IEC TR 63191:2018

IEC TR 63191 ®
Edition 1.0 2018-11
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Demand side power quality management
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IEC TR 63191 ®
Edition 1.0 2018-11
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Demand side power quality management

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-6257-3

– 2 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms and definitions . 11
4 Phases of a measurement plan . 14
4.1 Six-phase measurement plan . 14
4.2 Phase 1: Define the context, the objectives and the constraints . 15
4.2.1 Goal of phase 1 . 15
4.2.2 Context of the DSPQ improvement plan . 15
4.2.3 Motivations of the organization . 15
4.2.4 Boundaries of the DSPQ improvement plan . 15
4.2.5 Stakeholders of the plan . 15
4.2.6 Budget . 16
4.2.7 Planning . 16
4.2.8 Resources . 16
4.2.9 Levels of the measurement system . 16
4.2.10 Deliverables for phase 1 . 16
4.3 Phase 2: Assess the initial situation . 17
4.3.1 Goal of phase 2 . 17
4.3.2 Preliminary analysis . 17
4.3.3 Critical and disruptive loads . 17
4.3.4 Zones . 17
4.3.5 Relevant variables . 17
4.3.6 Existing measuring devices . 17
4.3.7 Data reading and storage . 18
4.3.8 Deliverables for phase 2 . 18
4.4 Phase 3: Design an action plan to improve the measurement system . 18
4.4.1 Goal of phase 3 . 18
4.4.2 Proposal of improvement actions . 18
4.4.3 Prioritize the actions . 19
4.4.4 Periodic review of the action plan . 19
4.4.5 Deliverables for phase 3 . 19
4.5 Phase 4: Implement the action plan to improve the measurement system . 19
4.5.1 Goal of phase 4 . 19
4.5.2 Documentation related to measurement equipment implementation . 19
4.5.3 Installation and commissioning of measurement equipment . 19
4.5.4 Deliverables for phase 4 . 19
4.6 Phase 5: Use the measurement data . 20
4.6.1 Goal of phase 5 . 20
4.6.2 Storage of power quality data . 20
4.6.3 Analysis of power quality data . 20
4.6.4 Dissemination and protection of power quality data . 20
4.6.5 Deliverables for phase 5 . 20
4.7 Phase 6: Maintain the measurement system . 20
4.7.1 Goal of phase 6 . 20
4.7.2 Verification of the measurement system . 20

4.7.3 Metrological maintenance and monitoring . 20
4.7.4 Deliverables for phase 6 . 21
5 Demand side power quality disturbances and their impact . 21
5.1 General . 21
5.2 Frequency deviation . 22
5.2.1 Origins . 22
5.2.2 Effects . 22
5.2.3 Possible mitigation measures . 22
5.2.4 Key parameters to measure . 22
5.3 Magnitude of supply voltage: deviation, underdeviations, overdeviations . 23
5.3.1 Origins . 23
5.3.2 Effects . 23
5.3.3 Possible mitigation measures . 24
5.3.4 Key parameters to measure . 24
5.4 Flicker . 24
5.4.1 Origins . 24
5.4.2 Effects . 25
5.4.3 Effects on human beings . 25
5.4.4 Possible mitigation measures . 25
5.4.5 Key parameters to measure . 25
5.5 Voltage dips, swells and interruptions . 25
5.5.1 Origins . 25
5.5.2 Effects . 26
5.5.3 Possible mitigation measures . 26
5.5.4 Key parameters to measure . 26
5.6 Transient overvoltages . 28
5.6.1 General . 28
5.6.2 Origins . 28
5.6.3 Effects . 28
5.6.4 Possible mitigation measures . 28
5.6.5 Key parameters to measure . 29
5.7 Supply voltage unbalance and current unbalance . 29
5.7.1 General . 29
5.7.2 Origins . 30
5.7.3 Effects . 30
5.7.4 Possible mitigation measures . 30
5.7.5 Key parameters to measure . 30
5.8 Voltage and current harmonics, inter-harmonics and sub-harmonics . 31
5.8.1 Origins . 31
5.8.2 Effects . 32
5.8.3 Possible mitigation measures . 33
5.8.4 Key parameters to measure . 33
5.8.5 Emerging topic . 33
5.9 Mains signalling voltage . 33
5.9.1 General . 33
5.9.2 Origins . 33
5.9.3 Effects . 34
5.9.4 Possible mitigation measures . 34
5.9.5 Key parameters to measure . 34

