ISO/IEC 14443-2:2016

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
DRAFT
STANDARD FDIS
14443-2
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 17
Identification cards — Contactless
Secretariat: BSI
integrated circuit cards — Proximity
Voting begins
on: 2016-02-25 cards —
Voting terminates
Part 2:
on: 2016-04-25
Radio frequency power and signal
interface
Cartes d’identification — Cartes à circuit(s) intégré(s) sans contact —
Cartes de proximité —
Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO/IEC 2016

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
© ISO/IEC 2016, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .2
5 General considerations .4
5.1 Initial dialogue . 4
5.2 Compliance . 4
5.2.1 PICC compliance . 4
5.2.2 PCD compliance . 4
6 Power transfer .5
6.1 Frequency . 5
6.2 Operating field strength . 5
7 Signal interface .7
8 Communication signal interface Type A .9
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC . . 9
8.1.1 Bit rate . 9
8.1.2 Modulation .10
8.1.3 Bit representation and coding .18
8.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .19
8.2.1 Bit rate .19
8.2.2 Load modulation .19
8.2.3 Subcarrier .23
8.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .23
8.2.5 Bit representation and coding .24
9 Communication signal interface Type B .24
9.1 Communication PCD to PICC . .24
9.1.1 Bit rate .24
9.1.2 Modulation .25
9.1.3 Bit representation and coding .33
9.2 Communication PICC to PCD . .33
9.2.1 Bit rate .33
9.2.2 Load modulation .33
9.2.3 Subcarrier .33
9.2.4 Subcarrier modulation .33
9.2.5 Bit representation and coding .33
10 Electromagnetic disturbance levels .34
10.1 PCD limits .34
10.2 PICC limits .34
Annex A (normative) Bit rates of 3fc/4, fc, 3fc/2, and 2fc from PCD to PICC .36
Annex B (informative) Complex envelope and constellation diagram .44
Annex C (informative) Inter Symbol Interference .45
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 17, Cards and personal identification.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010), which has been
technically revised.
It also incorporates the Amendments ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010/Amd 1:2011,
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010/Amd 2:2012 and ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010/Amd 3:2011.
ISO/IEC 14443 consists of the following parts, under the general title Identification cards — Contactless
integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards:
— Part 1: Physical characteristics
— Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
— Part 3: Initialization and anticollision
— Part 4: Transmission protocol
iv © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 14443 is one of a series of International Standards describing the parameters for identification
cards as defined in ISO/IEC 7810 and the use of such cards for international interchange.
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 describes the electrical characteristics of two types of contactless interface
between a proximity card and a proximity coupling device. The interface includes both power and bi-
directional communication. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other parts of ISO/IEC 14443.
Contactless card standards cover a variety of types as embodied in ISO/IEC 10536 (close-coupled cards),
ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity cards) and ISO/IEC 15693 (vicinity cards). These are intended for operation
when very near, nearby and at a longer distance from associated coupling devices, respectively.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards
— Proximity cards —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal interface
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-
directional communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects
(PICCs).
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of
compliance with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary according
to country.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO/IEC 10373-6 , Identification cards — Test methods — Part 6: Proximity cards
1)
ISO/IEC 14443-1:— , Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards —
Part 1: Physical characteristics
1)
ISO/IEC 14443-3:— , Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards —
Part 3: Initialization and anticollision
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bit duration
time during which a logic level is defined, at the end of which a new bit starts
3.2
binary phase shift keying
phase shift keying where the phase shift is 180 degrees, resulting in two phase state possibilities
3.3
modified Miller
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by the position of a pulse
within the bit frame
1) To be published.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
3.4
modulation index
m
[1 − b] / [1 + b], where b is the ratio between the modulated amplitude and the initial signal amplitude
Note 1 to entry: The value of the index may be expressed as a percentage.
