EN ISO 22475-1:2006

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2007
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Geotechnical investigation and testing - Sampling methods and groundwater
measurements - Part 1: Technical principles for execution (ISO 22475-1:2006)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Probenentnahmeverfahren und
Grundwassermessungen - Teil 1: Technische Grundlagen der Ausführung (ISO 22475-
1:2006)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Méthodes de prélevement et mesurages
piézométriques - Partie 1: Principes techniques des travaux (ISO 22475-1:2006)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22475-1:2006
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22475-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2006
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Sampling methods and
groundwater measurements - Part 1: Technical principles for
execution (ISO 22475-1:2006)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Méthodes de Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
prélèvement et mesurages piézométriques - Partie 1: Probenentnahmeverfahren und Grundwassermessungen -
Principes techniques des travaux (ISO 22475-1:2006) Teil 1: Technische Grundlagen der Ausführung (ISO 22475-
1:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 December 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22475-1:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22475-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC
341 "Geotechnical Investigation and Testing", the secretariat of which is held by ELOT, in
collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 "Geotechnics".

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2007, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2007.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22475-1
First edition
2006-09-15
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Sampling methods and groundwater
measurements —
Part 1:
Technical principles for execution
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Méthodes de prélèvement
et mesurages piézométriques —
Partie 1: Principes techniques des travaux

Reference number
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vii
Introduction . viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
3.1 Site investigation methods . 2
3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment . 3
3.3 Sampling. 3
3.4 Groundwater measurements . 8
4 Drilling rigs and ancillary equipment. 10
4.1 General. 10
4.2 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment . 10
4.3 Equipment scope. 10
5 General requirements prior to sampling and groundwater measurements . 11
5.1 General. 11
5.2 Selection of techniques and methods. 11
5.3 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points. 11
5.4 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling and groundwater
measurements. 12
5.5 Backfilling and site abandonment . 13
5.6 Safety and special requirements. 13
6 Soil sampling methods. 13
6.1 General. 13
6.2 Categories of soil sampling methods. 13
6.3 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling). 14
6.4 Sampling using samplers . 20
6.5 Block sampling . 27
7 Rock sampling methods . 29
7.1 General. 29
7.2 Categories for rock sampling methods.29
7.3 Sampling by drilling. 32
7.4 Block sampling . 33
7.5 Integral sampling . 33
8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes . 33
8.1 General. 33
8.2 Equipment . 34
8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling.34
9 Groundwater measuring stations and piezometers. 35
9.1 General. 35
9.2 Piezometers. 36
9.3 Installation of piezometers . 40
9.4 Maintenance . 43
9.5 Decommissioning. 44
10 Groundwater measurements . 44
10.1 Calibration . 44
10.2 Performance of the measurements. 44
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
11 Handling, transport and storage of samples. 45
11.1 General . 45
11.2 Preservation materials and sample containers . 46
11.3 Handling of samples . 46
11.4 Labelling of samples. 47
11.5 Transport of samples. 47
11.6 Preparation of storage and shipping containers. 49
11.7 Storage of samples . 50
12 Report. 50
12.1 Field report. 50
12.2 Report of the results . 56
Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended
sampling and groundwater measurements. 58
Annex B (informative) Field reports. 60
Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock . 69
Annex D (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling. 115
Annex E (informative) Protective measures of piezometers. 117
Bibliography . 119

