ISO/TR 12930:2014

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 12930
First edition
2014-04-01

Seismic design examples based on
ISO 23469
Exemples de dimensionnement basés sur l'ISO 23469




Reference number
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission.
Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . vi
Introduction . vii
1  Scope . 1
2  Purpose and policy of collecting design examples . 1
2.1  Purpose of collecting well-chosen examples . 1
2.2  Concept and policy of choosing and composing . 2
2.3  Development and result . 2
2.4  General conclusion of TR12930 obtained through its development . 2
2.5  Editors, authors and reviewers . 3
2.5.1  Editors . 3
2.5.2  Authors . 3
2.5.3  Reviewers . 4
3  Assessment for conformity with ISO 23469 . 4
4  First stage of specifying seismic actions - Determination of site-specific earthquake
ground motions demonstrated by design examples . 4
4.1  General . 5
4.1.1  Methodology for empirical method in deterministic approach and examples . 5
4.1.2  Examples . 6
4.2  Site-specific seismic hazard analysis evaluation . 7
4.2.1  Probabilistic approach- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with focus on Fourier
amplitude and group delay time . 8
4.2.1.1  Outline . 8
4.2.1.2  Evaluation of Site Amplification Factor . 9
4.2.1.3  Earthquake scenarios and probability of occurrence . 10
4.2.1.4  Evaluation of Fourier amplitude spectra . 11
4.2.1.5  Evaluation of uniform hazard Fourier spectrum . 12
4.2.1.6  Evaluation of ground motion time history . 13
4.2.1.7  Example of application . 13
4.2.2  Site-specific approach on earthquake motions probabilistically evaluated in a LNG tank
design considering a specific active fault . 18
4.2.2.1  General procedure and design example . 18
4.2.3  Deterministic approach - Theoretical ground motion estimation based on hypothetical
scenario earthquakes. 21
4.2.3.1  Methodology for theoretical ground motion estimation . 21
4.2.3.2  Recipe for strong ground motion estimation. 23
4.2.3.3  Sedimentary structure model . 26
4.2.3.4  Examples of strong ground motion estimation . 28
4.2.4  Deterministic approach - Ground motion estimation based on semi empirical approach . 29
4.2.4.1  Outline . 29
4.2.4.2  Evaluation of site amplification factor . 31
4.2.4.3  Evaluation of strong ground motion . 34
4.2.4.4  Example of application . 39
4.3  Determination of earthquake ground motion to be used in site response analysis . 43
4.3.1  Empirical and site simplified analysis approach . 43
4.3.1.1  Simplified procedure of Seismic Deformation Method . 43
4.3.1.2  Natural period of an example ground . 45
4.3.1.3  Ground displacement . 46
5  Second stage of specifying seismic actions. Seismic evaluation of geotechnical works
demonstrated by design examples . 47
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
5.1  Demonstrations of seismic evaluation using simplified and detailed analyses . 47
5.1.1  Simplified static and detailed dynamic analyses in design example of gravity quay wall in
port . 47
5.1.1.1  Purpose and functions . 47
5.1.1.2  Performance objectives for seismic design . 47
5.1.1.3  Reference earthquake motions . 48
5.1.1.4  Performance criteria and limit states . 48
5.1.1.5  Specific issues related to geotechnical works . 50
5.1.1.6  Procedure for determining seismic actions . 50
5.1.1.7  Ground failure and other geotechnical hazards . 52
5.1.1.8  Spatial variation . 55
5.1.1.9  Types and models of analysis . 55
5.1.1.10  Simplified equivalent static analysis . 57
5.1.1.11  Detailed equivalent static analysis . 61
5.1.1.12  Simplified dynamic analysis . 61
5.1.1.13  Detailed dynamic analysis . 61
5.1.2  Highway bridge pile foundation . 64
5.1.2.1  Outline of the highway bridge . 64
5.1.2.2  Seismic performance requirements . 66
5.1.2.3  Input ground motions used in seismic design and analysis model of the entire bridge . 68
5.1.2.4  Seismic design of foundations . 71
5.1.3  Assessment of seismic performance of the Sutong Bridge, a long cable-stayed bridge
(Pile foundation) . 79
5.1.3.1  Bridge outline . 79
5.1.3.2  Design seismic ground motion and seismic performance . 80
5.1.3.3  Seismic performance of foundations . 82
5.1.4  Earth fill dam . 86
5.1.4.1  Purpose and functions . 86
5.1.4.2  Performance objectives for seismic design . 87
5.1.4.3  Procedure for determining seismic actions . 88
5.1.4.4  Soil properties and models for detailed dynamic analysis . 90
5.1.4.5  Simplified equivalent static analysis: Slip analysis results; . 93
5.1.4.1  Detailed dynamic analysis: Results of FEM dynamic analysis; . 94
5.1.5  Gravity sea wall as coastal structure . 97