3.5
NRZ-L
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by one of two defined
physical states of a communication medium
3.6
operating volume
for each PICC class, the positions where the corresponding Reference PICC shows PCD compliance with
all requirements of this part of ISO/IEC 14443 for this class
3.7
subcarrier
signal of frequency, fs, used to modulate a carrier of frequency, fc
3.8
Manchester
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by a sequence of two
defined physical states of a communication medium, the order of the physical states within the sequence
defining the logical state
3.9
TR0
guard time between the end of a PCD transmission and the start of the PICC subcarrier generation
3.10
TR1
synchronization time between the start of the PICC subcarrier generation and the start of the PICC
subcarrier modulation
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
a pulse shape factor, Type A
ACP actual constellation point
AP actual phase value
ASK amplitude shift keying
b ratio between the modulated and initial signal amplitude, Type B
BPSK binary phase shift keying
EMD electromagnetic disturbance, parasitically generated by the PICC
EPI elementary phase interval
etu elementary time unit
fc frequency of operating field (carrier frequency)
fs frequency of subcarrier
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
H equivalent homogenous magnetic field strength
H field strength of the unmodulated RF field
INITIAL
h envelope overshoot for bit rates of fc/16, fc/32, and fc/64, Type A
ovs
h envelope undershoot, Type B
f
h envelope overshoot, Type B
r
ISI inter symbol interference
ISI inter symbol interference angle
d
ISI inter symbol interference magnitude
m
NP nominal phase value
NRZ-L non-return to zero, (L for level)
OOK on/off keying
PauseA PCD modulation pulse, Type A
Ø0 initial phase of the subcarrier
P complex constellation point of the maximum NP
H
P complex constellation point of the minimum NP
L
PNP previous nominal phase
PR phase range
PSK phase shift keying
PCD proximity coupling device
PICC proximity card or object
RF radio frequency
t PauseA length
t PauseA “Low” time for a bit rate of fc/128
t PauseA rise time for a bit rate of fc/128
t PauseA rise time section for a bit rate of fc/128
t PauseA “Low” time for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32 and fc/16
t PauseA rise time for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32 and fc/16
t maximum value of t for PCD transmission
6, max, PCD 6
t maximum value of t for PICC reception
6, max, PICC 6
t bit duration, Type A
b
t envelope fall time, Type B
f
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
t maximum fall time for PCD transmission, Type B
f, max, PCD
t maximum fall time for PICC reception, Type B
f, max, PICC
t envelope rise time, Type B
r
t maximum rise time for PCD transmission, Type B
r, max, PCD
t maximum rise time for PICC reception, Type B
r, max, PICC
t pulse position, Type A
x
V EMD limit, PCD
E, PCD
V EMD limit, PICC
E, PICC
V load modulation amplitude
LMA
V minimum load modulation amplitude for PCD reception
LMA, PCD
V minimum load modulation amplitude for PICC transmission
LMA, PICC
# number
5 General considerations
5.1 Initial dialogue
The initial dialogue between the PCD and the PICC shall be conducted through the following consecutive
operations:
— activation of the PICC by the RF operating field of the PCD;
— the PICC shall wait silently for a command from the PCD;
— transmission of a command by the PCD;
— transmission of a response by the PICC.
These operations shall use the RF power and signal interface specified in the following clauses.
5.2 Compliance
5.2.1 PICC compliance
The PICC shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this part of ISO/IEC 14443 and may support
optional requirements (bit rate, class, etc.). The PICC should fulfill all the requirements of one particular
class in order to improve interoperability.
5.2.2 PCD compliance
The PCD shall comply with all mandatory requirements of this part of ISO/IEC 14443 and may support
optional requirements (bit rate, support of PICCs of optional classes, etc.).
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of “Class 1”, “Class 2”, and “Class 3”,
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 4”,
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 5”, and
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 6”.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 4” PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 5” PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 6” PICCs.
For each supported PICC class, the PCD manufacturer shall indicate the operating volume within which
the PCD fulfills all requirements of this part of ISO/IEC 14443.
NOTE As an indication of each operating volume, the manufacturer may give the operating range (e.g. 0 to X
cm with PCD and PICC relative positions, e.g. PCD and PICC antennas parallel and concentric).
5.2.2.1 PCD supporting PICCs of particular class(es)
If a PCD is expected to operate with PICCs of only particular class(es), it is not mandatory for this PCD
to support PICCs of other classes. This PCD shall comply with all other relevant clauses of this part of
ISO/IEC 14443. The PCD manufacturer shall clearly state which class(es) are supported.
