EN 1915-1:2001

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2002
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety
requirements
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part 1: Basic safety
requirements
Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1: Grundlegende
Sicherheitsanforderungen
Matériels au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Partie 1: Caractéristiques
fondamentales de sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1915-1:2001
ICS:
49.100 Oprema za servis in Ground service and
vzdrževanje na tleh maintenance equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1915-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2001
ICS 49.100
English version
Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements - Part
1: Basic safety requirements
Matériel au sol pour aéronefs - Exigences générales - Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte - Allgemeine Anforderungen - Teil 1:
Partie 1: Caractéristiques fondamentales de sécurité Grundlegende Sicherheitsanforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 January 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1915-1:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Page 2
Contents
Page
0 Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions. 7
4 List of hazards. 8
5 Safety requirements and/or measures. 15
5.1 General. 15
5.2 Accommodation for driver and any other person . 15
5.3 Driver's cabin. 16
5.4 Controls . 17
5.5 Monitoring devices and displays . 18
5.6 Steering devices. 18
5.7 Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices . 19
5.8 Wheel assemblies - Centre split rims. 20
5.9 Touchable surfaces - Exhaust . 20
5.10 Lights and reflectors for traffic purposes . 20
5.11 Auditory signal devices. 21
5.12 Standing areas and walkways on GSE . 21
5.13 Steps, crossings . 21
5.14 Crushing and shearing points . 22
5.15 Securing of load. 22
5.16 Moveable bodies, assemblies and attachments. 22
5.17 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems. 23
5.18 Stability and strength . 23
5.19 Lifting systems. 24
5.20 Lifting devices. 24
5.21 Lifting/work platforms . 25
5.22 Operating speeds. 25
5.23 Towing couplings, drawbars and towbars .26
5.24 Service connections . 26
5.25 Electrical design, components and batteries. 26
5.26 Fire protection. 27
6 Information for use . 27
7 Verification of safety requirements and/or measures. 29
Annex A (informative) Trilingual list of GSE . 30
Annex B (normative) Design of service brakes. 31
Annex C (normative) Steps on GSE . 33
Annex D (informative) Examples of safety measures to reduce the risk of crushing and shearing
under the load carrier when it is not possible to meet the requirements in 5.14. 35
Examples for hose and fittings installation . 36
Annex E (informative)
Annex Z (informative) Relationship of this document with EC Directives. 40
Bibliography . 41

Page 3
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 274 " Aircraft ground support
equipment", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by September 2001.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s).
For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annex Z, which is an integral part of this standard.
EN 1915 - Aircraft ground support equipment - General requirements consists of:
Part 1: Basic safety requirements
Part 2: Stability and strength requirements, calculations and test methods
Part 3: Vibration measurement methods
Part 4: Noise measurement methods.
This is the first edition of this Part of EN 1915.
A further European Standard (EN 12312) in several parts covering specific requirements for different aircraft
ground support equipment is in preparation.
The parts of EN 12312 - Aircraft ground support equipment - Specific requirements are:
Part 1: Passenger stairs Part 12: Potable water service equipment
Part 2: Catering vehicles Part 13: Lavatory service equipment
Part 3: Conveyor belt vehicles Part 14: Disabled/Incapacitated passenger
Part 4: Passenger boarding bridges boarding equipment
Part 5: Aircraft fuelling equipment Part 15: Baggage and equipment tractors
Part 6: Deicers and deicing/antiicing equipment Part 16: Air start equipment
Part 7: Aircraft movement equipment Part 17: Air conditioning equipment
Part 8: Maintenance stairs and platforms Part 18: Oxygen/Nitrogen units
Part 9: Container/Pallet loaders Part 19: Aircraft jacks, axle jacks and hydraulic
Part 10: Container/Pallet transfer transporters tail stanchions
Part 11: Container/Pallet dollies and loose load Part 20: Ground power equipment.
Trailers
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Page 4
0 Introduction
The abbreviation GSE means a complete item of aircraft ground support equipment in the context of this
European Standard.
