EN ISO 19136-2:2018

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2018
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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
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Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 2: Extended
schemas and encoding rules (ISO 19136-2:2015)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) - Partie 2:
Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage (ISO 19136-2:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19136-2:2018
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 19136-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 35.240.70
English Version
Geographic information - Geography Markup Language
(GML) - Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules (ISO
19136-2:2015)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) -
géographie (GML) - Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles Teil 2: Erweitertes Schema und Kodierregeln
d'encodage (ISO 19136-2:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 March 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19136-2:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
The text of ISO 19136-2:2015 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211 "Geographic
information/Geomatics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken
over as EN ISO 19136-2:2018 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic Information” the
secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2019, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19136:2009.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19136-2:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19136-2:2018 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19136-2
First edition
2015-08-01
Geographic information — Geography
Markup Language (GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie
(GML) —
Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles d’encodage
Reference number
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 2
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Terms and definitions . 2
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 3
5 Conventions . 3
5.1 MIME media types . 3
5.2 XML namespaces . 3
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML . 4
6 Additional base types . 5
6.1 Target namespace . 5
6.2 Localisable strings . 5
6.2.1 LanguageStringType . 5
6.2.2 Additional types based on LanguageStringType . 5
6.3 TimePositionUnion . 5
6.4 Requirements class . 7
6.5 Conformance . 7
7 Compact Encodings of Commonly Used GML Geometries . 8
7.1 Target namespace . 8
7.2 Introduction . 8
7.3 SimplePolygon . 8
7.4 SimpleRectangle . 9
7.5 SimpleTriangle .10
7.6 SimpleArcString .10
7.7 SimpleArc .11
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint .11
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge .12
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge .12
7.11 SimpleCircle .13
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint .13
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint .14
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType .14
7.15 Requirements class .14
7.16 Conformance .14
8 Triangulated Irregular Networks.15
8.1 Target namespace .15
8.2 Introduction .15
8.3 TriangulatedSurface .15
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch .15
8.5 TIN .16
8.6 TINElement .16
8.7 TINElementPropertyType .17
8.8 TINElementTypeType .17
8.9 Requirements class .19
8.10 Conformance .20
9 Linear Referencing .20
9.1 Target namespaces .20
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
9.2 Introduction .20
9.3 Basic Linear Referencing .21
9.3.1 Target namespace .21
9.3.2 Introduction .21
9.3.3 PositionExpression .21
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType .21
9.3.5 LinearElement . .22
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType .23
9.3.7 StartValueType .23
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod .23
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType .24
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType .24
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType .25
9.3.12 AlongReferent .25
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType .25
9.3.14 Referent .26
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType .27
9.3.16 MeasureType .27
9.3.17 LRMNameType .27
9.3.18 LRMTypeType .31
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType .32
9.3.20 LinearSRS .33
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType .33
9.4 Linear Referencing Towards Referent .34
9.4.1 Target namespace .34
9.4.2 Introduction .34
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent .34
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType .34
9.5 Linear Referencing Offset .35
9.5.1 Target namespace .35
9.5.2 Introduction .35
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset .35
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType .35
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType .36
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType .36
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType .37
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType .38
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType .39
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS .39
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .40
9.6 Linear Referencing Offset Vectors .41
9.6.1 Target namespace .41
9.6.2 Introduction .41
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType .41
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType .41
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS .42
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .45
9.7 Requirements classes .45
9.8 Conformance .47
10 ReferenceableGrid .48
10.1 Target namespace .48
10.2 Clarifications to ISO 19123:2005 .48
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid .49
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray .50
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors.51
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation .57
10.7 gridCRS .58
10.8 Coverages using ReferenceableGrid .58
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
10.9 Requirements classes .58
10.10 Conformance .59
11 Code lists, dictionaries and definitions.60
11.1 Overview .60
11.2 Requirements class .61
11.3 Conformance .62
12 Encoding rule .62
12.1 Target namespace .62
12.2 Improved conversion rule .62
12.2.1 Conversion rule changes .62
12.2.2 Requirements class .64
12.2.3 Conformance .65
12.3 Association class conversion rule .67
12.3.1 Overview .67
12.3.2 Requirements class .68
12.3.3 Conformance .69
12.4 Encoding rule extensions .70
12.4.1 Overview .70
12.4.2 gmlexr:extendedEncodingRule .70
12.4.3 Requirements class .70
12.4.4 Conformance class .71
Annex A (informative) Linear referencing method examples .73
Bibliography .78
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) was originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC). The Committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
ISO 19136 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic Information — Geography
Markup Language:
— Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
A future Part 1 will revise and replace the currently available ISO 19136:2007.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Introduction
Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of
application schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information.
The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is
associated with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be
thought of as a set of features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property
may be thought of as a {name, type, value} triple.
