dû à un arrêt ou une
panne de la machine pouvant entraîner une concentration accrue des produits chimiques et des dangers plus
importants. Ceci est peu vraisemblable dans le cas d'un épandage aérien, mais est susceptible de se produire lors
d'un épandage mécanique.
La quantité de produits chimiques pouvant présenter un danger varie également selon la nature des produits
chimiques, les produits chimiques organiques (incluant certains pesticides) présentant probablement le plus grand
danger, et les additifs minéraux le moindre danger.
Dans les endroits où ont été effectuées des applications répétées, il peut se produire une accumulation de produits
chimiques, en particulier d'agents non organiques et de produits chimiques organiques persistants.
5.3.3 Dangers liés aux gaz (voir aussi 5.2.2)
Il n'existe en principe pas de dangers particuliers liés aux gaz dans les zones agricoles. Dans des circonstances bien
précises, il peut se produire une libération de sulfure d'hydrogène dans des terrains marécageux perturbés lors d'un
échantillonnage, ou lorsque des boues d'épuration des eaux usées de mauvaise qualité ont été récemment
épandues. Il peut exister un danger plus important là où une exploitation agricole a pris la place d'une ancienne
décharge, ou autour de fosses utilisées pour enterrer des carcasses d'animaux non encore complètement
décomposées.
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5.3.4 Dangers d'origine biologiques (bactéries et virus) (voir aussi 5.2.3)
L'épandage des boues de stations d'épuration d'eaux usées et des déchets animaux peut avoir pour conséquence
une population bactérienne très importante. Lorsque ce sont des boues d'épuration digérées qui sont épandues, la
proportion de bactéries pathogènes est nettement inférieure à celle des boues d'épuration primaires. Néanmoins,
lorsque des boues d'épuration primaires sont épandues, la présence de bactéries, de parasites et de virus
pathogènes peut présenter un danger sérieux pour la personne chargée de prélever les échantillons,
particulièrement au cours de l'épandage. Il convient de veiller à ne pas pénétrer dans une zone où un aérosol est en
cours de formation durant les opérations d'épandage. Le risque lié aux boues de stations d'épuration est
généralement sensiblement réduit 10 mois après l'épandage.
La présence de déjections d'animaux et d'oiseaux peut également présenter un danger en cas de contact.
Parmi les autres dangers potentiels, on compte les charbons bactéridiens et autres agents pathogènes d'origine
animale. Ceci peut avoir lieu particulièrement dans les secteurs où ont été enterrées des carcasses d'animaux ou
traitées des peaux d’animaux.
5.3.5 Dangers liés aux rayonnements (voir aussi 5.2.4)
Les dangers liés aux rayonnements ne peuvent être liés qu'à des retombées radioactives dues soit à un incident
rendu public, soit à la proximité d'une installation nucléaire. Si cela se produit, il est évident qu'il existe un danger et
que des précautions peuvent être prises.
5.3.6 Dangers liés à la topographie
Le danger varie selon la nature du site: un champ labouré ou un terrain comportant des irrégularités de même nature
peut présenter un risque si des précautions ne sont pas prises pour les traverser. Dans les prairies, il est nécessaire
de prendre des précautions par rapport aux terriers de lapins (et d'autres animaux), en particulier lorsque la
végétation est haute et cache le sol, rendant peu visibles les trous ou les accidents de terrain prononcés.
Les sols spongieux imbibés d'eau peuvent présenter un danger, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont masqués par un tapis
de végétation.
5.3.7 Dangers liés aux machines (voir aussi 5.2.6)
Les échantillonnages dans les zones agricoles se font le plus souvent à l'aide de tarières manuelles jusqu'à une
profondeur d’environ 250 mm, ou avec un véhicule à roues ou à chenilles équipé d'une tarière mécanique ou d'une
sonde.
L'utilisation d'une tarière manuelle jusqu'à une profondeur d’environ 250 mmprésente peu de dangers si les règles
normales concernant les efforts physiques sont respectées.