NOTE A PCD which does not support one of the mandatory classes 1, 2 and 3 is not fully compliant with this
part of ISO/IEC 14443. It may be advertised as “supporting “Class X” PICCs only” or “compliant with Class(es) X
requirements only”.
6 Power transfer
The PCD shall produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field. This field inductively couples to the
PICC to transfer power and is modulated for communication.
6.1 Frequency
The frequency, fc, of the RF operating field shall be 13,56 MHz ± 7 kHz.
6.2 Operating field strength
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate a field strength
of at least H and not exceeding H under unmodulated conditions, see Table 1.
min max
The PCD
— shall support PICCs of “Class 1”, “Class 2” and “Class 3”,
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 4”,
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 5”, and
— may optionally support PICCs of “Class 6”.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3 are mandatory for all PCDs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 4 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 4” PICCs.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 5 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 5” PICCs.
PCD requirements measured with Reference PICC 6 are only mandatory for PCDs supporting operation
with “Class 6” PICCs.
Table 1 — PCD field strength
PCD
H H
min max
A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
Measured with Reference PICC 1 1,5 7,5
Measured with Reference PICC 2 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 3 1,5 8,5
Measured with Reference PICC 4 (optional) 2,0 12
Measured with Reference PICC 5 (optional) 2,5 14
Measured with Reference PICC 6 (optional) 4,5 18
The PCD shall not generate a field strength higher than the average and maximum levels specified for all
mandatory and optional classes in ISO/IEC 14443-1:—, 4.4 (alternating magnetic field) in any possible
PICC position and orientation, measured with the associated Reference PICCs.
Test methods for the PCD operating field are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6 and use a dedicated Reference
PICC for each class.
NOTE 1 Although field measurements with some Reference PICCs may show values higher than 7,5 A/m (rms),
the H limits specified in Table 1 do not allow PCDs to produce higher field strength than with first and second
max
edition of ISO/IEC 14443-2. This is because PCD field distribution is usually not homogenous within the operating
volumes and References PICCs have different measurement areas.
If the PICC meets the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then the PICC
shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for its class, see Table 2; this
min max
includes all PICC requirements defined in this part of ISO/IEC 14443 and processing of the manufacturer
specified set of commands.
If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-
1, then:
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle defined in “Class 2” as specified in
ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for “Class 2”,
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for “Class 2”;
— if the PICC antenna fits within the external rectangle or external circle defined in “Class 3” as
specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for “Class 3”,
min max
see Table 2,
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for “Class 3”;
— if the PICC antenna does not claim to fit within the external rectangle or external circle defined in
“Class 2” or “Class 3” as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then
— the PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H defined for “Class 1”,
min max
see Table 2,
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
— the PICC shall pass the loading effect test defined for “Class 1”.
NOTE 2 If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class, then the requirements
defined above may not be sufficient to guarantee proper operation and interoperability with PCDs.
Table 2 — PICC operating field strength
PICC
H H
min max
A/m (rms) A/m (rms)
”Class 1” PICC 1,5 7,5
”Class 2” PICC 1,5 8,5
”Class 3” PICC 1,5 8,5
”Class 4” PICC 2,0 12
”Class 5” PICC 2,5 14
”Class 6” PICC 4,5 18
NOTE 3 Margins of field strength are effectively included by the test methods as specified in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
7 Signal interface
The PCD modulates the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field strength with modulation pulses in
order to transmit data from the PCD to the PICC.
The PICC loads the alternating magnetic field with a modulated subcarrier signal (load modulation) in
order to transmit data from the PICC to the PCD.
Within the manufacturer specified operating volumes (see 3.6), the PCD shall generate modulation
pulses as described in the following clauses and shall be capable of receiving the minimum load
modulation amplitude.
NOTE 1 As an indication of the operating volume, the manufacturer may give the operating range (e.g. 0 to
X cm) within which all ISO/IEC 14443-2 requirements are fulfilled.
Test methods for the PCD communication signal interface are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
Two communication signal interfaces, Type A and Type B, are described in the following clauses. The
PCD shall alternate between modulation methods when idling before detecting the presence of a PICC
of Type A or Type B.