When compiling this European Standard it was assumed that:
- GSE is operated only by competent persons on the airport ramp;
- components without specific requirements are:
a) designed in accordance with the usual engineering practice and calculation codes;
b) of sound mechanical and electrical construction;
c) made of materials with adequate strength and of suitable quality;
d) made of materials free of defects;
- materials known to be harmful, such as asbestos, are not used as part of GSE;
- components are kept in good repair and working order, so that the required characteristics remain despite
wear;
- by design of the load bearing elements, a safe operation of the machine is assured for loading ranges
from zero to 100 % of the rated possibilities and during tests;
- a negotiation took place between the user and the manufacturer concerning particular conditions for the
use and places of use of the GSE;
- the place of operation allows a safe use of GSE.
The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
Enumerations in this European Standard are not to be considered exclusive, they are compiled according to
the present state of the art.
The minimum essential criteria are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe, economical and
usable GSE. Deviation from the recommended methods and conditions should occur only after careful
consideration, extensive testing and thorough in service evaluation have shown alternative methods or
conditions to be satisfactory.
This European Standard is a Type C standard as defined in EN 1070 : 1998.
1 Scope
This Part of EN 1915 applies to GSE when used in civil air transport as intended by the manufacturer and
contains safety requirements relating to the equipment in general.
This Part of EN 1915 deals with the technical requirements to minimize the hazards listed in clause 4 which
can arise during operation and maintenance of GSE as intended by the manufacturer or his authorised
representative.
This Part of EN 1915 should be used together with the specific standard of the EN 12312 series for the
specific type of GSE (see also Foreword).
This Part of EN 1915 does not apply to unmodified automotive parts when used on GSE for the purpose for
which they are designed.
Page 5
This Part of EN 1915 does not establish additional requirements for the following:
- operation elsewhere than in an airport environment;
- operation in severe conditions, e.g. ambient temperature below -20
C or over 50
C, tropical or saturated
salty atmospheric environment, strong magnetic or radiation field;
- operation subject to special rules, e.g. potentially explosive atmosphere except as regards operation in
the vicinity of an aircraft fuel tank during fuelling operation;
- hazards caused by power supply other than from electrical networks;
- hazards occuring during construction, transportation, commissioning and decommissioning of the GSE;
- hazards caused by wind velocity in excess of the figures given in this European Standard;
- direct contact with food stuffs;
- earthquake, flood, landslide, lightning and more generally any natural catastrophe;
- electromagnetic compatibility (EMC);
- cableless remote control;
- hazards caused by noise and vibration;
- hazards caused by errors in the software.
This Part of EN 1915 is not applicable to GSE which are manufactured before the date of publication by CEN
of this Standard.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 292-1 : 1991
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology,
methodology
EN 292-2 : 1991/A1 : 1995
Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical principles and
specifications
EN 294
Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper limbs
EN 349
Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 418 : 1992
Safety of machinery – Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects – Principles for design
EN 457 : 1992
Safety of machinery - Auditory danger signals - General requirements, design and testing
(ISO 7731:1986, modified)
EN 563
Safety of machinery - Temperatures of touchable surfaces - Ergonomics data to establish temperature
limit values for hot surfaces
EN 811
Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the lower limbs

Page 6
EN 894-1 : 1997
Safety of machinery - Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators - Part 1:
General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-3:2000
Safety of machinery – Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and control actuators – Part 3:
Control actuators
EN 953
Safety of machinery – Guards – General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and
moveable guards
EN 954-1 : 1996
Safety of machinery – Safety-related parts of control systems – Part 1: General principles for design
EN 982 : 1996
Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components - Hydraulics
EN 983 : 1996
Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components - Pneumatics
EN 1050 : 1996
Safety of machinery – Principles for risk assessment
EN 1070 : 1998
Safety of machinery – Terminology
EN 1915-2 : 2001
Aircraft ground support equipment – General requirements – Part 2: Stability and strength requirements,
calculations and test methods
EN 60073
Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification – Coding principles for
indication devices and actuators (IEC 60073 : 1996)
EN 60204-1 : 1997
Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:1997)
EN 60529 : 1991
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (IEC 60529 : 1989)
EN ISO 3411 : 1999
Earth-moving machinery - Human physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator space
envelope (ISO 3411 : 1995)
EN ISO 3457
Earth-moving machinery - Guards and shields - Definitions and specifications (ISO 3457 : 1986)
EN ISO 6682 : 1995
Earth-moving machinery - Zones of comfort and reach for controls (ISO 6682 : 1986 including
Amendment 1 : 1989)
ISO 3795 : 1989
Road vehicles and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry - Determination of burning
behaviour of interior materials
ISO 3864 : 1984
Safety colours and safety signs
ISO 6966 : 1993
Aircraft - Basic requirements for aircraft loading equipment

Page 7
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Part of EN 1915, the terms and definitions of EN 1070 : 1998 apply. Additional terms
and definitions are:
3.1
aircraft ground support equipment (GSE)
mobile equipment built for the special requirements of aviation
NOTE 1 The "special requirements" result from the specific design and turnaround procedure of aircraft, giving
rise to designs not generally used in other areas, in particular:
- GSE for passenger, baggage and cargo handling;
- GSE for aircraft ground handling and servicing;
- mobile parts of passenger boarding bridges (PBB).