5.1.5.1  Purpose and functions . 97
5.1.5.2  Performance objectives for seismic design . 97
5.1.5.3  Reference earthquake motions . 98
5.1.5.4  Performance criteria and limit states . 98
5.1.5.5  Specific issues related to geotechnical works . 100
5.1.5.6  Procedure for determining seismic actions . 100
5.1.5.7  Earthquake ground motions . 100
5.1.5.8  Seismic coefficient determinations . 102
5.1.5.9  Effects of soil liquefaction . 105
5.1.5.10  Spatial variation . 107
5.1.5.11  Procedure for specifying seismic actions . 107
5.2  Demonstrations evaluating and designing for ground displacement effects . 111
5.2.1  Pile foundations of railway bridges . 111
5.2.1.1  Outline of railway bridge pier . 111
5.2.1.2  Seismic performance requirements . 112
5.2.1.3  Reference earthquake ground motions . 115
5.2.1.4  Site response analysis and assessment of liquefaction potential . 117
5.2.1.5  Procedure for specifying seismic actions on piles . 119
5.2.1.6  Simplified equivalent static analysis - Seismic Deformation Method . 120
5.2.2  Design and actual performance of pile foundation of high R/C smokestack on soft ground . 125
5.2.2.1  General remarks . 125
5.2.2.2  Purpose and functions . 126
5.2.2.3  Performance objectives for seismic design and reference earthquake motions . 126
5.2.2.4  Performance criteria and limit states . 127
5.2.2.5  Policy of determining seismic actions on superstructure and foundation for design . 129
5.2.2.6  Features of smokestack and geotechnical characterization . 131
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
5.2.2.7  Models of simplified and detailed dynamic analyses for specifying seismic actions . 135
5.2.2.8  Results of detailed dynamic analyses . 138
5.2.2.9  Verification of models based on vibration tests . 139
5.2.2.10  Actual seismic behaviour of ground and smokestack . 142
5.2.2.11  Verification of models based on strong motion records . 145
5.2.3  Shallow immersed rectangular tunnel in soft soils . 150
5.2.3.1  Thessaloniki immersed roadway tunnel . 150
5.2.3.2  Behaviour of longitudinal underground structures under seismic loading . 151
5.2.3.3  Analysis methods . 152
5.2.3.4  Determination of input motion . 153
5.2.3.5  Simplified equivalent static analysis . 154
5.2.3.6  Detailed equivalent static analysis . 156
5.2.3.7  Detailed full dynamic analysis . 158
5.2.3.8  Results and discussion . 159
5.3  Demonstrations evaluating and designing for liquefaction effects . 161
5.3.1  Evaluation of 3D SSI effects of pile foundation of LNG tank model by detailed dynamic
analyses . 161
5.3.1.1  Problem description . 161
5.3.1.2  Results of analyses and discussion . 162
5.3.1.3  Consideration of results into design . 166
5.3.2  Evaluation of 3-D effects of lattice-arranged numerous piles by detailed dynamic
analyses . 166
5.3.2.1  Objectives . 166
5.3.2.2  Results of analyses and discussion . 166
5.3.3  Evaluation of pile-volume effects of a huge number of piles by detailed dynamic analyses . 169
5.3.3.1  Introduction . 169
5.3.3.2  Results of analyses and discussion . 169
5.3.3.3  Consideration of results into design . 170
5.4  Demonstrations evaluating and designing for fault displacement effects . 171
5.4.1  Seismic design abstract of road embankment taking account of surface fault rupture . 171
5.4.1.1  Purpose and functions . 171
5.4.1.2  Performance objectives and ground motions for seismic design . 172
5.4.1.3  Performance criteria . 172
5.4.1.4  Procedure for determining seismic actions . 172
5.4.1.5  Ground failure and other geotechnical hazards . 173
5.4.1.6  Types of analysis . 174
5.4.1.7  Simple static analysis. 174
5.4.1.8  Detailed dynamic analysis . 174
5.4.2  Shield tunnel subject to fault displacements (Detailed analysis) . 176
5.4.2.1  General remarks . 176
5.4.2.2  Soil conditions and shield tunnel . 176
5.4.2.3  Estimation of fault displacement at base layer . 176
5.4.2.4  Method of analysis and modelling nonlinear behaviour of soil . 178
5.4.2.5  Results of analyses . 180
5.4.2.6  Influence of fault displacement to tunnel . 183
5.4.3  Design considerations for a water pipeline access tunnel subject to earthquake hazards . 184
5.4.3.1  Purpose and functions . 184
5.4.3.2  Project description . 184
5.4.3.3  Performance objectives and reference earthquake design levels . 186
5.4.3.4  Performance criteria . 187
5.4.3.5  Specific issues related to geotechnical works . 187
5.4.3.6  Evaluation of earthquake ground motions and fault displacements . 188
5.4.3.7  Simplified equivalent static analysis . 192
Annex A (informative) Conformity with provisional sentences in ISO 23469 . 201
A.1  General . 201