Figures
Figure 1 — Definitions of the diameters D , D , D and D . 5
1 2 3 4
Figure 2 — Application of fracture state terms for rock cores. 6
Figure 3 — Lengths of core run and sample. 7
Figure 4 — Examples of open-tube samplers (OS) for recovering samples from boreholes . 24
Figure 5 — Schematic thin-walled stationary piston sampler (PS) for sampling from borehole
bottom . 26
Figure 6 — Examples of open systems . 36
Figure 7 — Examples of closed systems . 38
Figure 8 — Closed system with filter pack and sealing in a borehole . 42
Figure 9 — Examples of sealing and securing samples. 48
Figure 10 — Example of the configuration of an open groundwater measuring system. 55
Figure C.1 — Drill rods and casing . 69
Figure C.2 — Drill rods taper threaded “Y” series. 72
Figure C.3 — Drill rods taper threaded “J” series. 72
Figure C.4 — Corebarrels “metric” series, according to ISO 3552-1. 77
Figure C.5 — Corebarrels “W” series, according to ISO 3551-1 . 79
Figure C.6 — Corebarrels “W” series, according to ISO 3551-1 . 80
Figure C.7 —Wireline corebarrel assembly. 81
Figure C.8 — Geotechnical wireline corebarrel (inner and outer tube assembly) . 83
Figure C.9 — Water-well casing with flush butt joints, according to BS 879 . 85
Figure C.10 — Water-well casing with screwed and socketed joints, according to BS 879 . 85
Figure C.11 — Three-cone milled tooth rock bit . 88
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
Figure C.12 — Tungsten carbide button bit. 88
Figure C.13 — Typical corebarrel lifters. 90
Figure C.14 — Typical sampler retainers . 91
Figure C.15 — Thin wall sampler (Shelby tube) . 92
Figure C.16 — Hydraulic piston sampler. 93
Figure C.17 — Stationary piston sampler with a 50-mm diameter liner — Sampling category A. 94
Figure C.18 — Stationary piston sampler with a 50-mm liner — Parts . 96
Figure C.19 — Stationary piston sampler with a 50-mm diameter liner — Sampling categories A
and B . 97
Figure C.20 — U100 Sampler. 98
Figure C.21 — Standard penetration test (SPT) samplers. 99
Figure C.22 — Typical automatic trip hammer . 100
Figure C.23 — Window and windowless samplers . 101
Figure C.24 — Clay cutter and shell (bailer) . 102
Figure C.25 — Sectional shell . 103
Figure C.26 — Chisels and stubber . 104
Figure C.27 — Continuous flight auger . 105
Figure C.28 — Augers with diameters between 36 mm and 100 mm — Sampling category C . 106
Figure C.29 — Hollow stem auger. 107
Figure C.30 — Examples of sampling from trial pits . 108
Figure C.31 — Recovering samples from trial pits — Example. 109
Figure C.32 — Example for a thin-walled open-tube sampler. 110
Figure C.33 — Example for a thick-walled open-tube sampler. 111
Figure C.34 — Example of sampling from borehole bottom using a large sampler (Sherbrooke
block sampler). 112
Figure C.35 — Method of sampling using a Laval sampler. 114
Figure D.1 — Equipment for vacuum bottle sampling. 116
Figure E.1 — Example of termination of an open piezometer above ground level. 117
Figure E.2 — Example of termination of an open piezometer below ground level. 118

Tables
Table 1 — Quality classes of soil samples for laboratory testing and sampling categories to be
used. 14
Table 2 — Sampling by drilling in soils. 16
Table 3 — Soil sampling using samplers. 21
Table 4 — Examples on sampling methods with respect to the sampling category in different
soils. 28
Table 5 — Soil sampling using samplers. 31
Table C.1 — Drill rods and casing “W”-series according to ISO 3551-1. 70
Table C.2 — Drill rods and casing “metric” series according to ISO 3552-1 . 71
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
Table C.3 — Drill rods taper threaded “Y” series . 72
Table C.4 — Drill rods taper threaded “J” series. 72
Table C.5 — Corebarrels “W” series, according to ISO 3551-1. 73
Table C.6 — Corebarrels “metric” series, according to ISO 3552-1 . 74
Table C.7 — Air flush corebarrels . 75
Table C.8 — Drill rods and casing. 76
Table C.9 — Corebarrels “metric” series, according to ISO 3552-1 . 78
Table C.10 —Wireline drill rod dimensions . 82
Table C.11 — Wireline corebarrel dimensions. 82
Table C.12 — Geotechnical wireline corebarrel drill pipe dimensions. 84
Table C.13 — Geotechnical wireline corebarrel dimensions. 84
Table C.14 — Dimensions of water-well casings with flush butt joints . 85
Table C.15 — Dimensions of water-well casings with screwed and socketed joints . 85
Table C.16 — Bit selection chart . 86
Table C.17 — Core bit profiles — Diamond set, impregnated, TC and PCD. 87
Table C.18 — Three-cone milled tooth rock bit. 88
Table C.19 — Tungsten carbide button bit. 89

vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22475-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 182,
Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22475-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Sampling methods and groundwater measurements:
⎯ Part 1: Technical principles for execution
⎯ Part 2: Qualification criteria for enterprises and personnel
⎯ Part 3: Conformity assessment of enterprises and personnel by third party