– 4 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
5.10 Rapid voltage changes . 34
5.10.1 Origins . 34
5.10.2 Effects . 34
5.10.3 Possible mitigation measures . 34
5.10.4 Key parameters to measure . 34
5.11 Synthesis of events impacts . 35
5.12 Synthesis of events impact on energy usage . 36
Annex A (informative) Example of the scope of a measurement plan: organization,
sites, zones, energy uses . 37
Annex B (informative) State of the art related to disturbance levels on the demand
side PQ. 38
B.1 General . 38
B.2 Transients and short terms events . 39
B.3 Continuous voltage phenomena . 40
B.4 Continuous current phenomena . 42
B.5 Power-related events . 42
Annex C (informative) State of the art about relationship between devices and
electrical phenomena . 43
Annex D (informative) General statements about demand side power quality . 56
Annex E (informative) Consequence of grid evolution . 58
Annex F (informative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards . 60
Annex G (informative) Definitions of electrical parameters . 62
G.1 General . 62
G.2 Definitions in the presence of a neutral . 62
G.3 Power measurement in three-phase three-wire systems using the two-
wattmeter method . 67
G.3.1 General . 67
G.3.2 Total active power . 67
G.3.3 Total vector reactive power using quadrature phase shift definition . 68
G.3.4 Total vector reactive power using Budeanu’s definition . 68
G.4 Additional relationships in case of sinusoidal voltage . 68
Annex H (informative) DC distribution . 70
H.1 General . 70
H.2 DC demand side power quality disturbances and impact . 70
H.2.1 General . 70
H.2.2 Frequency . 70
H.2.3 Magnitude of supply voltage deviations, under-deviations, over-
deviations . 70
H.2.4 Transient overvoltages . 71
H.2.5 Supply voltage unbalance, current unbalance . 72
H.2.6 Voltage and current harmonics, interharmonics and subharmonics . 72
H.2.7 Rapid voltage changes . 73
H.3 Examples of demand side AC distribution and of demand side DC
distribution . 73
H.4 Examples of AC signals and DC signals . 74
Bibliography . 77

Figure 1 – Overview of electrical distribution system from “supply side” to “demand
side” . 9

Figure 2 – Six-phase measurement plan . 14
Figure 3 – Effects of voltage deviation on a motor . 23
Figure 4 – Visualization of voltage events in modified ITI curve . 27
Figure 5 – Examples of unbalanced systems. 29
Figure 6 – Typical current waveforms for single-phase non-linear loads . 31
Figure 7 – Typical current waveforms for three-phases non-linear loads . 31
Figure 8 – RVC characterization . 35
Figure A.1 – Example of the scope of a measurement plan . 37
Figure E.1 – The old centralized grid . 58
Figure E.2 – The new decentralized grid . 58
Figure E.3 – Example of consequences of a decentralized grid . 59
Figure G.1 – Arithmetic and vector apparent powers in sinusoidal situation . 66
Figure G.2 – Three-phase circuit without neutral . 67
Figure H.1 – Overvoltages phenomena in DC distribution . 71
Figure H.2 – Example of DC interconnected sources . 72
Figure H.3 – Example 1 of disturbed DC signal . 72
Figure H.4 – Example 2 of disturbed DC signal . 73
Figure H.5 – Demand Side DC distribution . 74
Figure H.6 – Demand Side AC distribution . 74

Table 1 – Example of overview of the readings and storage carried out . 18
Table 2 – Classification of PQ phenomena . 21
Table 3 – Origins of PQ problems . 21
Table 4 – Impacts of PQ problems on consumers, manufacturers and utilities . 22
Table 5 –Voltage dip/interruption and swell classification according to EN 50160 . 27
Table 6 – Voltage event classification according to IEC TS 62749 . 27
Table 7 – Overview of events and impacts . 36
Table 8 – Overview of events and impact on usages . 36
Table B.1 – Classification of transient and short-term events . 39
Table B.2 – Classification of continuous voltage phenomena . 40
Table B.3 – Classification of continuous current phenomena . 42
Table B.4 – Classification of power-related events . 42
Table C.1 – Relationship between current-using equipment and electrical phenomena . 44
Table C.2 –Motors . 45
Table C.3 – Variable speed drives . 46
Table C.4 – Transformers . 47
Table C.5 – Capacitors . 48
Table C.6 – Conventional generators (Genset) . 49
Table C.7 – Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) . 50
Table C.8 – Lighting . 51
Table C.9 – Office equipment. 52
Table C.10 – Cabling . 53
Table C.11 – Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) . 54

– 6 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
Table C.12 – Inverted based generators (PV, storage) . 55
Table F.1 – Existing requirements about PQ (non-exhaustive list) . 60
Table F.2 – Compatibility levels . 60
Table F.3 – Existing requirements about disturbance measurement methods and
instruments (non-exhaustive list) . 61
Table G.1 – Definition of symbols . 62
Table G.2 – Calculation definitions for electrical parameters . 63
Table H.1 – Examples of AC signals and DC signals . 75
Table H.2 – Definitions of AC signals and DC signals . 76