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT),
see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures, sous-comité SC 3,
Loads, forces and other actions.
vi © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)
Introduction
ISO 23469:2005 provides guidelines to be observed by experienced practicing engineers and code writers
when specifying seismic actions in the design of geotechnical works. It might not be so easy for code writers
and practitioners to utilize ISO 23469, because that it offers advanced philosophy and general framework of
seismic design. The purpose of this Technical Report (TR) is to provide seismic design examples based on
ISO 23469 for demonstrating how to utilize ISO 23469 in actual seismic designs to the code writers and the
practitioners. The implementation of ISO 23469 will secure the rationality of seismic safety evaluation of the
infrastructures in the world, and this TR aims at promoting the implementation.
ISO 23469 is essentially a guideline itself. Therefore, this TR should contain not explicit guidelines but design
examples without using the term 'guideline'. Thus, this TR is expected to demonstrate the utilization of
ISO 23469 by providing design examples with detailed explanation from the viewpoint of conformity with
ISO 23469 for a kind of guidance rather than to provide the detailed recommendation of specific
methodologies.
Through the development of this Technical Report, it is concluded that ISO 23469 has been and is going to be
an essential and useful guideline of seismic design of geotechnical works for experienced practicing engineers
and code writers.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved vii

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12930:2014(E)

Seismic design examples based on ISO 23469
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides seismic design examples for geotechnical works based on ISO 23469:2005 in
order to demonstrate how to use this ISO standard. The design examples are intended to provide guidance to
experienced practicing engineers and code writers. Geotechnical works include buried structures (e.g. buried
tunnels, box culverts, pipelines, and underground storage facilities), foundations (e.g. shallow and deep
foundations, and underground diaphragm walls), retaining walls (e.g. soil retaining and quay walls), pile-
supported wharves and piers, earth structures (e.g. earth and rock fill dams and embankments), gravity dams,
tanks, landfill and waste sites.
ISO 23469 addresses important issues for seismic actions for designing geotechnical works, including effects
of site-specific response, ground displacement, soil-structure interaction and liquefaction, in a systematic
manner within a consistent framework. This International Standard presents a full range of methods for the
analysis of geotechnical works, ranging from simple to sophisticated, from which experienced practicing
engineers can choose the most appropriate option for evaluating their performance. Therefore, this Technical
Report includes well-chosen design examples that consider these important issues and covering in a
balanced way the wide range of the methods of analysis and the types of model which can be used to
evaluate seismic actions of geotechnical works.
2 Purpose and policy of collectin
...