NOTE 2 A trilingual list of GSE is given in annex A.
3.2
passenger
any person other than a crew member, an employee of the carrier in an official capacity, an authorized
representative of a national authority or a person accompanying a cargo consignment, who is carried aboard a
flight handled by the GSE
NOTE Passengers exclusively use those types of GSE specifically designed for their access to and from the
aircraft.
3.3
lifting/work platform
platform, cabin or workplace which is designed for lifting loads and/or persons
3.4
workplace
area where operators stay during normal operation e.g. driver/co-driver seats, passageways, fixed walkways,
stairs, ladders, platforms
3.5
standing area
area on GSE where a person stands or works in an upright position during operation
3.6
walkway
area on GSE intended to be used by persons moving from one place to another
3.7
stabilizer
support used to maintain and/or increase the stability and capable of supporting and/or levelling the GSE
3.8
friction-type safeguard
safety equipment which restricts or prevents movement of parts in relation to each other by the use of frictional
forces e.g. brakes, safety gears

Page 8
3.9
instructions
documents supplied by the manufacturer or supplier describing the intended use of the GSE and containing
informations for safe operation, installation, transport and maintenance
3.10
operational use
activities, effects, processes or movements that result from intended use of the GSE
3.11
unintentional movement
any movement without operator's conscious intent e.g. caused by failure of the GSE
3.12
unit load device (ULD)
assembly of components comprising one of either e.g. an aircraft pallet and pallet net, an aircraft pallet, a
container with integral pallet or an aircraft container
4 List of hazards
This list is based on EN 1050 : 1996 and contains the hazards and hazardous situations, as far as they are
dealt with in this European Standard, identified by risk assessment as significant for this type of machinery and
which require action to eliminate or reduce risks. For additional hazards related to specific types of GSE see
standards of the EN 12312 series.

Page 9
Table 1 - List of hazards
Relevant clauses of
No Hazards identified in Annex A of Relevant clauses in
Annex A of
corresponding EN 1050 : 1996 this Part of EN 1915
EN 292-2 : 1991/
to or EN 1915-2:2001
A1 : 1995
EN 1050 : 1996
Mechanical hazards due to:
1 1.3 -
EN 1915 2:2001
5.2, 5.3, 5.4
– machine parts or workpieces, e.g.:
a) shape;
b) relative location;
c) mass and stability (potentional energy of
elements which may move under the effect
of gravity);
d) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of
elements in controlled or uncontrolled
motion);
e) inadequacy of mechanical strength.
– accumulation of energy inside the
1.5.3, 1.6.3 EN 1915-2:2001
machinery, e.g.:
5.3.2
f) elastic elements (springs);
g) liquids and gases under pressure;
h) the effect of vacuum.
1.1 Crushing hazard 1.3 5.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.6.1,
5.12.2, 5.14,
5.18
1.2 Shearing hazard
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard
1.4 Entanglement hazard
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard
1.6 Impact hazard
1.7 Stabbing or puncture hazard
1.8 Friction or abrasion hazard
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection 1.3.2 5.6.2, 5.17
hazard
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts (direct 1.5.1, 1.6.3 5.24, 5.25
contact)
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which have 1.5.1 5.25
become live under faulty conditions
(indirect contact)
(continued)
Page 10
Table 1 (continued)
Relevant clauses of
No Hazards identified in Annex A of Relevant clauses in
Annex A of
corresponding EN 1050 : 1996 this Part of EN 1915
EN 292-2 : 1991/
to
A1 : 1995
EN 1050 : 1996
Approach to live parts under high voltage 1.5.1, 1.6.3 not dealt with
2.3
Electrostatic phenomena 1.5.2 not dealt with
2.4
2.5 1.5.1, 1.5.5 5.24, 5.25
Thermal radiation or other phenomena
such as the projection of molten particles
and chemical effect from short circuits,
overloads, etc.