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
DEMAND SIDE POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC TR 63191, which is a Technical Report, has been prepared by IEC technical committee
85: Measuring equipment for electrical and electromagnetic quantities.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
85/640/DTR 85/647/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

– 8 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
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the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
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A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
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colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
The effective management of power quality on the demand side (power consumer) is an
essential activity to ensure the proper operation of the electrical equipment operating on the
consumer site.
While the level of power quality present at the point of supply is generally monitored, and
managed by the power provider (utility), the actual level of power disturbances present on the
consumer site could be significantly worse and may negatively impact the operation of the
electrical equipment. The interaction between these loads and the voltage supply is often the
cause of degraded power quality on the demand side.
One effective step in the prevention of the hindrances caused by power quality is the
assessment of the level of power quality disturbance present on the demand side. However,
proper measurements require adequate planning and understanding of the measurement
systems and their results.
This document provides guidance on how to establish, implement, exploit, maintain and
improve a demand side power quality monitoring system. This document will also facilitate the
tailoring of power quality monitoring concepts to the specific site where it will be deployed.
Disturbances in the electrical energy can have an important impact on the equipment,
processes, organization's activities and environment. Some electrical installations (industrial
sites, data centres, hospitals, etc.) are particularly impacted by the poor quality of electrical
energy.
The quality of the electrical energy has different origins, impacts and measurement indicators
on the supply side and on the demand side – see Figure 1 presenting an overview of the
electrical network from generation (supply side) to consumer (demand side).

Figure 1 – Overview of electrical distribution system from supply side to demand side

– 10 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
While documents such as IEC TS 62749 or EN 50160 define the voltage characteristics
provided by a public network (called power quality of the grid), this document gives guidance
for qualifying the electrical quality of internal networks including voltage and current
disturbances (called demand side power quality).
In this document, power quality on the demand side, related to buildings, industrial and data
centres applications is referred to as demand side power quality (DSPQ).
See Annex D for a general statement on demand side power quality.
See Annex E for a discussion about grid evolution.
See Annex F for a list of standards related to demand side power quality.
See Annex G for definition of electrical parameters.
It is recommended that readers possess a minimum knowledge of power quality phenomena.

DEMAND SIDE POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

1 Scope
This document specifies recommendations about power quality measurement and assessment
within installations.
NOTE 1 Most standards take care of power quality at the delivery point between energy providers and customers.
This document outlines the various phases needed for the establishment of a demand side
power quality measurement plan for buildings and industry installations.
NOTE 2 The demand side is defined as the electrical installation, beyond the PCC (point of common coupling),
which is under the jurisdiction of facility managers.
Such a power quality measurement plan will enable the optimization of the energy availability
and efficiency, improve the assets lifetime and facilitate the resolutions of power quality
problems. A power quality measurement plan encompasses the following stages:
• definition of the context, objectives and constraints;
• assessment of the initial power quality situation;
• definition of an action plan for the improvement of the power quality situation;
• implementation of the power quality measuring system;
• exploitation of the measurement system for the improvement of the power quality situation;
• maintenance of the measurement system.
This document will also help facility managers to tailor their measurement plan to the specific
needs of the electrical system under their control. It addresses all the disturbances present in
such networks, but does not cover the disturbances present in public electrical distribution
networks (supply side) as they are governed by specific documents such as EN 50160 and
IEC TS 62749.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
demand side
part of the grid where electric energy is consumed by end-use customers within their electric
distribution system
– 12 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
3.2
DSPQ
demand side power quality
characteristics of the electric current, voltage and frequencies at a given point in an electric
distribution system located on the demand side, evaluated against a set of reference technical
parameters
3.3
IPC
in-plant point of coupling
point on a network inside a system or an installation, electrically nearest to a particular load,
at which other loads are, or could be, connected
Note 1 to entry: The IPC is usually the point for which electromagnetic compatibility is to be considered.
3.4
PCC
point of common coupling
point of a power supply network, electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other loads
are, or may be, connected
3.5
flicker
impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance
or spectral distribution fluctuates with time
3.6
interruption
reduction of the voltage at a point in the electrical system below the interruption threshold
3.7
interruption threshold
voltage magnitude specified for the purpose of detecting the start and the end of a voltage
interruption
3.8
voltage dip
voltage sag
temporary reduction of the voltage magnitude at a point in the electrical system below a
threshold
Note 1 to entry: Interruptions are a special case of a voltage dip. Post-processing may be used to distinguish
between voltage dips and interruptions.
Note 2 to entry: A voltage dip is also referred to as voltage sag. The two terms are considered as
interchangeable; however, this document uses only the term "voltage dip".
3.9
voltage swell
temporary increase of the voltage magnitude at a point in the electrical system above a
threshold
3.10
voltage unbalance
condition in a polyphase system in which the RMS values of the line voltages (fundamental
component), and/or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal
Note 1 to entry: The degree of the inequality is usually expressed as the ratios of the negative- and zero-
sequence components to the positive-sequence component.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to 3-phase systems.

