CEN/TS 14689:2006
(Main)Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of bagginess, creep and relaxation
Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of bagginess, creep and relaxation
This European Standard specifies a method of determining the bagginess of leather together with its creep and stress relaxation properties. It is applicable to all non-rigid leathers. e.g. Shoe upper leather, upholstery leather, leathergoods leather and apparel leather. Leather is a viscoelastic material and, upon removal of any applied force, only a proportion of the extension observed is recovered. Even some time after removal of the force there is some degree of permanent deformation which is known as the retained set or bagginess of the leather. Due to the nature of the test method described below it is also possible to obtain a measure of the creep and stress relaxation properties of leather. Although the creep index quoted is not obtained via the true definition of creep, it will however provide a valuable comparative indication of this property in leather.
Leder - Physikalische und mechanische Prüfungen - Bestimmung von Ausbeulneigung, Kriechen und Relaxation
Diese Technische Spezifikation legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Ausbeulneigung sowie der Kriech- und
Beanspruchungs-Relaxationseigenschaften von Leder fest. Sie gilt für alle weichen Leder, z. B. Schuh-oberleder,
Polstermöbelleder, Lederwarenleder und Leder für Kleidungsstücke. Leder ist ein viskoelastisches
Material, und bei Zurücknahme einer beliebigen aufgewendeten Beanspruchung erholt sich nur ein Teil der
beobachteten Dehnung. Sogar einige Zeit nach Zurücknahme der Beanspruchung besteht ein Grad an
dauerhafter Verformung, der als bleibende Verformung oder Ausbeulneigung des Leders bekannt ist. Auf
Grund der Art des im Weiteren beschriebenen Prüfverfahrens ist es ferner möglich, ein Maß für die Kriech-
und Beanspruchungs-Relaxationseigenschaften von Leder zu erhalten. Auch wenn der angegebene
Kriechindex nicht über die genaue Definition des Kriechens erhalten wurde, wird dieser jedoch eine wichtige
vergleichende Angabe dieser Eigenschaft in Leder liefern.
Cuir - Essais physiques et mécaniques - Détermination du pochage, du fluage et de la relaxation
La présente Spécification Technique prescrit une méthode de détermination du pochage et du fluage du cuir,
et de ses propriétés de relaxation. Elle est applicable à tous les cuirs non rigides, par exemple le cuir de
dessus de chaussure, le cuir pour ameublement, le cuir de maroquinerie et le cuir pour vêtements. Le cuir est
un matériau visco-élastique, qui, après le retrait d’une force qui lui a été appliquée, ne récupère qu’une partie
de l’extension observée. Même quelque temps après le retrait de la force, il persiste une déformation
permanente, que l’on désigne sous les termes de déformation rémanente ou de pochage du cuir. La méthode
d’essai décrite ci-après permet également d’obtenir une mesure du fluage et des propriétés de relaxation du
cuir. Même si l’indice de fluage indiqué ne correspond pas à la vraie définition du fluage, il donnera cependant
une indication comparative valable de cette propriété du cuir.
Usnje – Fizikalno in mehansko preskušanje – Ugotavljanje stopnje izbočenja in lezenja usnja pod pritiskom in po sprostitvi napetosti
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 23-May-2006
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 289 - Leather
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 289/WG 2 - Physical test methods
- Current Stage
- 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
- Start Date
- 24-May-2006
- Completion Date
- 24-May-2006
Overview
The CEN/TS 14689:2006 is a European Technical Specification that defines standardized methods for evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of leather, focusing specifically on the determination of bagginess, creep, and stress relaxation. This document applies to all non-rigid leathers, such as shoe upper leather, upholstery leather, leathergoods leather, and apparel leather. Given that leather behaves as a viscoelastic material, the standard provides a testing procedure to measure how leather deforms under stress, how much permanent deformation remains after force removal (bagginess), and leather’s time-dependent deformation behaviors (creep and relaxation).
This specification plays a crucial role in quality control and product development within the leather industry by offering a trusted and reproducible test method to characterize leather performance under mechanical stress.
Key Topics
Bagginess Measurement
Measures the residual deformation, also called the retained set, of leather after a force is repeatedly applied and removed. This indicates permanent stretch or sagging in leather products.Creep Behavior
Refers to the time-dependent extension of leather under a constant load. While the creep index here is not the classical scientific definition, it provides useful comparative data to assess viscoelastic properties across leather samples.Stress Relaxation
Measures the decay of force exerted by leather when held at a constant extension. The stress-relaxation index helps understand how leather dissipates energy under sustained strain.Test Procedure and Apparatus
The method uses a tensile testing machine equipped with a specialized cylindrical probe and circular clamping device. The probe applies a specific load in cycles to the leather sample, and data are recorded during application and relaxation phases.Standardized Sampling and Conditioning
The specification references ISO standards for sample preparation and environmental conditioning, ensuring consistent and replicable testing conditions.Data Reporting
Results include mean values for bagginess, creep index, and stress relaxation index. Reports must detail test conditions, sample orientation (grain or flesh side loading), and any deviations.