L'utilisation de machines présente un danger plus important car elles peuvent, si elles se trouvent en position
instable, se renverser et être la cause d'un écrasement. Une négligence ou un mouvement non contrôlé peut
occasionner des blessures similaires.
5.3.8 Dangers liés au bétail
Il convient, avant de pénétrer sur le site, de prendre des dispositions avec l'exploitant agricole concernant l'accès au
terrain. Il convient que soient retirés de la zone de travail tous les animaux potentiellement dangereux ainsi que les
animaux pouvant être mis en péril par les travaux.
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5.4 Dangers particuliers liés aux investigations concernant les contaminations
5.4.1 Généralités
Il est essentiel, avant de reconnaître un site ou de procéder à un échantillonnage, d'effectuer une étude sur dossier.
Cela permet d'obtenir des indications sur les éventuels dangers d'origine chimique, physique et biologique, d'évaluer
les problèmes pouvant se poser et de prévoir les précautions à prendre.
5.4.2 Dangers liés aux produits chimiques (voir aussi 5.2.1)
Connaître les utilisations antérieures du site peut permettre d'obtenir des indications sur la nature des produits
chimiques susceptibles d'être présents et donc sur les dangers spécifiques. Le danger est toujours plus important
sur ce type de site que dans des zones non développées, car il est toujours possible d'y trouver divers matériaux et
produits chimiques. Ce danger est beaucoup plus important sur les sites de production ou d'utilisation de produits
chimiques ou dans les décharges. Parmi ces sites, les usines à gaz et toutes les installations de production de
produits chimiques, y compris de fertilisants, de produits pharmaceutiques et de pesticides, ainsi que les sites
utilisés pour l'élimination des déchets toxiques. Il convient de garder présent à l'esprit le fait que des produits
chimiques, dont beaucoup sont toxiques, ont été dans une certaine mesure utilisés sur la majorité des sites
industriels.
5.4.3 Dangers liés aux gaz (voir aussi 5.2.2)
Divers gaz toxiques, en particulier l'hydrogène sulfuré et le cyanure d'hydrogène, peuvent être présents sur un site
contaminé par une utilisation antérieure. Ces gaz dangereux peuvent, en particulier, être libérés lors d'excavations et
présenter un risque.
D'autres gaz peuvent être présents sur des sites utilisés pour la production ou la manutention de produits chimiques.
Il convient de vérifier cette éventualité à partir d'études et d'informations historiques concernant l'utilisation
antérieure du site.
Du dioxyde de carbone et du monoxyde de carbone peuvent être emprisonnés dans le sol aux endroits où s'est
produit ou est en train de se produire une combustion souterraine.
Descendre dans une excavation n'est pas une action normale lors d'un échantillonnage ou d'une investigation de
site. Toutefois, lorsque cela est nécessaire, par exemple pour effectuer des mesurages sur site, il convient de vérifier
qu'il n'existe pas dans l'excavation une concentration de gaz dangereuse ni un manque d'oxygène.
Si un gaz s'échappe dans l'atmosphère lors du forage de trous de sondage, la dilution du gaz dans l'air est
généralement suffisante pour ne pas présenter de danger. Cela peut ne pas être le cas pour de fortes concentrations
de solvants, et il convient alors de prendre des mesures de précaution. L'opérateur qui travaille à proximité du trou
de sondage est le plus exposé à de telles émanations de gaz ou de vapeurs.
La présence dans les décharges de fortes concentrations de méthane peut présenter un risque grave d'incendie ou
d'explosion s'il se produit des étincelles lors d'excavations ou du forage de trous de sondage. Dans ce cas, la dilution
dans l'atmosphère peut amener la concentration de méthane dans la plage d'inflammation/explosion (5 % à 15 %en
fraction volumique dans l'air).