Thermal hazards, resulting in:
3.1 1.5.5, 1.5.6, 1.5.7 5.9, 5.25.3
Burns, scalds and other injuries by a
possible contact of persons with objects or
materials with an extreme high or low
temperature, by flames or explosions and
also by the radiation of heat sources
3.2 1.5.5 not dealt with
Damage to health by hot or cold working
environment
Hazards generated by noise, resulting in:
4.1 Hearing loss (deafness), other 1.5.8 not dealt with
physiological disorders (e.g. loss of
balance, loss of awareness)
4.2 Interference with speech communication,
acoustic signals, etc.
5 Hazards generated by vibration
Use of hand-held machines resulting in a 1.5.9 not dealt with
5.1
variety of neurological and vascular
disorders
5.2
Whole body vibration, particularly when
combined with poor postures
Hazards generated by radiation
6.1 1.5.10 not dealt with
Low frequency, radio frequency radiation,
micro waves
6.2
Infrared, visible and ultraviolet light
6.3 X and gamma rays
6.4 Alpha, beta rays, electron or ion beams, 1.5.10, 1.5.11
neutrons
6.5 Lasers 1.5.12
(continued)
Page 11
Table 1 (continued)
Relevant clauses of
No Hazards identified in Annex A of Relevant clauses in
Annex A of
corresponding EN 1050 : 1996 this Part of EN 1915
EN 292-2 : 1991/
to
A1 : 1995
EN 1050 : 1996
Hazards generated by materials and substances (and their constituent elements)
processed or used by the machinery
7.1 1.1.3, 1.5.13, 1.6.5 5.3.2, 5.25.3
Hazards from contact with or inhalation of
harmful fluids, gases, mists, fumes, and
dusts
7.2 1.5.6, 1.5.7 5.25.3
Fire or explosion hazard
7.3 1.1.3, 1.6.5, 2.1 not dealt with
Biological or microbiological (viral or bac-
terial) hazards
Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design as, e.g.
hazards from:
8.1 1.1.2d, 1.1.5, 1.6.2, 5.2, 5.6.1
Unhealthy postures or excessive effort
1.6.4
8.2 1.1.2d, 2.2 5.4.1
Inadequate consideration of hand-arm or
foot-leg anatomy
8.3 1.1.2e not dealt with
Neglected use of personal protection
equipment
8.4 1.1.4 5.4.1, 5.5
Inadequate local lighting
8.5 1.1.2d not dealt with
Mental overload and underload, stress
8.6 Human error, human behavior 5.4.3, 6
1.1.2d, 1.2.2, 1.2.5,
1.2.8, 1.5.4, 1.7
8.7 1.2.2 5.4.1
Inadequate design, location or identification
of manual controls
8.8 1.7.1 5.5
Inadequate design or location of visual
display units
Combination of hazards
Unexpected start-up, unexpected overrun/overspeed (or any similar malfunction) from:
10.1 1.2.7, 1.6.3 5.4, 5.25.1
Failure/disorder of the control system
10.2 1.2.6 5.25.1
Restoration of energy supply after an
interruption
10.3 1.2.1, 1.5.11, 4.1.2.8 not dealt with
External influences on electrical equipment
10.4 1.2.1 5.18
Other external influences (gravity, wind,
etc.)
