IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024

IEC TR 62933-2-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-09
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electrical enery storage (EES) systems –
Part 2-201: Unit parameters and testing methods – Review of testing for battery
energy storage systems (BESS) for the purpose of implementing repurpose and
reuse batteries
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IEC TR 62933-2-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-09
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electrical enery storage (EES) systems –

Part 2-201: Unit parameters and testing methods – Review of testing for battery

energy storage systems (BESS) for the purpose of implementing repurpose and

reuse batteries
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.020.30; 29.220.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-9516-8

– 2 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Background . 10
4.1 BESS market trends . 10
4.2 Issues on battery supply . 11
4.3 Motivation for the use of reuse batteries . 12
4.4 Configuration of reuse batteries . 12
5 Regulatory trends of repurpose and reuse batteries . 13
5.1 Overview. 13
5.2 Regulatory trend in China . 14
5.2.1 Battery utilization based on capacity . 14
5.2.2 Industrial and national policies . 14
5.2.3 Local policy (Shanghai) and business models . 14
5.3 Regulatory trend in the European Union . 15
5.3.1 European Battery Directive . 15
5.3.2 European Automotive and Industrial Battery Association (EUROBAT) . 16
5.4 Regulatory trend in Japan . 16
5.5 Regulatory trend in Korea . 17
6 Case studies for BESS using repurpose and reuse batteries . 17
6.1 General . 17
6.2 Case 1 (China) . 19
6.3 Case 2 (UK) . 20
6.4 Case 3 (Japan) . 20
6.5 Case 4 (Australia) . 20
6.6 Case 5 (North America) . 21
6.7 Case 6 (Korea) . 21
6.8 Summary of case studies . 22
7 Issues from the viewpoint of utility and user. 24
7.1 Overview. 24
7.2 Grid operator and large-scale BESS user’s point of view . 24
7.3 Small-scale BESS user's point of view . 24
7.4 Summary . 25
8 Comprehensive testing with intensive monitoring of BESS . 26
8.1 Current status of testing methods . 26
8.2 Issue on testing and design for BESS with repurpose and reuse batteries . 27
8.2.1 Performance uncertainty of new and repurpose batteries . 27
8.2.2 Prediction accuracy of battery performance in BESS . 29
8.2.3 Summary of testing and design issues . 30
8.3 System investigation for BESS implementation . 30
8.3.1 General . 30
8.3.2 Testing and intensive monitoring of performance distribution in BESS . 31
8.3.3 System design consideration . 32
8.4 Summary . 33

9 Suggestion for future discussion . 33
9.1 General . 33
9.2 Issues related to accuracy of measurements related to operation and

management . 33
9.3 Consideration of BESS application . 34
9.4 Issues related to information required for BESS design and operation . 37
Annex A (informative) Application scenarios and industrial policies in China . 39
A.1 Power battery echelon utilization and its main value scenarios . 39
A.2 Industrial policies . 39
A.3 National policies . 40
A.4 Local policy (Shanghai Government policy) . 41
A.5 Other initiatives . 41
A.6 Standard system framework of traction battery echelon utilization in China . 41
A.7 Business models . 42
Annex B (informative) EUROBAT (Association of European Automotive and Industrial
Battery Manufacturers) . 45
Annex C (informative) Regulatory trends in Japan . 46
C.1 Overview. 46
C.2 Storage Battery Industry Strategy . 46
C.2.1 General . 46
C.2.2 Strategic formation of global alliances and global Standards . 46
C.2.3 Expansion of a domestic market . 47
C.2.4 Improving the domestic business environment . 47
C.3 Study Group on Sustainability of Storage Batteries . 47
C.3.1 General . 47
C.3.2 Carbon footprint . 48
C.3.3 Human rights and environmental due diligence . 49
C.3.4 Reuse and recycle . 49
C.3.5 Data collaboration . 50
Annex D (informative) Regulatory trends in Korea . 51
D.1 Market trend in Korea . 51
D.2 BaaS industry development in Korea. 52
D.2.1 Policy development in Korea . 52
D.2.2 Battery and electric vehicle companies based on repurpose and reuse
batteries . 53
D.2.3 Testing and certification center for BaaS system (KTR) . 54
Annex E (informative) Case study in China . 56
E.1 First power battery disassembly and utilization line in Shanghai . 56
E.2 Factory Environment Decommissioned Power Battery Energy Storage
Demonstration Station . 56
E.3 Energy supply to 5G base stations based on the echelon utilization of retired

batteries . 56
E.4 Development trends and future prospects . 57
Annex F (informative) Case study in UK and EU . 58
F.1 UK case study of repurpose/second life BESS . 58
F.2 Other example installation of BESS system. 58
F.2.1 EV charger . 58
F.2.2 Monetise excess power . 59
F.2.3 Stationary energy storage solutions . 59

