CEN/TS 16628:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2014
(QHUJLMVNHODVWQRVWLVWDYE2VQRYQDQDþHOD]DVNXSLQRVWDQGDUGRY(3%'
Energy Performance of Buildings - Basic Principles for the set of EPBD standards
Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Grundlagen für das EPBD-Normenpaket
Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Principes de base pour l’ensemble des
normes PEB
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 16628:2014
ICS:
27.015 (QHUJLMVNDXþLQNRYLWRVW Energy efficiency. Energy
2KUDQMDQMHHQHUJLMHQD conservation in general
VSORãQR
91.120.10 Toplotna izolacija stavb Thermal insulation of
buildings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 16628
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
July 2014
ICS 91.140.99
English Version
Energy Performance of Buildings - Basic Principles for the set of
EPB standards
Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Principes Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Grundlagen für das EPB-
fondamentaux pour la série de normes sur la performance Normenpaket
énergétique des bâtiments
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 10 May 2014 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 16628:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .4
Introduction .6
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Symbols, units and subscripts .8
5 General .8
6 Central coordination during the development of EPB-standards .8
6.1 Set up and maintenance of EPB-standards .8
6.2 Dynamic interaction with national authorities . 11
6.3 National implementation of the EPB-standards . 11
7 The application range of the EPB-standards . 12
7.1 General . 12
7.2 Requirements for EPB-standards . 12
7.3 Support on energy performance requirements . 14
7.4 Energy services . 14
7.5 Building categories. 14
7.6 Different levels of complexities . 15
7.7 Flexibility . 15
7.7.1 General . 15
7.7.2 Innovation and equivalent solutions . 16
7.7.3 Flexibility and adaptability to future needs . 16
7.8 Added values to the market . 16
7.8.1 General . 16
7.8.2 Procedures for tailored rating . 17
7.8.3 Procedures for building and system design . 18
8 National implementation and adaptation . 18
8.1 National or regional choices: National Annexes . 18
8.2 National implementation . 19
9 The overarching modular structure for the energy performance assessment . 20
9.1 General . 20
9.2 Common terms, definitions and symbols . 20
9.3 Common overarching modular structure . 21
9.4 Common assessment boundaries . 21
9.5 Common partitioning rules . 21
9.6 List of technologies to be covered . 22
9.7 Matching time steps . 22
9.8 Common rules on input values and assumptions . 22
9.9 Common operating assumptions and environment conditions . 24
9.10 Common overarching output . 24
10 Common model(s) and editorial rules for each standard . 24
10.1 General . 24
10.2 Normative standards and informative accompanying Technical Reports . 25
10.3 Common structure of an EPB-standard . 25
10.4 Common structure of the Technical Report accompanying an EPB-standard . 26
10.5 Common technical and editorial rules for each standard . 26
10.6 Software proof . 26
10.7 Modular proof Detailed Technical Rules . 26
11 Common quality aspects . 26
11.1 General . 26
11.2 Validation and demonstration . 27
11.3 Relevance, sensitivity and balanced accuracy . 27
11.3.1 Introduction . 27
11.3.2 Accuracy. 27
11.3.3 Reproducibility . 28
11.3.4 Simplicity . 29
11.3.5 Accuracy versus cost-effectiveness . 29
11.4 Transparency aspects . 31
11.5 Common example cases. 32
Annex A (normative) Parallel routes in normative references . 34
Annex B (informative) Overview of relevant quality aspects . 36
Bibliography . 38

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 16628:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 371 “Energy
performance of Buildings project group”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association (Mandate M/480, [2]).
This document supports requirements of EU Directive 2010/31/EC on the energy performance of buildings
(EPBD). It forms part of a series of standards aimed at European harmonization of the methodology for the
calculation of the energy performance of buildings.
Directive 2010/31/EU recasting the Directive 2002/91/EC on energy performance of buildings (EPBD) [1]
promotes the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the European Union, taking into
account all types of energy uses (heating, lighting, cooling, air conditioning, ventilation) and outdoor climatic
and local conditions, as well as indoor climate requirements and cost effectiveness (Article 1).
The Directive requires Member States to adopt measures and tools to achieve the prudent and rational use of
energy resources. In order to achieve those goals, the EPBD requires increasing energy efficiency and the
enhanced use of renewable energies in both new and existing buildings. One tool for this is the application by
Member States of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings and for existing
buildings that are subject to major renovation, as well as for minimum performance requirements for the
building envelope if energy-relevant parts are replaced or retrofitted. Other tools are energy certification of
buildings, inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems.