10.5 1.2.1 not dealt with
Errors in the software
(continued)
Page 12
Table 1 (continued)
Relevant clauses of
No Hazards identified in Annex A of Relevant clauses in
Annex A of
corresponding EN 1050 : 1996 this Part of EN 1915
EN 292-2 : 1991/
to
A1 : 1995
EN 1050 : 1996
10.6 Errors made by the operator (due to 1.1.2d, 1.2.2, 1.2.5, 5.4.3, 6
mismatch of machinery with human 1.2.8, 1.5.4, 1.7
characteristics and abilities, see 8.6)
11 Impossibility of stopping the machine in 1.2.4, 1.2.6, 1.2.7 5.4
the best possible conditions
12 Variations in the rotational speed of 1.3.6 not dealt with
tools
13 Failure of the power supply 1.2.6 5.25.1
14 Failure of the control circuit 1.2.1, 1.2.3, 1.2.4, 5.4.5.1
1.2.5, 1.2.7, 1.6.3
1.5.4 5.24
15 Errors of fitting
1.3.2 5.8, 5.16.2
16 Break-up during operation
17 Falling or ejected objects or fluids 1.3.3 5.8, 5.17
18 Loss of stability/overturning of 1.3.1 5.18
machinery
1.5.15 5.12, 5.13
19 Slip, trip and fall of persons (related to
machinery)
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events due to mobility
20 Relating to the travelling function
20.1 Movement when starting the engine 3.3.2, 3.3.4 not dealt with
20.2 Movement without a driver at the driving 3.3.2 5.4.5, 5.7.2, 5.22.1
position
20.3 Movement without all parts in a safe posi- 3.3.2 5.22.1
tion
20.4 Excessive speed of pedestrian controlled 3.3.4 5.22.1
machinery
20.5 Excessive oscillations when moving 3.4.1 not dealt with
20.6 Insufficient ability of machinery to be 3.3.3, 3.3.5 5.4.5, 5.7, 5.24
slowed down, stopped and immobilised
21 Linked to the work position (including driving station) on the machine
21.1 Fall of persons during access to (or 3.2.1, 3.2.3, 3.4.5, 5.12, 5.13
at/from) the work position 3.4.7
21.2 Exhaust gases/lack of oxygen at the work 3.2.1 5.3.2
position
(continued)
Page 13
Table 1 (continued)
Relevant clauses of
No Hazards identified in Annex A of Relevant clauses in
Annex A of
corresponding to EN 1050 : 1996 this Part of EN 1915
EN 292-2 : 1991/
EN 1050 : 1996
A1 : 1995
Fire (flammability of the cab, lack of
21.3 3.2.1, 3.5.2 5.3.1, 5.26
extinguishing means)
Mechanical hazards at the work position:
21.4
a) contact with the wheels; 3.2.1 5.4.4
b) rollover; 3.2.1, 3.4.3 5.4.4
c) fall of objects, penetration by objects; 3.2.1, 3.4.4 5.4.4, 5.15, 5.16
d) break-up of parts rotating at high 3.4.2 5.4.4
speed;
e) contact of persons with machine parts or
3.3.4 5.6.3
tools (pedestrian controlled machines).
21.5 Insufficient visibility from the work 3.2.1 5.3.1, 5.5
positions
21.6 Inadequate lighting 3.1.2 5.3.1, 5.10.1, 5.10.3
21.7 Inadequate seating 3.2.2 5.2.1, 5.2.3
21.8 Noise at the work position 3.2.1 not dealt with
21.9 Vibration at the work position 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.6.3 not dealt with
21.10 Insufficient means for 3.2.1 5.19.3
evacuation/emergency exit
22 Due to the control system
22.1 Inadequate location of manual controls 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.4.5 5.4.1, 5.4.4
22.2 Inadequate design of manual controls 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.3.3 5.4.1, 5.4.5
and their mode of operation
23 From handling the machine (lack of 3.1.3 5.18
stability)
24 Due to the power source and to the transmission of power
24.1 Hazards from the engine and the 3.4.8, 3.5.1 5.25
batteries
24.2 Hazards from transmission of power 3.4.7 not dealt with
between machines
24.3 Hazards from coupling and towing 3.4.6 5.23
25 From/to third persons
25.1 Unauthorised start-up/use 3.3.2 5.4.2
25.2 Drift of a part away from its stopping 3.4.1 5.7.2, 5.16, 5.23
position
25.3 Lack or inadequacy of visual or acoustic 1.7.4, 3.6.1 5.4.5.2, 5.10.2,
warning means 5.10.3, 5.11
(continued)
Page 14
Table 1 (continued)
No Relevant clauses of Relevant clauses in this
Hazards identified in Annex A of Annex A of Part of EN 1915
corresponding to
EN 1050 : 1996 EN 292-2 : 1991/
EN 1050 : 1996
A1 : 1995
Insufficient instructions for the
26 3.6 6
driver/operator
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events due to lifting
27 Mechanical hazards and hazardous events