– 4 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
Annex G (informative) Case study in Japan . 61
Annex H (informative) Case study in Australia . 63
H.1 BESS utilizing repurpose battery in Australia . 63
H.2 Repurposing of the EOL battery to BESS in plant- Nissan Casting Australia
and Relectrify. 63
H.3 Repurposing of the used battery to BESS in warehouse- Infinitev . 64
Annex I (informative) Case study in North America . 65
I.1 Case study of repurpose EV battery to BESS . 65
I.2 Repurposing of the EOL battery to BESS in off-grid use – Moment Energy . 65
I.3 Repurposing of the EOL battery to BESS in the University library –
Smartville . 66
I.4 Repurposing of the EOL battery to BESS with Repurpose Energy . 66
I.5 Repurposing of the EOL battery to BESS in solar facility – B2U Storage
Solutions . 66
I.6 Automated solution for repurposing EV retired batteries – Posh robotics . 66
Annex J (informative) Case study in Korea. 67
J.1 Repurpose and reuse battery recycle centres for reuse battery in Korean
public institutions . 67
J.2 Reuse battery business by Korean companies . 67
Bibliography . 71

Figure 1 – Regional bias in natural resource reserves . 12
Figure 2 – Close-loop value chain of EV batteries . 18
Figure 3 – Flow of BESS manufacture and service . 22
Figure 4 – Categorization of used batteries in terms of residual performance and
usable period (IEC 63330-1 [19]) . 27
Figure 5 – Differences in battery and system performance of BESS between new

batteries and repurpose batteries . 28
Figure 6 – Schematic illustration of (a) a capacity degradation trend and (b) capacity
distribution depending on the degradation stages . 29
Figure 7 – Differences in performance distribution . 29
Figure 8 – Schematic illustration of system architecture for discussion for BESS with
repurpose batteries . 31
Figure 9 – BESS design method by monitoring the battery status. 32
Figure 10 – Accuracy of information from BMS . 34
Figure 11 – Front of the meter and behind the meter and its examples . 35
Figure 12 – Reuse batteries that can be utilized to BESS in recognition of the role in

the grid network . 37
Figure 13 – Difference in flow between new and used batteries . 37
Figure 14 – Battery cells, module and pack . 38
Figure A.1 – Scenarios for power battery echelon utilization . 39
Figure A.2 – Power battery echelon utilization policy incentives . 43
Figure A.3 – Business model of power battery echelon use industry . 44
Figure C.1 – Trial project on CFP . 48
Figure C.2 – Risk identification procedure . 49
Figure D.1 – Electric vehicle battery market trend in Korea . 51
Figure D.2 – Electric vehicle sales in Korea . 51

Figure D.3 – Electric vehicles presence in Korea . 52
Figure D.4 – Stages of repurpose and reuse batteries from electric vehicles in Korea . 52
Figure D.5 – Policy development in Korea. 53
Figure D.6 – Current status map of centre for battery in Korea . 54
Figure D.7 – Battery life cycle data historical management . 55
Figure E.1 – Key Technologies and factors for evolution . 57
Figure G.1 – Repurpose business scheme for automotive storage batteries . 61
Figure G.2 – Duties between batteries and systems at BESS . 62
Figure J.1 – Reuse battery business by car company . 68
Figure J.2 – Repurpose and reuse battery business by energy solution company . 69
Figure J.3 – Repurpose and reuse battery business by battery manufacturer . 70
Figure J.4 – Repurpose and reuse battery business by venture business . 70

Table 1 – Regulatory trends on repurpose and reuse batteries of different regions . 13
Table 2 – Examples of repurpose batteries utilized for BESS . 18
Table A.1 – National policies of echelon utilization in China . 40
Table A.2 – General standards of echelon utilization in China . 42
Table A.3 – National level and normative requirements for local utilization in China . 42
Table C.1 – Discussion points in CFP and DD use cases for storage batteries . 50
Table D.1 – Battery and electric vehicle companies based on repurposed and reuse . 53
Table D.2 – KTR testing and certification centre for BaaS System . 54
Table H.1 – List of case studies of repurpose battery to BESS in Australia . 63
Table I.1 – List of case study of repurpose EV battery to BESS . 65
Table J.1 – Centres in Korea . 67