5.4.4 Dangers d'origine biologique (bactéries et virus) (voir aussi 5.2.3)
Il existe un risque d'infection par le tétanos sur tous les sites, les autres risques d'infection étant probablement liés à
l'historique et à l'utilisation antérieure du site.
L'investigation des décharges et d'autres sites d'élimination de déchets peut faire courir le risque d'une infection
microbienne. D'autres sites spécifiques tels que les abattoirs, morgues, tanneries, usines pharmaceutiques,
présentent un danger lié à la possibilité d'une contamination bactérienne du sol.
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 9

5.4.5 Dangers liés aux rayonnements (voir aussi 5.2.4)
Outre la possibilité de retombées radioactives, comme indiqué en 5.3.5, il se peut que des matières radioactives
aient été utilisées lors de précédentes opérations industrielles. Une étude sur dossier devrait permettre de
déterminer si c'est effectivement le cas ou si cela a pu se produire. L'utilisation de matières radioactives est
normalement strictement réglementée et contrôlée par des organismes nationaux qui pourront également donner
des indications sur les risques éventuels encourus sur un site donné.
5.4.6 Dangers liés aux bâtiments et autres structures
Les bâtiments anciens, en particulier ceux utilisés antérieurement par l'industrie, peuvent présenter des dangers liés
à la présence d'amiante non confinée dont les fibres se détachent facilement. Les anciennes canalisations isolées
peuvent présenter le même danger. Les structures elles-mêmes peuvent présenter un danger si elles sont en
mauvais état, les vibrations liées à l'investigation pouvant entraîner la chute d'éléments de maçonnerie. Les vides et
les réservoirs souterrains peuvent présenter un danger lié à une accumulation de gaz, et un défaut d'entretien peut
faire que des trous d'homme et autres couvercles ne soient pas suffisamment résistants pour résister au passage de
personnes ou de machines.
Les canalisations de gaz, les câbles électriques (y compris les lignes aériennes), les canalisations de carburant et, à
un moindre degré, les canalisations d'eau peuvent présenter un danger car ils ne sont pas nécessairement
totalement débranchés, même si les autorités responsables indiquent que c'est le cas.
5.4.7 Dangers liés à la topographie
Les dangers liés aux structures physiques telles que les trottoirs ou les fondations sont normalement évidents mais
peuvent être invisibles du fait de la croissance de la végétation. Les cavités souterraines non remblayées peuvent
présenter un danger, en particulier si elles sont recouvertes par la végétation, mais il convient de procéder à une
étude sur dossier qui indique la possibilité de la présence de cavités souterraines liées à des utilisations antérieures.
Des cavités remplies d'eau (contaminée) ou des ouvrages métalliques démolis présentent un danger particulier, qui
peut être considérablement accru lorsqu'un puits de sondage est creusé dans des zones ou des matériaux de ce
type.
Les cavités peuvent également avoir pour origine une combustion souterraine, et dans certains cas l'érosion par
l'eau peut entraîner la formation de strates.
Les zones remblayées peuvent ne pas avoir été convenablement compactées et se révéler instables.
Des étendues d'eau contaminée à l'air libre, comme d'anciens réservoirs à gaz, peuvent présenter un danger.
5.4.8 Dangers liés aux machines (voir aussi 5.2.6)
Si une tarière manuelle est utilisée, c'est habituellement à une profondeur beaucoup plus grande que pour des motifs
agricoles. Cela augmente les risques de fatigue et de foulure pour l'opérateur. Si une tarière mécanique est utilisée,
il existe un risque beaucoup plus important de blessure due à un engorgement ou à d'autres problèmes provoquant
un mouvement violent de la tarière.
D'autres machines utilisées pour l'investigation des sites contaminés présentent un risque sérieux de blessure
pendant leur fonctionnement ou leur déplacement sur le site. Ceci s'applique également aux pelles rétrocaveuses
mécaniques, aux excavateurs mécaniques et aux appareils de forage.
Si une machine est utilisée pour percer
...

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