27.1 from load falls, collisions, machine tipping caused by:
27.1.1 lack of stability 4.1.2.1 5.18, 5.21.1, 5.22
27.1.2 uncontrolled loading – overloading – 4.2.1.4, 4.3.3, 4.4.2a 5.22
overturning moments exceeded
27.1.3 uncontrolled amplitude of movements 4.1.2.6a, 4.2.1.3 5.16.1, 5.16.3, 5.21
27.1.4 unexpected/unintended movement of 4.1.2.6c 5.15
loads
27.1.5 inadequate holding devices/accessories 4.1.2.6e, 4.4.1 5.16.1, 5.19.1, 5.19.2
27.1.6 collision of more than one machine 4.1.2.6b not dealt with
27.2 from access of persons to load support 4.3.3 not dealt with
27.3 from derailment 4.1.2.2 not dealt with
27.4 from insufficient mechanical strength of 4.1.2.3 5.18, 5.19.1, 5.21
parts
27.5 from inadequate design of pulleys, drums 4.1.2.4 5.19, 5.20.2, 5.20.3
27.6 from inadequate selection of chains, 4.1.2.4, 4.1.2.5, 5.19, 5.20.2, 5.20.3
ropes, lifting and accessories and their 4.3.1, 4.3.2
inadequate integration into the machine
27.7 from lowering of the load under the 4.1.2.6d 5.16.3
control of friction brake
27.8 from abnormal conditions of 4.4.1, 4.4.2d 5.19.2
assembly/testing/ use/maintenance
27.9 from the effect of load on persons (impact 4.1.2.6b, 4.1.2.7, not dealt with
by load or counterweight) 4.2.3
28 Electrical hazards
28.1 from lightning 4.1.2.8 not dealt with
29 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles
29.1 insufficient visibility from the driving posi- 4.1.2.7, 4.4.2c not dealt with
tion
(continued)
Page 15
Table 1 (concluded)
No Relevant clauses of Relevant clauses in
Hazards identified in Annex A of Annex A of this Part of
corresponding to
EN 1050 : 1996 EN 292-2 : 1991/ EN 1915
EN 1050 : 1996
A1 : 1995
Additional hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events due to the lifting or moving of persons
34 Mechanical hazards and hazardous events due to:
34.1 Inadequate mechanical strength – inad- 6.1.2 5.18
equate working coefficients
34.2 Failing of loading control 6.1.3 not dealt with
34.3 Failing of controls in person carrier (func- 6.2.1 not dealt with
tion, priority)
34.4 Overspeed of person carrier 6.2.3 5.22
35 Falling of person from person carrier 1.5.15, 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 5.12
6.3.3
6.4.1, 6.4.2 5.18
36 Falling or overturning of person carrier
6.5 5.4, 5.5, 6
37 Human error, human behaviour
5 Safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General
GSE shall conform to the safety requirements and/or measures of clause 5 of this Part of EN 1915. In addition,
GSE shall be designed according to the principles of EN 292 for hazards relevant but not significant which are
not dealt with by this European Standard series or the part of EN 12312 series for the specific type of GSE.
For the application of EN 954-1, EN 953, EN 982 and EN 983, the manufacturer shall carry out an adequate
risk assessment for the requirements thereof where choice is necessary and that are not dealt with in the part
of EN 12312 series for specific type of GSE.
NOTE This specific risk assessment is part of the general risk assessment relating to the hazards not covered
by this C standard.
5.2 Accommodation for driver and any other person
5.2.1 General requirements
Accommodation for driver and any other person shall have adequate space. Corners and edges in the working
area shall be avoided by design or cushioned by covers.
Seats shall be designed so that damage to the human body is avoided taking into account duration, purpose
and conditions of use, e.g. seats of commercial vehicles. Specific requirements are given in the Parts of the
EN 12312 series, where applicable.

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5.2.2 Driver accommodation
The minimum size of the driver's envelope shall conform to the requirements of EN ISO 3411 : 1999.
The requirement for restraint systems is given in the Part of EN 12312 series for the appropriate type of GSE,
where applicable.
5.2.3 Accommodation for other persons
GSE intended to transport any person shall be equipped with suitable
- seats, with restraint systems when located in the outer position directly behind the windshield, or
- standing accommodation with adequate handholds.