Only one communication signal interface may be active during a communication session until
deactivation by the PCD or removal of the PICC. Subsequent session(s) may then proceed with either
modulation method.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate the concepts described in the following clauses.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Type A Type B
ASK ~ 100 % ASK ~ 10 %
Modified Miller NRZ - L
bit rate of fc/128,
fc/64, fc32, and fc/16
ASK ~ 10 %
NRZ – L
bit rates of fc/8, fc/4,
and fc/2
Figure 1 — Example PCD to PICC communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
NOTE 2 For the coding of modified Miller, see 8.1.3.1.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Type A Type B
Load Modulation Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16 Subcarrier fc/16
O Ok BPSK
bit rate of fc/128
Manchester NRZ - L
Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16
BPSK
bit rate of fc/64
NRZ - L
Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16
BPSK
bit rate of fc/32
NRZ - L
Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16
BPSK
bit rate of fc/16,
fc/8, fc/4, and fc/2
NRZ - L
Figure 2 — Example PICC to PCD communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
8 Communication signal interface Type A
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC
8.1.1 Bit rate
The bit rate for the transmission during initialization and anticollision shall be fc/128 (~106 kbit/s).
The bit rate for the transmission after initialization and anticollision shall be one of the following:
— fc/128 (~106 kbit/s);
— fc/64 (~212 kbit/s);
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
— fc/32 (~424 kbit/s);
— fc/16 (~848 kbit/s);
— fc/8 (~1,70 Mbit/s);
— fc/4 (~3,39 Mbit/s);
— fc/2 (~6,78 Mbit/s);
— 3fc/4 (~10,17 Mbit/s);
— fc (~13,56 Mbit/s);
— 3fc/2 (~20,34 Mbit/s);
— 2fc (~27,12 Mbit/s).
8.1.2 Modulation
8.1.2.1 Modulation for a bit rate of fc/128
Communication from PCD to PICC for a bit rate of fc/128 shall use the modulation principle of ASK 100 %
of the RF operating field to create a PauseA as shown in Figure 3.
The envelope of the PCD field shall decrease monotonically to less than 5 % of its initial value H
INITIAL
and remain less than 5 % for more than t . This envelope shall comply with Figure 3.
If the envelope of the PCD field does not decrease monotonically, the time between a local maximum
and the time of passing the same value before the local maximum shall not exceed 0,5 μs. This shall only
apply if the local maximum is greater than 5 % of H .
INITIAL
The PauseA length t is the time between 90 % of the falling edge and 5 % of the rising edge of the
H-field signal envelope.
In case of an overshoot, the field shall remain within 90 % of H and 110 % of H .
INITIAL INITIAL
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Envelope of
PCD ield signal
Key
1 start of t
2 end of t
3 end of t
4 start of t
5 end of t and t , start of t and t
1 2 3 4
Figure 3 — PauseA for a bit rate of fc/128
The PCD shall generate a PauseA with timing parameters defined in Table 3.
Table 3 — PCD transmission: PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/128
Parameter Condition Min Max
t 28/fc 40,5/fc
t > 34/fc 7/fc
t t
2 1
t ≤ 34/fc 10/fc
t 1,5 × t 16/fc
3 4
t 0 6/fc
NOTE 1 PCD implementations may be restricted to generate a PauseA with values of t = n/fc (n = integer).
Therefore, measurement of t should be rounded to the closest n in the unit 1/fc.
NOTE 2 The maximum value of t is a function of the measured value of t
2 1.
NOTE 3 The minimum value of t is a function of the measured value of t .
3 4
The PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with timing parameters defined in Table 4.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Table 4 — PICC reception: PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/128
Parameter Condition Min Max
t 27,5/fc 41/fc
t > 34/fc 6/fc
t t
2 1
t ≤ 34/fc 9/fc
t 1,5 × t 17/fc
3 4
t 0 7/fc
NOTE 4 The maximum value of t is a function of the set value of t .
2 1
NOTE 5 The minimum value of t is a function of the set value of t .
3 4
For a bit rate of fc/128, the PCD shall generate a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than both 0/fc and (t − t ) − 24,5/fc, and
1 2
— less than both (t − t ) + 7/fc and 16/fc.