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
Introduction
ISO 22475-1 specifies the technical principles for the execution of sampling and groundwater measurements
for geotechnical purposes.
The quality of these services can be proven by:
a) a declaration of conformity by a contractor (first party control);
b) a declaration of conformity by a client (second party control);
c) a declaration of conformity by a conformity assessment body (third party control).
Every enterprise or individual may decide, if and how they will prove the fulfilment of the technically related
criteria: by first, second or third party control because no part of ISO 22475 requires such a declaration.
ISO/TS 22475-2 specifies the qualification criteria for enterprises and personnel that perform sampling and
groundwater measurements according to ISO 22475-1.
The conformity assessment by third party control can be made according to the technical principles for
execution of sampling and groundwater measurements specified in ISO 22475-1, as indicated in
ISO/TS 22475-2, and in the conformity assessment procedure given in ISO/TS 22475-3.

viii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22475-1:2006(E)

Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling methods
and groundwater measurements —
Part 1:
Technical principles for execution
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22475 deals with the technical principles of sampling of soil, rock and groundwater, and with
groundwater measurements, in the context of geotechnical investigation and testing, as described in
EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
The aims of such ground investigations are:
a) to recover soil and rock samples of a quality sufficient to assess the general suitability of a site for
geotechnical engineering purposes and to determine the required soil and rock characteristics in the
laboratory;
b) to obtain information on the sequence, thickness and orientation of strata and joint system and faults;
c) to establish the type, composition and condition of strata;
d) to obtain information on groundwater conditions and recover water samples for assessment of the
interaction of groundwater, soil, rock and construction material.
The quality of a sample is influenced by the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the choice and
execution of the drilling and/or the sampling method, handling, transport and storage of the samples.
This part of ISO 22475 does not cover soil sampling for the purposes of agricultural and environmental soil
investigation.
NOTE 1 Soil sampling for these purposes is to be found in ISO 10381.
Water sampling for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation, and identification of sources of
pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges is not covered.
NOTE 2 Water sampling for these purposes is to be found in ISO 5667.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 791, Drill rigs — Safety
EN 996, Piling equipment — Safety requirement
EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules
EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design — Part 2: Design assisted by laboratory testing
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
ISO 22476-3, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 3: Standard penetration test
ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of rock — Part 1:
Identification and description
ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units
GUM: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, BIPM/IEC/IFCC/ISO/OIML/IUPAC/IUPAP
ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1997-1, EN 1997-2, ISO 14688-1
and ISO 14689-1 and the following apply.
NOTE Additional terms and definitions can be found in the books and literature listed in the Bibliography.
3.1 Site investigation methods
3.1.1
trial pit
open excavation constructed to examine the ground conditions in situ, recover samples or carry out field
testing
3.1.2
shaft
open vertical or steeply inclined excavation, typically more than 5 m deep, constructed to examine the ground
conditions in situ, recover samples or carry out field testing
3.1.3
heading
adit
small tunnel driven horizontally or with a slight inclination from a shaft or into sloping ground to examine the