The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its
type definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-
valued. A feature collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarded as a feature; as a
consequence a feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in
addition to the features it contains.
Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an
application schema. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in
two different and alternative ways:
— by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to
both the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas
specified in this part of ISO 19136;
— by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this part of ISO 19136 for creating
a GML application schema directly in XML Schema.
Both ways are supported by this part of ISO 19136. To ensure proper use of the conceptual modelling
framework of the ISO 19100- series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected
to be modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the
ISO 19100- series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas.
GML specifies XML encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined
in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These
conceptual models include those defined in:
— ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basic types);
— ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects);
— ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects,
temporal reference systems);
— ISO 19109, Geographic information — Rules for application schemas (features);
— ISO 19111, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems);
— ISO 19123, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions;
— ISO 19148, Geographic information — Linear referencing.
The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types
specified in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every
application schema were encoded independently and the encoding process included the types from, for
example, ISO 19108, then, without unambiguous and completely fixed encoding rules, the XML encodings
would be different. Also, since every implementation platform has specific strengths and weaknesses,
it is helpful to standardize XML encodings for core geographic information concepts modelled in the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and commonly used in application schemas.
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
In many cases, the mapping from the conceptual classes is straightforward, while in some cases the
mapping is more complex (a detailed description of the mapping is part of this part of ISO 19136).
In addition, GML provides XML encodings for additional concepts not yet modelled in the ISO 19100-
series of International Standards or the OpenGIS Abstract Specification, for example, dynamic features,
simple observations or value objects.
Predefined types of geographic feature in GML include coverages and simple observations.
A coverage is a subtype of feature that has a coverage function with a spatiotemporal domain and a
value set range of homogeneous 1- to n-dimensional tuples. A coverage may represent one feature
or a collection of features “to model and make visible spatial relationships between, and the spatial
distribution of, Earth phenomena” (OGC Abstract Specification Topic 6) and a coverage “acts as a function
to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatiotemporal domain” (ISO 19123).
An observation models the act of observing, often with a camera or some other procedure, a person
or some form of instrument (Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “an act of recognizing and noting a fact or
occurrence often involving measurement with instruments”). An observation is considered to be a GML
feature with a time at which the observation took place, and with a value for the observation.
A reference system provides a scale of measurement for assigning values to a position, time or other
descriptive quantity or quality.
A coordinate reference system consists of a set of coordinate system axes that is related to the Earth
through a datum that defines the size and shape of the Earth.
A temporal reference system provides standard units for measuring time and describing temporal
length or duration.
A reference system dictionary provides definitions of reference systems used in spatial or temporal
geometries.
Spatial geometries are the values of spatial feature properties. They indicate the coordinate reference
system in which their measurements have been made. The “parent” geometry element of a geometric
complex or geometric aggregate makes this indication for its constituent geometries.
Temporal geometries are the values of temporal feature properties. Like their spatial counterparts, temporal
geometries indicate the temporal reference system in which their measurements have been made.
Spatial or temporal topologies are used to express the different topological relationships between features.
A units-of-measure dictionary provides definitions of numerical measures of physical quantities, such
as length, temperature and pressure, and of conversions between units.
viii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
(GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
1 Scope
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the
transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling
framework used in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and including both the spatial and
non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This part of ISO 19136 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
— provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas
for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
— allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
— support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and
information communities;
— enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
— support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
— increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information
they describe.
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they
may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and
data transport.
This part of ISO 19136 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema
components and requirements.
NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage
and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of
such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data
with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
2 Conformance
This part of ISO 19136 defines XML implementations of concepts used in spatiotemporal datasets. It
extends the XML implementations specified in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2). Requirements and conformance
classes specified in ISO 19136:2007 also apply for this part of ISO 19136.
XML instances that encode geographic information using one or more of the schemas specified in this
part of ISO 19136 are the standardization target of the requirements stated in this part of ISO 19136.
The implementation is described using the XML Schema language and Schematron.
Conformance classes are specified in Clauses 6 to 12 of this part of ISO 19136.
ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
3 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language (GML)
ISO 19148:2012, Geographic information — Linear referencing
1)
OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of
dates and times
ISO/IEC 13249-3:2011, Information technology — Database languages — SQL multimedia and application
packages — Part 3: Spatial
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, symbols abd abbreviated terms listed in
ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), Clause 4, apply.
4.2 Terms and definitions
In addition to the terms listed in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), the following terms and definitions apply.
4.2.1
grid coordinate reference system
grid CRS
coordinate reference system for the positions in a grid that uses a defined coordinate system congruent
with the coordinate system described by the GridEnvelope and axisLabels of gml:GridType
Note 1 to entry: A grid CRS uses a defined coordinate system with the same grid point positions and origin as the
GridEnvelope, with the same axisLabels, but need not defi
...