1 2
For a bit rate of fc/128, the PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than both 0/fc and (t − t ) − 26/fc, and
1 2
— less than both (t − t ) + 8/fc and 17/fc.
1 2
NOTE 6 Minimum and maximum values of (t − t ) are derived from minimum and maximum values of t and
1 2 1
t defined in Table 3 and Table 4.
The timing parameters for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4 — PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/128
The PICC shall detect the end of PauseA after the field exceeds 5 % of H and before it exceeds 60 %
INITIAL
of H . Figure 5 shows the definition of the end of PauseA. This definition applies to all modulation
INITIAL
envelope timings.
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
PCD ield signal
Figure 5 — End of PauseA for a bit rate of fc/128
8.1.2.2 Modulation for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16
Communication from PCD to PICC for bit rates of fc/64 (~212 kbit/s), fc/32 (~424 kbit/s), and fc/16
(~848 kbit/s) shall use the modulation principle of ASK (with different values for “a”) of the operating
field strength to create a PauseA as shown in Figure 6.
The envelope of the PCD field shall decrease monotonically to the maximum value of parameter “a”
as defined in Table 5. Then, if the envelope evolution becomes non-monotonic, the difference between
any local maximum and the lowest previous minimum (within the same PauseA) shall not exceed 0,09
times the difference between the initial amplitude and the previous lowest minimum.
The parameter “a” is the lowest minimum within PauseA.
Figure 6 is an illustration of PauseA for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16.
In case of an overshoot, the field shall remain within H × (1 − h ) and H × (1 + h ).
INITIAL ovs INITIAL ovs
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Envelope of
PCD ield signal
Key
1 start if t
2 end of t
3 start of t
4 end of t and t , start of t
1 5 6
Figure 6 — PauseA for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16
The PCD shall generate a PauseA with timing and amplitude parameters defined in Table 5.
Table 5 — PCD transmission: PauseA parameters for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16
Parameter Bit rate Min Max
fc/64 0 0,18
a fc/32 0 0,38
fc/16 0,22 0,58
fc/64 16,5/fc 20/fc
t fc/32 8,0/fc 10/fc
fc/16 4,0/fc 5/fc
fc/64 t /2 + 4/fc t
1 1
t fc/32 t /2 + 1/fc t
5 1 1
fc/16 t /2 t
1 1
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ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Table 5 (continued)
Parameter Bit rate Min Max
fc/64 see requirements above Figure 7
t fc/32 see requirements above Figure 8
fc/16 see requirements above Figure 9
fc/64, fc/32, and
h 0 [1 − t / (2 × t )] × 0,10 × (1 − a)
ovs 6 6, max, PCD
fc/16
NOTE 1 The minimum and maximum values of t are functions of the measured value of t .
5 1
NOTE 2 The maximum value of h for PCD transmission is a function of the measured value of t and of t ,
OVS 6 6
max, PCD (see requirements above Figure 7, Figure 8, or Figure 9).
NOTE 3 PCD implementations may be restricted to generate a PauseA with values of t = n/fc (n = integer).
Therefore, measurement of t should be rounded to the closest n in the unit 1/fc.
The PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with timing and amplitude parameters defined in Table 6.
Table 6 — PICC reception: PauseA parameters for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16
Parameter Bit rate Min Max
fc/64 0 0,2
a fc/32 0 0,4
fc/16 0,2 0,6
fc/64 16/fc 20/fc
t fc/32 8/fc 10/fc
fc/16 4/fc 5/fc
fc/64 t /2 + 3/fc t
1 1
t fc/32 t /2 + 1/fc t
5 1 1
fc/16 t /2 t
1 1
fc/64 see requirements above Figure 7
t fc/32 see requirements above Figure 8
fc/16 see requirements above Figure 9
fc/64, fc/32, and
h 0 [1 − t / (2 × t )] × 0,11 × (1 − a)
ovs 6 6, max, PICC
fc/16
NOTE 4 The minimum and maximum values of t are functions of the set value of t .
5 1
NOTE 5 The maximum value of h for PICC reception is a function of the set value of t and of t , max, PICC
OVS 6 6
(see requirements above Figure 7, Figure 8, or Figure 9).