[SOURCE: IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-08-09, modified – "phase voltages" has been replaced
with "line voltages (fundamental component)", "consecutive phases" has been replaced with
"consecutive line voltages" and the notes have been added.]
3.11
transient overvoltage
short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually
highly damped
3.12
power quality
PQ
characteristics of the electricity at a given point on an electrical system, evaluated against a
set of reference technical parameters
Note 1 to entry: These parameters might, in some cases, relate to the compatibility between electricity supplied
on a network and the loads connected to that network.
3.13
mesh
group of electrical equipment powered from one or more circuits of the electrical installation
for one or more zones including one or more services for the purpose of electrical energy
efficiency or demand side power quality
[SOURCE: IEC 60364-8-1:2014, 3.1.8, modified – "or demand side power quality" has been
added.]
3.14
supraharmonics
disturbances in the range 2 kHz to 150 kHz
3.15
power metering and monitoring device
PMD
combination in one or more devices of several functional modules dedicated to metering and
monitoring electrical parameters in energy distribution systems or electrical installations, used
for applications such as energy efficiency, power monitoring and network performance
Note 1 to entry: Under the generic term “monitoring” are also included functions of recording, alarm management,
etc.
Note 2 to entry: These devices may include demand side quality functions for monitoring inside
commercial/industrial installations.
[SOURCE: IEC 61557-12:2007, modified – In the term and definition, "measuring" has been
replaced with "metering".]
3.16
power quality instrument
PQI
instrument whose main function is to measure, record and possibly monitor power quality
parameters in power supply systems, and whose measuring methods (class A or class S) are
defined in IEC 61000-4-30
[SOURCE: IEC 62586-1:2017, 3.1.1]

– 14 – IEC TR 63191:2018 © IEC 2018
3.17
total harmonic ratio
total harmonic distortion
THD
ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic content to the RMS value of the fundamental
component or the reference fundamental component of an alternating quantity
Note 1 to entry: The total harmonic ratio depends on the choice of the fundamental component. If it is not clear
from the context which one is used an indication should be given.
Note 2 to entry: The total harmonic ratio may be restricted to a certain harmonic order. This is to be stated.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:2001, 551-20-13]
4 Phases of a measurement plan
4.1 Six-phase measurement plan
Clause 4 defines the recommendations for the design and implementation of a demand side
power quality measurement plan for an organization.
The plan describes the methodology to put in place a measurement system to monitor the
installation from defining the context to maintaining the measurement system (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 – Six-phase measurement plan

4.2 Phase 1: Define the context, the objectives and the constraints
4.2.1 Goal of phase 1
• Ensure that the motivations, implications and objectives of the organization are clearly
defined.
• Ensure that the organizational, technical and financial context will allow the creation and
maintenance of a demand side power quality (DSPQ) improvement plan.
4.2.2 Context of the DSPQ improvement plan
Today, an organization wishing to deploy a DSPQ improvement plan faces a number of
obstacles, including:
• the design of the plan, defining its content and its boundaries according to the needs and
targeted objective;
• the evaluation of the cost/benefits of implementing the plan, supporting the decision;
• the technical difficulties associated with the implementation of the plan.
4.2.3 Motivations of the organization
Mainly to increase its economic competitiveness, quality of services and data security, the
organization may design its DSPQ improvement plan according to its objectives, for example:
• ensure the energy availability by minimizing the risk of unwanted tripping and black out;
• avoid supplier penalties;
• avoid deterioration of materials and reduction of their lifetime;
• improve the energy efficiency of installations.
4.2.4 Boundaries of the DSPQ improvement plan
The organization defines the boundaries of the DSPQ improvement plan, and more
specifically the sites, the zones, the relevant sources and loads.
See Annex A.
4.2.5 Stakeholders of the plan
The organization may identify the specific needs of each type of user of a DSPQ improvement
plan which are as follows.
• Senior management: defines the organization objectives relative to energy management in
general and energy measurement in particular, including the budget and priorities.
• Technical director: allocates the resources within the facility and reports on the results.
The technical director is capable of evaluating the targeted objectives and those actually
achieved, in both energy performance and financial terms.
• Operating and maintenance personnel: tasked with using the measurement system to
check and ensure efficient operation by taking corrective measures in the event of
deviations in energy performance, by eliminating waste and performing preventive
maintenance to reduce deterioration in energy performance. The operating and
maintenance personnel can use the measurement system for the process or the
equipment under their responsibility.
• Energy manager: provides expertise related to energy management, at site or
organizational level. The DSPQ improvement plan is one of the tools the energy manager
uses to
...