ground conditions in situ, recover samples and carry out field testing
3.1.4
borehole
hole of any predetermined diameter and length formed in any geological formation or man-made material by
drilling
NOTE Investigations carried out in such a hole can be to recover rock, soil or water samples from a specified depth
or to carry out in situ tests and measurements.
3.1.5
drilling
process by which a borehole is produced in any geological formation by rotary, rotary percussive, percussive
or thrust methods and in any predetermined direction in relation to the drill rig
3.1.6
small diameter drilling
drilling in the soil with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.1.7
drilling method
technique employed to create and stabilise the borehole
3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment
3.2.1
drilling tool
device attached to, or forming an integral part of, the drill string, used as a cutting tool for penetrating the
geological formation
3.2.2
drill bit
device attached to, or forming an integral part of, the drill string, used as a cutting tool to penetrate the
formation being drilled by the drilling method employed
3.2.3
drill rig
device which carries out the drilling function
3.2.4
casing
tubing temporarily or permanently inserted into a borehole
NOTE Casing is used, e.g. to stabilise the borehole, to prevent the loss of flushing medium to the surrounding
formation, or to prevent cross flow between different groundwater horizons
3.2.5
flushing medium
liquid or gaseous medium used to move cuttings and/or samples and to lubricate and cool the drilling tool from
the borehole
3.2.6
flushing additive
substance added to the flushing medium in order to affect or change its properties to improve its functioning
3.2.7
core lifter
split, internally slotted or serrated conical spring steel ring, grooves, flexible spring fingers, hinged wedge-
shaped fingers or hinged flaps mounted in a carrier ring, to retain the core sample whilst the corebarrel is
being hoisted from the borehole
3.2.8
sample retainer
cylindrical retainer fitted with a split-ring core lifter; it is mounted at the lower end of the sampler tube and used
to retain the sample in the tube as the sampler is being lifted from the ground
3.3 Sampling
3.3.1
sampling by drilling
continuous sampling
process by which samples are obtained by the drilling tools as the borehole proceeds
NOTE The drilling process is designed to obtain complete samples of the length of the borehole. The drilling tools are
used as sampling tools.
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.3.2
sampling by using sampler
process by which samples are obtained by samplers from trial pits, headings, shafts or borehole bottom at
selected positions
3.3.3
soil sampling by small diameter drilling
sampling by drilling in soils, using drilling tools with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm
3.3.4
sample
defined amount of rock, soil or groundwater recovered from recorded depth
3.3.5
core, core sample
cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained from a borehole from recorded depth
3.3.6
block sample
sample of soil or rock cut out by special techniques
3.3.7
cuttings
particles of geological formations formed in the borehole by the cutting action of the drilling tool
3.3.8
suspended matter
abraded ground material in the flushing medium generated by drilling, in which the individual particle size
cannot be recognised with the naked eye
3.3.9
core run
length of the core drilling between the start and the finish for the removal of the sample
3.3.10
core loss
difference between a core run and the length of the core recovered
3.3.11
area ratio
C
a
ratio of the area of soil displaced by the sampler tube in proportion to the area of the sample
DD−
C=⋅ 100
a
D
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 The area ratio is expressed in per cent.
NOTE 2 One of the factors that determines the mechanical disturbance of the soil.
3.3.12
inside clearance ratio
C
i
DD−
C=⋅ 100
i
D
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 The inside clearance ratio is expressed in percent.
NOTE 2 One of the factors that determines the mechanical disturbance of the sample caused by the friction on the
inside wall of sample tube or of the liner.