– 6 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES) SYSTEMS –

Part 2-201: Unit parameters and testing methods – Review of testing for
battery energy storage systems (BESS) for the purpose of implementing
repurpose and reuse batteries
FOREWORD
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IEC TR 62933-2-201 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 120: Electrical Energy
Storage (EES) systems. It is a Technical Report.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
120/366/DTR 120/379/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Report is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62933 series, published under the general title Electrical energy
storage (EES) systems, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 8 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
INTRODUCTION
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) will become an important component of the energy
infrastructure in the future as energy demand increases and the transition to sustainable power
sources continues. Designing BESS using repurpose and reuse batteries requires a
multidisciplinary approach that balances technical, economic, environmental, and regulatory
considerations. This document reviews test methods and evaluations related to repurpose and
reuse battery integration into BESS. As society seeks solutions to manage the dual challenges
of energy storage and waste reduction, BESS evaluation methods become important. This
report examines the obstacles to battery reuse based on the legal context and examples and
aims to provide valuable insights that facilitate decision-making more efficiently.

ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES) SYSTEMS –

Part 2-201: Unit parameters and testing methods – Review of testing for
battery energy storage systems (BESS) for the purpose of implementing
repurpose and reuse batteries
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62933, which is a technical report, focuses on the necessity of using repurpose
and reuse batteries in BESS. This document also illustrates, through case studies from various
countries, how repurpose and reuse batteries are regulated as per legislation. Furthermore,
business examples of BESS using repurpose and reuse batteries are investigated and issues
derived in terms of both the design, manufacturing, testing, operation, and maintenance of
BESS, considering the anticipated future deployment of BESS .
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
battery energy storage system
BESS
electrical energy storage system with an accumulation subsystem based on batteries with
secondary cells
Note 1 to entry: Battery energy storage systems include flow battery energy systems.
3.2
reuse
operation by which secondary batteries that are not waste are used again in an application
___________
Companies and products named in this document are provided for reasons of public interest or public safety. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by
IEC.
– 10 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
3.3
repurpose
utilize a product or its components in a role that it was not originally designed to perform
Note 1 to entry: This action deals specifically with products and assemblies and not materials, which fall under
recycling.
Note 2 to entry: In some cases, repurposing will lead to a substantial modification, i.e., a new product which has to
be placed on the market.
[SOURCE: ISO 8887-2:2023, 3.32]
3.4
battery module
group of cells connected together either in a series and/or parallel configuration with or without
protective devices (e.g. fuse or PTC) and monitoring circuitry
[SOURCE: ISO 7176-31:2023, 3.3, modified – the term “module” has been removed.]
3.5
battery pack
energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies normally connected with cell
electronics and overcurrent shut-off device including electrical interconnections and interfaces
for external systems
Note 1 to entry: Examples for interfaces are cooling, high voltage, auxiliary low voltage and communication.
[SOURCE: ISO 18300:2016, 3.11, modified – the term “lithium-ion battery pack” has been
removed.]
3.6
battery management system
BMS
electronic system associated with a battery which has functions to maintain safety and prevent
damage
[SOURCE: ISO 7176-31:2023, 3.5]
3.7
battery rack
support, stand or grating with one or more levels or tiers for the installation of cells or mono-
bloc containers in a stationary battery
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004,482-05-24]
4 Background
4.1 BESS market trends
The demand for storage batteries is expected to increase further in the future due to the
following reasons:
• A study conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory called the Renewable
Electricity Futures Study [1] showed the predicted storage needs in relation to increase of
renewable energy (RE) incorporated into electric grid.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