5.3 Driver's cabin
NOTE Requirements for drivers' cabins may be applicable for operators' workplaces with cabins.
5.3.1 Drivers' cabins of GSE shall meet the following requirements:
a) Shape and arrangement of the driver's cabin shall not restrict the field of view for travel or operation.
b) The windshield shall have at least one power-operated windshield wiper.
NOTE A windshield washing unit should be provided if agreed between manufacturer and user.
c) Glass in doors and windows shall be safety glass, or alternative material with at least the same
performance characteristics.
NOTE Technical requirements for safety glass on vehicles intended to be used on public roads are given in
ECE 43.
d) All windows considered by the manufacturer to be important for the driver's field of view when travelling
shall be transparent and distortion-free as far as possible.
e) There shall at least be mirrors designed and fitted in such a way that the driver is able to observe the
rear sideward areas.
f) Lighting shall be arranged in such a way that no disturbing dazzling effect is caused in conjunction with
the windshield and other windows that are in the driver's field of view.
g) Corners or edges shall be chamfered or rounded with a minimum radius of 3 mm.
h) The floor, upholstery and insulation of enclosed drivers' cabins shall consist of flame retardant material
that has a horizontal burning rate of not greater than 250 mm per minute in accordance with ISO 3795 :
1989.
5.3.2 Fully enclosed drivers' cabins with doors shall meet the additional following requirements:
a) Devices, e.g. wipers, shall be provided to keep those windows that are considered by the manufacturer
to be important for the driver‘s field of view clear at all times when travelling.
b) All doors shall be provided with securing devices to retain them in the closed and, where required, in the
open position. These devices shall be installed so, that they do not create a risk of injury when the doors
are open.
c) Door mechanisms shall be designed and fitted in such a way that opening is only possible with intended
manual action and risk of injury is avoided.

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d) An adequately sized system for ventilation shall be provided. Where appropriate provisions shall be
made for heating and/or air conditioning facilities.
NOTE Due to the fact that GSE are used in a wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions it
is not possible to give precise technical requirements in this European Standard.
e) Combustion air for the heating units shall not be taken from the interior of the cabin; it shall not be
possible for exhaust fumes to escape into the heating air. In case of burner flame-out, fuel supply shall be
cut off.
NOTE Requirements for combustion heating appliances see EU Directive 78/548/EEC.
5.4 Controls
5.4.1 Control device actuators
Control device actuators shall meet the requirements of EN 894-1 : 1997 and EN 894-3 : 2000. They shall be
positioned within the reach of the operator in accordance with EN ISO 6682 : 1995 and their purpose shall be
marked clearly and visible in accordance with EN 60073. They shall be constructed and mounted so as to
minimize the risk of inadvertent operation.
Control device actuators for movements except travelling functions shall be designed so that when they have
been released, the energy initiating the movement is cut off (hold-to-run type). Control device actuators with a
lock-on facility shall be used only if this is required for functional reasons and when other measures have been
taken in order to reduce the risk.
Illumination of controls shall be of anti-glare and non reflecting quality.
Safety devices, e.g. trip devices, ultimate-position switches, overspeed governors, interlocking switches,
emergency stop devices, shall be designed, selected, located, and/or protected to meet intended site
conditions, and the various applications of the equipment, e.g. ice build-up.
5.4.2 Safeguards against unauthorized use
Self-propelled GSE shall be equipped with means to safeguard them against unauthorized use. It shall not be
possible to render these safeguards ineffective by simple means, e.g. tape, nails.
Electronic control circuitry, software, adjustable safety devices and adjustable safety related equipment shall
be made inaccessible to unauthorized persons, e.g. by use of access codes, special tools.
5.4.3 Multiple control positions for movements
Control devices initiating movements shall be interlocked so that only one control station is enabled at a given
time.
5.4.4 Location of control positions
Control device actuators shall be positioned so that the operator:
- is not subjected to hazards created by the load(s) or any part of the GSE;
- is not subjected to risks of falling and
- is able to observe the controlled movements at all times.
5.4.5 Electrical controls
5.4.5.1 General
Electrical controls shall conform to EN 60204-1.

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5.4.5.2 Remote controls
Remotely controlled GSE shall be so designed that movement is stopped automatically and the GSE shall
remain immobile:
- if actuation of the controls has ceased;
- when the power supply is interrupted.