Key
D inside diameter of the cutting shoe α taper angle
D greatest outside diameter of the cutting shoe 1 sample tube
D inside diameter of the sample tube or liner 2 cutting shoe
D outside diameter of the sample tube 3 liner (optional)
Figure 1 — Definitions of the diameters D , D , D and D
1 2 3 4
3.3.13
outside clearance ratio
C
o
DD−
C=⋅ 100
o
D
See Figure 1.
NOTE The outside clearance ratio is expressed in percent.
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.3.14 Fracture state terms
3.3.14.1
total core recovery in rock
TCR
total length of core sample recovered (solid and non-intact), expressed as a percentage of the length of the
core run
See Figure 2.
3.3.14.2
rock quality designation
RQD
sum length of all core pieces with at least one full diameter that are 100 mm or longer between natural
fractures, measured along the centre line of the core, expressed as a percentage of the length of the core run
See Figure 2.
3.3.14.3
solid core recovery
SCR
length of core recovered as solid cylinders, expressed as a percentage of the length of the core run
See Figure 2.
NOTE A solid core has a full diameter, uninterrupted by natural discontinuities, but not necessarily a full
circumference, and is commonly measured along the core axis or other scan line.

NOTE All features shown are natural discontinuities unless stated otherwise.
Key
1 drilling-induced fractures Description of fracture state of rock cores:
2 at least one full diameter RQD rock quality designation
3 no single full diameter SCR solid core recovery
4 non-intact TCR total core recovery
5 no recovery
6 core run
Figure 2 — Application of fracture state terms for rock cores
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.3.15
sample recovery ratio in soil
TC
ratio of the length of the sample, l , to the length of the sample run, H
g
See Figure 3.
3.3.16
net sample recovery ratio
IC
ratio of the net length of the sample, l , to the length of the sample run, H
n
See Figure 3
a)  Before withdrawal of sampler b)  After withdrawal of sampler
Key
1 casing l length of the lower part of the sample, which was
b
remoulded or lost
2 beginning of coring
l difference between the sample run and the actual length
3 end of coring e
of the sample
4 bottom of predrilled borehole
l total length of the sample after withdrawal of the
g
5 vent-hole
sampler, measured from the top of the sample to the
6 sample
cutter edge, including the remoulded or lost parts at both
ends of the sample
D inside diameter of the sample tube or liner
l length of the remoulded or polluted upper part of the
H length of the sample run
h
sample
Z depth, under the natural ground level, of the lower
f
l net length of the sample, before its conditioning
end of the sampler after sampling and before
n
withdrawing the sampler
l effective (useful) length of the sampling tube
t
Z depth, under the natural ground level, of the borehole
i
bottom before sampling, and before the beginning of
the following core run
Figure 3 — Lengths of core run and sample
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.3.17
thin-walled sampler
soil sampler with a low area ratio and a low taper angle and thin edge
3.3.18
thick-walled sampler
soil sampler that has an area ratio, taper angle and/or edge larger than that of thin-walled sampler
3.4 Groundwater measurements
3.4.1
piezometric head
sum of pressure head and elevation
3.4.2
groundwater surface
upper boundary surface of the groundwater
3.4.3
aquifer
body of permeable rock or soil mass suitable for containing and transmitting groundwater
3.4.4
aquitard
confining layer that retards, but does not prevent, the flow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer
3.4.5
aquiclude
body of soil or rock with extremely low transmissivity, which effectively prevents the flow of water through the
ground
3.4.6
confined aquifer
aquifer which is bounded above and below by aquicludes
3.4.7
unconfined aquifer
aquifer in which the groundwater surface forms the upper boundary
3.4.8
pore pressure
pressure of the fluid that fills the voids of a soil or rock mass
3.4.9
permeability
capacity of soil or rock for transmitting water
3.4.10
filter
water permeable section of a piezometer retaining the soil
3.4.11
filter pack
water permeable backfilling around the filter and retaining the soil
3.4.12
open filter area
opening percentage of the filter surface
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.4.13
groundwater measurement
measurement of the groundwater surface or pore pressure
3.4.14
groundwater measuring station
place where groundwater measuring equipment is installed or groundwater measurement is carried out
3.4.15
groundwater fluctuations
variations of groundwater surface and/or pore pressure
3.4.16
groundwater pressure
the pressure in pores, voids and fissures in the ground at a certain point and time
3.4.17
piezometer
equipment for the determination of the groundwater or the piezometric head, including both open and closed
systems
3.4.18
open system
measuring system in which the groundwater is in direct contact with the atmosphere and in which the
groundwater surface at the filter level is measured
3.4.19
closed system
measuring system in which the groundwater is not in direct contact with the atmosphere and in which the pore
pressure at the filter level is measured hydraulically, pneumatically or electrically
3.4.20
hydraulic system
closed system in which the water pressure in the filter tip is transmitted to a measuring unit on or close to the
ground surface through a liquid-filled pressure tube
3.4.21
pneumatic system
closed system in which the water pressure acts on a membrane located behind the filter of the filter tip and
which is balanced by gas pressure on the membrane's reverse side by a pressure tube from the ground
surface
3.4.22
electrical system
closed system in which the water pressure effects the membrane located behind the filter of the filter tip and
where the water pressure is converted into an electrical signal
3.4.23
pick-up system
electrical transducer system, in which the transducer can be added to and removed from the filter tip installed
in the ground
3.4.24
filter tip
tip for piezometers provided with a filter to prevent soil particles from entering the equipment
3.4.25
high air entry filter
filter with small pores giving a high resistance to air entry when water saturated
ISO 22475-1:2006(E)
3.4.26
time lag
time lapse between a change in pore pressure in the ground an
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