NOTE 6 The PauseA length t is the time between an envelope amplitude of [a + 0,9 × (1 − a)] on the falling
edge and [a + 0,1 × (1 − a)] on the rising edge.
For a bit rate of fc/64, the PCD shall generate a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than both 0/fc and (t − t ) − 3/fc, and
1 5
— less than both (t − t ) + 8/fc and t = 11/fc.
1 5 6, max, PCD
For a bit rate of fc/64, the PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than both 0/fc and (t − t ) − 4/fc, and
1 5
— less than both (t − t ) + 9/fc and t = 12/fc.
1 5 6, max, PICC
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved 15

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
NOTE 7 Minimum and maximum values of (t − t ) are derived from minimum and maximum values of t and
1 5 1
t defined in Table 5 and Table 6.
The timing parameters for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 7 — PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/64
For a bit rate of fc/32, the PCD shall generate a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than 0/fc, and
— less than both (t − t ) + 8/fc and t = 9/fc.
1 5 6, max, PCD
For a bit rate of fc/32, the PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than 0/fc, and
— less than both (t − t ) + 8/fc and t = 10/fc.
1 5 6, max, PICC
The timing parameters for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Figure 8.
NOTE 8 Minimum and maximum values of (t − t ) are derived from minimum and maximum values of t and
1 5 1
t defined in Table 5 and Table 6.
16 © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Figure 8 — PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/32
For a bit rate of fc/16, the PCD shall generate a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than 0/fc, and
— less than both (t − t ) + 4/fc and t = 5,5/fc.
1 5 6, max, PCD
For a bit rate of fc/16 the PICC shall be able to receive a PauseA with a rise time t
— greater than 0/fc, and
— less than both (t − t ) + 4,5/fc and t = 6/fc.
1 5 6, max, PICC
NOTE 9 Minimum and maximum values of (t − t ) are derived from minimum and maximum values of t and
1 5 1
t defined in Table 5 and Table 6.
The timing parameters for PCD and PICC are illustrated in Figure 9.
Figure 9 — PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/16
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved 17

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
8.1.2.3 Modulation for bit rates of fc/8, fc/4, and fc/2
See 9.1.2.1.
8.1.2.4 Modulation for bit rates of 3fc/4, fc, 3fc/2, and 2fc
See A.1.
8.1.3 Bit representation and coding
8.1.3.1 Bit representation and coding for bit rates of fc/128, fc/64, fc/32, and fc/16
The following sequences are defined:
— sequence X: after a time of half the bit duration (t ), a PauseA shall occur;
x
— sequence Y: for the full bit duration (t ), no modulation shall occur;
b
— sequence Z: at the beginning of the bit duration (t ), a PauseA shall occur.
b
Figure 10, together with the timing parameters in Table 7, illustrates sequences X, Y, and Z.
Logical modulation signal Logical modulation signal Logical modulation signal
(0 = modulation, 1 = no modulation) (0 = modulation, 1 = no modulation) (0 = modulation, 1 = no modulation)
Sequence X Sequence Y Sequence Z
Figure 10 — Sequences for Type A communication PCD to PICC
Table 7 — Parameters for sequences
Bit rate
Parameter
fc/128 fc/64 fc/32 fc/16
t 128/fc 64/fc 32/fc 16/fc
b
t 64/fc 32/fc 16/fc 8/fc
x
t see t of Table 3 see t of Table 5
1 1 1
The above sequences shall be used to code the following information:
logic “1”: sequence X;
logic “0”: sequence Y with the following two exceptions:
i) if there are two or more contiguous “0”s, sequence Z shall be used
from the second “0” on;
ii) if the first bit after a “start of communication” is “0”, sequence Z
shall be used to represent this and any “0”s which follow directly
thereafter.
18 © ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
start of communication: sequence Z;
end of communication: logic “0” followed by sequence Y;
no information: at least two sequences Y.
8.1.3.2 Bit representation and coding for bit rates of fc/8, fc/4, and fc/2
Bit representation and coding is defined in 9.1.3.1.
Start of communication is defined in ISO/IEC 14443-3:—, 7.1.4.