• By 2050, storage capacity was estimated at 28 GW in the Low-Demand Baseline scenario,
31 GW in the 30 % RE scenario, 74 GW in the 60 % RE scenario, and to reach a 90 %
renewable energy scenario that included 48 % wind and solar required for around 140 GW
of installed storage capacity.
• As the percentage of RE connected to grid system is increased, the need for storage
increases accordingly.
• In general, RE is often an unstable power supply. It is considered effective to temporarily
accumulate RE in BESS for the purpose of stable supply and to utilize it as needed.
Distribution grid operations can be improved by means of a BESS.
• Network congestion: In locations where network capacity is limited during peak renewable
generation hours, a BESS can store the excess energy and release it into the network when
renewable generation reduces.
• Power quality: A BESS can be used to absorb the excessive supply of renewable energy
and keep the voltage below the upper limit prescribed in the grid code. The BESS can be
either a grid-tied or a behind-the-meter installation.
For transmission network operators, a key concern arising from the integration of renewable
energy sources is the effect of the variability and intermittence of generation. The various
problems created can be addressed with the help of BESS such as: forecast errors, network
congestion, and increased ramping requirements during peak hours.
According to a report [2] by Benchmark mineral intelligence predicting how lithium-ion battery
megafactories around the world will increase their production capacity toward 2030, lithium-ion
battery production capacity is expected to increase by 400 % over the next 10 years.
– The motivators of this increase are the demand for EVs (electric vehicles) and the progress
of electrification in industrial equipment.
– Bloomberg's forecast of lithium-ion battery demand and market shares for automotive,
consumer, and stationary applications [3] indicates that the market share for stationary
storage batteries will remain around 10 % of the total battery market, but total demand will
increase significantly to nearly 2 TWh.
– According to an IEA report on global electric vehicle sales from 2010 to 2021 [4], the total
number of electric vehicles on the world's roads in 2021 was approximately 16,5 million,
three times the number in 2018.
– The IEA's forecast of the global electric vehicle stock for 2020 to 2030 [5] shows that the
global electric vehicle stock continues to grow strongly and is expected to reach 175 million
units by 2030.The availability of large battery capacities is an opportunity, especially if
second-life applications are considered and can be a motivation to explore synergies
between electro mobility and battery storage to support renewable energies further.
4.2 Issues on battery supply
Bloomberg NEF forecasts metal demand for lithium-ion batteries from 2020 to 2030 [6],
predicting that demand for the key element in LIB cathodes will increase each year and exceed
17,5 million tons by the end of the decade. Demand for lithium is set to grow the fastest, surging
more than sevenfold between 2021 and 2030.
In the lithium metal supply and demand forecast scenario reported by Shekhar et al [7], lithium
metal demand shows strong growth.
Lithium supply and demand can be considered adequate through 2020, but supply and demand
are expected to tighten in the future.
After 2026, it is projected that it will be essential to systematically increase the supply of lithium
rapidly from the planned 100 000 tons to a value matching the demand.

– 12 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
The price trend of lithium carbonate in China (Shanghai market) [8] shows that lithium carbonate
prices have increased significantly in recent years and are not stable.
Effective supply-demand balancing will require the reuse of waste batteries.