Applications
This technical specification is essential for various stakeholders within the leather supply and manufacturing chain, including:
Leather Manufacturers
To control and improve product quality by understanding mechanical deformation under realistic loading conditions.Footwear and Apparel Producers
To assess durability and fit retention of upper and apparel leather components ensuring comfort and longevity.Upholstery and Automotive Leather Suppliers
To predict how leather surfaces perform under prolonged load and stress, impacting wear resistance and aesthetic maintenance.Leathergoods Designers
To select materials with appropriate stretch and relaxation characteristics for bags, luggage, and other flexible goods.Research and Development Teams
To innovate and optimize tanning, finishing, and treatment processes aiming for leather products with enhanced mechanical performance.
Related Standards
To ensure comprehensive testing and evaluation, CEN/TS 14689:2006 references the following essential standards:
EN ISO 2418:2002 – Leather Sampling Location
Guidelines for sampling positions on hides and skins to represent the leather correctly in testing.EN ISO 2419:2006 – Leather Sample Preparation and Conditioning
Specifies how test samples should be prepared, conditioned, and maintained at standard climate conditions (e.g., 20°C/65% RH or 23°C/50% RH).EN ISO 7500-1:2004 – Verification and Calibration of Force-Measurement Systems
Defines calibration requirements for tensile testing machines to ensure precision and reproducibility of force measurements.
These interrelated standards provide the framework for reliable and repeatable testing results, supporting manufacturers and laboratories in compliance with European quality and safety requirements.
Keywords: Leather testing standard, bagginess determination, leather creep, leather stress relaxation, CEN leather standard, non-rigid leather testing, shoe upper leather tests, upholstery leather mechanical tests, leather quality control, viscoelastic leather properties, leather deformation measurement.
Frequently Asked Questions
CEN/TS 14689:2006 is a technical specification published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of bagginess, creep and relaxation". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies a method of determining the bagginess of leather together with its creep and stress relaxation properties. It is applicable to all non-rigid leathers. e.g. Shoe upper leather, upholstery leather, leathergoods leather and apparel leather. Leather is a viscoelastic material and, upon removal of any applied force, only a proportion of the extension observed is recovered. Even some time after removal of the force there is some degree of permanent deformation which is known as the retained set or bagginess of the leather. Due to the nature of the test method described below it is also possible to obtain a measure of the creep and stress relaxation properties of leather. Although the creep index quoted is not obtained via the true definition of creep, it will however provide a valuable comparative indication of this property in leather.
This European Standard specifies a method of determining the bagginess of leather together with its creep and stress relaxation properties. It is applicable to all non-rigid leathers. e.g. Shoe upper leather, upholstery leather, leathergoods leather and apparel leather. Leather is a viscoelastic material and, upon removal of any applied force, only a proportion of the extension observed is recovered. Even some time after removal of the force there is some degree of permanent deformation which is known as the retained set or bagginess of the leather. Due to the nature of the test method described below it is also possible to obtain a measure of the creep and stress relaxation properties of leather. Although the creep index quoted is not obtained via the true definition of creep, it will however provide a valuable comparative indication of this property in leather.
CEN/TS 14689:2006 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.140.30 - Leather and furs. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
CEN/TS 14689:2006 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2006
8VQMH±)L]LNDOQRLQPHKDQVNRSUHVNXãDQMH±8JRWDYOMDQMHVWRSQMHL]ERþHQMDLQ
OH]HQMDXVQMDSRGSULWLVNRPLQSRVSURVWLWYLQDSHWRVWL
Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of bagginess, creep and
relaxation
Leder - Physikalische und mechanische Prüfungen - Bestimmung von Ausbeulneigung,
Kriechen und Relaxation
Cuir - Essais physiques et mécaniques - Détermination du pochage, du fluage et de la
relaxation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14689:2006
ICS:
59.140.30
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14689
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
May 2006
ICS 59.140.30
English Version
Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of
bagginess, creep and relaxation
Cuir - Essais physiques et mécaniques - Détermination du Leder - Physikalische und mechanische Prüfungen -
pochage, du fluage et de la relaxation Bestimmung von Ausbeulneigung, Kriechen und Relaxation
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 13 March 2006 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14689:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword.3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Principle.4
4 Apparatus .5
5 Sampling and sample preparation.6
6 Procedure .6
7 Expression of Results .6
8 Test report .7
Annex A (informative) Sources of apparatus .8
Foreword
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS 14689:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC “289”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a method of determining the bagginess of leather together with its creep
and stress relaxation properties. It is applicable to all non-rigid leathers. e.g. shoe upper leather, upholstery
leather, leathergoods leather and apparel leather. Leather is a viscoelastic material and, upon removal of any
applied force, only a proportion of the extension observed is recovered. Even some time after removal of the
force there is some degree of permanent deformation which is known as the retained set or bagginess of the
leather. Due to the nature of the test method described below it is also possible to obtain a measure of the
creep and stress relaxation properties of leather. Although the creep index quoted is not obtained via the true
definition of creep, it will however provide a valuable comparative indication of this property in leather.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 2418, Leather - Chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness tests - Sampling location (ISO
2418:2002)
EN ISO 2419, Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Sample preparation and conditioning (ISO
2419:2006)
EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1:
Tension/compression testing mach
...
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