Plugs of cablelinked remote controls shall be unmistakable in order to prevent erroneous interchange. When
plugged in, the requirement of 5.4.3 shall be applied. The length of the cable shall be sufficient to ensure safe
operation under all intended use conditions.
Remote control units shall be designed so that a mechanical shock (e.g. falling to the ground) does not initiate
a signal.
Remote control shall be designed to enable control only from locations where the operator has full sight of the
GSE or any moving parts of it, and the area where the GSE or part of it is to move into.
5.5 Monitoring devices and displays
GSE shall have monitoring devices and displays necessary for safe operation. They shall be clearly arranged,
easy-to-read and be protected against damage during intended use.
Illumination of displays shall be of anti-glare and non reflecting quality.
5.6 Steering devices
5.6.1 General requirements
Steering devices shall be constructed and arranged so that easy and safe steering is ensured. Operating
devices shall be designed so that under intended use conditions they will not cause injuries, e.g. by sharp
edges.
The force required to move the steering device of self-propelled GSE shall not exceed 250 N. In the case of
power-assisted steering, the required force to steer the GSE measured at the steering device shall not exceed
600 N if the power fails, and the same requirement shall be met in the case of dual-circuit steering if the power
of one circuit fails.
NOTE 1 Requirement for steering devices of vehicles intended to be used on public roads and a method of
verification is given in ECE 79.
NOTE 2 It is recommended not to exceed 100 N for normal use or 250 N in the case of power failure.

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5.6.2 Hydraulic steering systems
GSE capable of a driving speed in excess of 25 km/h shall have a dual-circuit steering system.
Where single-circuit steering units are used, they shall have a pressure relief valve that is actuated at the
maximum operating pressure "T" to protect the whole unit or parts of the unit against overpressure. Steering
shall remain possible in the event of steering unit failure.
Dual-circuit steering units shall have:
- a pressure relief valve that is actuated at the maximum operating pressure "T" which is installed in the
primary circuit to protect the whole unit or parts of the unit against overpressure;
- a pressure relief valve that is triggered at a pressure at least 5 MPa above the maximum operating
pressure "T" (max. 2,2 "T") which is installed in the secondary circuit.
In dual-circuit steering systems the pressure relief valve in the secondary circuit shall not be required if
- the effect of any external impact on the wheels is reduced by the pressure relief valve in the primary
circuit;
- the steering system pipes are designed to withstand four times the maximum operating pressure "T" and
the pipes are installed in protected locations so that the risk of leaks as a result of operational loading or
resulting from accidental damage is reduced to a minimum.
5.6.3 Pedestrian controlled GSE
The operating device e.g. tiller of the steering unit of pedestrian controlled self-propelled GSE shall have a
safety device which shall give a signal to reverse the direction of travel or stop the GSE if the operating device
comes into contact with the body of the operator when in the operating position.
NOTE Additional requirements for operating devices are given in prEN 1757-1 : 1994.
5.7 Brakes for travelling purposes or equivalent devices
5.7.1 Service brake
The minimum braking values of self-propelled GSE are given in Tables B.1 and B.2 of annex B (normative).
In the case of GSE with hydrostatic drive, the drive may be used as a service brake if there is no short-circuit
valve in the hydraulic circuit or if the short-circuit valve is located in such a manner as to prevent from direct
access by the operator.
5.7.2 Parking brake or equivalent devices
GSE shall have a parking brake or equivalent device which prevents the GSE with its permissible maximum
gross mass from rolling away on a slope of at least 7%.
Self-propelled GSE designed for towing other GSE shall be equipped with a parking brake or equivalent device
that secures the GSE itself without trailer and load against rolling away on a slope with a minimum braking
ratio of 18%.
NOTE See also clause 0 – negotiation for slopes on the intended airport of use.

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5.8 Wheel assemblies - Centre split rims
GSE with pneumatic tyres shall not be fitted with centre split rims connected by spot welding or countersunk
bolts.
It shall only be possible to disassemble centre split rims with pneumatic tyres if they have been removed from
the axle.
Centre split rims not designed for pneumatic tyres shall not have a valve hole.
5.9 Touchable surfaces - Exhaust
5.9.1 Touchable surfaces
Hot surfaces reachable from work
...