a) Global cobalt production in 2021 b) Global distribution of estimated cobalt
reserves in 2021
Figure 1 – Regional bias in natural resource reserves
Figure 1 (a) and (b) shows cobalt production and reserves in 2021. The earth's cobalt resources
amount to 25 million tons (USGS, 2022) [9].
Most of these resources are located in the Copperbelt, a mining area that includes part of the
Kantanga Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
Considering the production of cobalt is about 170 ktons/year, unless a tremendous
improvement in cobalt production, shortage of Co is apparent.
4.3 Motivation for the use of reuse batteries
As one way to compensate for the lack of resources, the use of batteries that are no longer
needed in primary use is considered to be effective.
As electrification advances, the amount of battery waste increases.
Some of the used batteries are said to have residual performance that meets the requirement
for secondary use.
Estimates of the number of waste batteries and where they originated [10] indicate that a large
and rapidly growing number of waste batteries are being generated not only from EVs but also
from buses and energy applications. Batteries used secondarily in this way have various
histories and are expected to be distributed in the market in various forms.
4.4 Configuration of reuse batteries
There are key stages in the typical process of secondary use of used electric vehicle (EV)
batteries (e.g., https://global.nissanstories.com/en/releases/4r). The stages include dismount
battery pack from EV, refurbishing for reuse, integration of reuse batteries.
Given that the batteries in EV vehicles are in a packed state, the level of refurbishing process
affects how the batteries are reused. Specifically, whether the battery is in the smallest cell
state, the module state, or in the pack state affects how reuse batteries are incorporated into
the secondary use system.
The cell comes in several standard shapes, providing the advantage of utilizing the existing
assembly process. On the other hand, if refurbishing costs are taken into account,
disassembling down to the cell level can be disadvantageous, especially when aiming for cost-
effective reuse batteries.
Since modules and packs are often equipped with circuits designed to control cells, it is
essential to ensure that accurate control remains feasible within the secondary use system.
Additionally, in most cases, the shape of module and packs conforms to their original purpose,
therefore potentially necessitating considerations to rebuilding for secondary use.
There exists a substantial likelihood of encountering batteries with various shapes within the
reuse battery market, demanding careful attention during their secondary use [11] (see for
example: Recycling 2016, 1, 25-60; doi:10.3390/recycling1010025).
5 Regulatory trends of repurpose and reuse batteries
5.1 Overview
Regulatory trends on repurpose and reuse batteries vary between regions and countries
reflecting differences in economic, safety and other environmental priorities (see Table 1).
Clause 5 provides a general overview of regulations in different regions. It is important to
understand the regulations change over time. For accurate and up-to-date information, it is
recommended to refer to official government agencies responsible for these issues.
The purpose of Clause 5 is to understand how varying regional regulations shape criteria for
evaluating the efficiency, reliability and performance of BESS using repurpose and reuse
batteries. It is also aimed to gain an understanding of evaluation methods needed to balance
between compliance requirements and sustainable energy solutions.
Table 1 – Regulatory trends on repurpose and reuse batteries of different regions
Region Regulatory trends
EU COM(2020) 798 final:
• The European Commissions adopted a draft regulation on batteries and waste batteries
(COM(2020 798) to replace the current Battery Directive (2066/66/EC). The final document
came into force as EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 in August 2023 [29].
US National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries 2021-2030
• Establishing a domestic supply chain for lithium-based batteries.
• Solve breakthrough scientific challenges for new materials and developing a manufacturing
base that meets the demands of the growing EV and electrical grid storage markets.
China Promulgation of new energy vehicle power storage battery cascade utilization management
measures (2021)
• Strengthen management and clarify responsibilities for EV battery recycling (including
repurpose and reuse).
• Companies cascade usage according to standardization.
Japan Amendment to Ordinance for Enforcement of the Recycling Law for Electronic Products, etc.in
• Promoting the construction of a collection, storage, and reuse system for used EV batteries.
Study Group on Sustainability of Storage Batteries in 2022.
• Consideration for building a sustainable storage battery supply chain

– 14 – IEC TR 62933-2-201:2024 © IEC 2024
5.2 Regulatory trend in China
5.2.1 Battery utilization based on capacity
Subclause 5.2 discusses the application scenarios and industrial policies related to power
battery echelon utilization in China. Battery echelon utilization involves repurposing batteries
after their capacity declines to decommissioning levels. Echelon utilization refers to the practice
of repurposing or reusing items, typically in a hierarchical manner, after their primary use or
function has declined or come to an end.
Through power quality, safety, and economic evaluations, these batteries are sorted and
reorganized to meet low-standard use scenarios.
Figure A.1 in Annex A shows various applications of power battery echelon utilization, which
aims to maximize the remaining capacity of retired batteries and categorize them for specific
use cases such as cyclic energy storage and backup power.
The criteria for decommissioning and classification are outlined in the regulation. EV batteries
with reduced charge and discharge capacity below 80 % of the initial value are retired due to
safety concerns. Decommissioned batteries are classified into Class I (60 % to 80 % capacity),
Class II (20 % to 60 % capacity), or recycled (less than 20 % capacity). Referring to established
standards enables the elimination of unfit batteries and the classification of those with remaining
capacity for various scenarios.
Retired traction batteries with capacities of 80 % to 60 % can be used for load storage, grid
connection, and power regulation, while those with capacities of 60 % to 20 % are suitable for
backup power in emergency scenarios. These applications include daily lighting, UPS backup,
low-speed electric vehicle power supply, and temporary remote power. Subclause 5.2
underscores the importance of repurposing batteries to enhance their value across their entire
lifecycle.
5.2.2 Industrial and national policies
National and local government policies, along with industry association assistance, support the
development of the power battery echelon utilization industry in China.
China has issued policies since 2012 to support power battery echelon utilization. Policies
include energy-saving plans, technical policies for recycling, interim measures for battery
recycling administration, pilot implementation plans, and management measures for echelon
utilization.
These policies clarify management requirements, focus on quality, support R&D, encourage
collaboration, and provide tax incentives.
The Power Battery Recycling and Echelon Utilization Alliance was established in 2019 to
explore economy, safety, protection, and resource maximization of power batteries. Alliance
activities, industry summits, and group standards
...