End of communication is defined in ISO/IEC 14443-3:—, 7.1.5.
8.1.3.3 Bit representation and coding for bit rates of 3fc/4, fc, 3fc/2, and 2fc
See A.2.
8.2 Communication PICC to PCD
8.2.1 Bit rate
The bit rate for the transmission during initialization and anticollision shall be fc/128 (~106 kbit/s).
The bit rate for the transmission after initialization and anticollision shall be one of the following:
— fc/128 (~106 kbit/s);
— fc/64 (~212 kbit/s);
— fc/32 (~424 kbit/s);
— fc/16 (~848 kbit/s);
— fc/8 (~1,70 Mbit/s);
— fc/4 (~3,39 Mbit/s);
— fc/2 (~6,78 Mbit/s).
8.2.2 Load modulation
The PICC shall be capable of communication to the PCD via an inductive coupling area where the carrier
frequency is loaded to generate a subcarrier with frequency, fs. The subcarrier shall be generated by
switching a load in the PICC.
If the PICC meets the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1, then the load
modulation amplitude V of the PICC shall be at least V specified for its class when measured
LMA LMA, PICC
as described in ISO/IEC 10373-6, using the test PCD assembly defined for its class, where H is the value
of magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
If the PICC does not claim to meet the requirements of one particular class as specified in ISO/IEC 14443-
1, then the load modulation amplitude V of the PICC shall be at least V specified for “Class 1”
LMA LMA, PICC
when measured as described in ISO/IEC 10373-6, using the test PCD assembly defined for “Class 1”,
where H is the value of magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
Table 8 specifies for each PICC class both the load modulation amplitude limit V and the relevant
LMA, PICC
test PCD assembly to measure the PICC load modulation amplitude V .
LMA
© ISO/IEC 2016 – All rights reserved 19

ISO/IEC FDIS 14443-2:2016(E)
Table 8 — PICC load modulation amplitude limit
PICC
V Test PCD assembly
LMA, PICC
[mV (peak)]
0,5
”Class 1” PICC 22/H Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
”Class 2” PICC Min(14 ; 22/H ) Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
”Class 3” PICC Min(14 ; 22/H ) Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
”Class 4” PICC Min(18 ; 40/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
0,5
”Class 5” PICC Min(14 ; 34/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
0,5
”Class 6” PICC Min(7 ; 26/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
The PCD shall be able to receive a V of at least V when measured as described in
LMA LMA, PCD
ISO/IEC 10373-6, using test PCD assembly 1, with Reference PICCs 1, 2, and 3, where H is the value of
magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
If the PCD supports operation with “Class 4” PICCs, it shall be able to receive a V of at least V
LMA LMA, PCD
when measured as described in ISO/IEC 10373-6, using test PCD assembly 2, with Reference PICC 4,
where H is the value of magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
If the PCD supports operation with “Class 5” PICCs, it shall be able to receive a V of at least V
LMA LMA, PCD
when measured as described in ISO/IEC 10373-6, using test PCD assembly 2, with Reference PICC 5,
where H is the value of magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
If the PCD supports operation with “Class 6” PICCs, it shall be able to receive a V of at least V
LMA LMA, PCD
when measured as described in ISO/IEC 10373-6, using test PCD assembly 2, with Reference PICC 6,
where H is the value of magnetic field strength in A/m (rms).
Table 9 specifies for each Reference PICC both the load modulation reception limit V and the
LMA, PCD
test PCD assembly to use to measure the PCD sensitivity.
Table 9 — PCD load modulation reception limit
PCD
V Test PCD assembly
LMA, PCD
[mV (peak)]
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 1 20/H Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 2 Min(12,5 ; 20/H ) Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 3 Min(12,5 ; 20/H ) Test PCD assembly 1
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 4 (optional) Min(16 ; 36/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 5 (optional) Min(13 ; 31/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
0,5
Measured with Reference PICC 6 (optional) Min(6 ; 23/H ) Test PCD assembly 2
NOTE 1 The PICC load modulation amplitude limits of classes 2 to 6 are less strict than the previous PICC limit
in the second edition of ISO/IEC 14443-2.
NOTE 2 For “Class 4”, “Class 5”, and “Class 6” PICCs, the use of
...