NOTE The use of European Standards increases the accessibility, transparency and objectivity of the energy
performance assessment in the Member States facilitating the comparison of best practices and supporting the internal
market for construction products. The use of EPB-standards for calculating energy performance, as well as for energy
performance certification and the inspection of heating systems and boilers, ventilation and air-conditioning systems will
reduce costs compared to developing different standards at national level.
The first mandate to CEN to develop a set of standards to support the EPBD (M/343) resulted in the
successful publication of several EPBD related CEN standards in 2007-2008. The second mandate to CEN
(M/480, [2]) was issued to review the Mandate M/343 as the recast of the EPBD raises the need to revisit the
standards and reformulate and add standards so that they become on the one hand unambiguous and
compatible, and on the other hand a clear and explicit overview of the choices, boundary conditions and input
data that need to be defined at national or regional level. Such national or regional choices remain necessary,
due to differences in climate, culture and building tradition, policy and legal frameworks. Consequently, the
current set of EPBD related standards had to be improved and expanded on the basis of the recast of the
EPBD. EPB-standards should be flexible enough to allow for necessary national and regional differentiation
and facilitate Member States implementation and the setting of requirements by the Member States.
The set of EBP-standards should consist of a comprehensive package of Technical Specifications and
European Standards that are manageable and user-friendly for regulators, product Technical Specification
drafters, drafters of European Assessment Documents (EAD), producers, notified bodies and users.
The setup of a coherent set EPB-standards under Mandate M/480 was split into two phases:
— the development of (and agreement on) the underlying basic principles and detailed technical rules for
drafting EPB-standards providing a coherent modular structure and an overarching EPB-standard
following these rules and principles;
— on the basis of the results of phase 1: the preparation/revision of the complete set of EPB- standards.
The basic principles and technical rules were developed to ensure the necessary overall consistency in
terminology, approach, input/output relations and formats in all EPB-standards. In these rules and
specifications, requirements from competent national legal authorities of EU and EFTA Member States
(aggregated by the CAP-EDMC liaison committee) were taken into account.
It is anticipated that during phase 2 additions or modifications of the overarching EPB-standard and/or basic
principles and technical rules might be needed.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical Specification has been developed to guide the revisions under M/480 phase 2 as well as all
future work on EPB-standards. In order to facilitate coordination, consistency and coherence of EPB-
standards the following tools are available:
a) a Technical Specification on the basic principles to be followed in drafting EPB-standards (this
document);
b) a Technical Specification on the detailed technical rules to be followed in drafting EPB-standards;
c) in addition, the following TC/371 documents are available:
1) a template for the EPB-standards, including reminders of applicable rules in the relevant clauses;
2) a template for the EPBD Technical Reports that will accompany each EPBD standard;
3) a spread sheet template to be used to demonstrate the correctness of the standardized calculation
procedures.
All work on (intended) EPB-standards will follow the basic principles and the detailed technical rules and relate
to the overarching EPB-standard, FprEN 15603.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification describes the basic principles to be followed in the development of standards
intended to support the assessment of the energy performance of buildings using a holistic approach. The
main goal is to obtain a set of EPB-standards that are a systematic, clear and comprehensive package for the
benefit of professionals and government entities.
This Technical Specification gives general, qualitative guidance on the required quality, accuracy, usability
and consistency of EPB-standards in order to provide a balance between:
— the accuracy and level of detail, and
— the simplicity and availability of input data.
Hidden complexities are also taken into account, such as the impact of differences in the overall legal
frameworks on the national choices and national input data.
The basic principles are the basis for detailed technical rules and for a common overarching structure for the
set of EPB-standards.
The basic principles for EPB-standards cover the following aspects:
— the standardization process, including collaborations and consultations;
— the application range of the standards;
— common general organization of each standard and the national implementation;
— the overarching structure for the energy performance assessment;
— common model(s) and editorial rules for each standard;
— common quality aspects for each standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
FprEN 15603:2014, Energy Performance of Buildings – Overarching standard EPBD
CEN/TS 16629, Energy Performance of Buildings – Detailed technical rules for the set of EPB-standards
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in FprEN 15603:2014 and the following
apply.
3.1
EPB-standard
standard being part of a set of standards providing a coherent methodology for assessing the energy
performance of buildings using a holistic approach
Note 1 to entry: EPB-standards are developed and/or revised in accordance with and have to comply with the basic
principles and detailed technical rules developed by CEN/TC 371 under Mandate M/480 following the Energy Performance
of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU, EPBD recast). The term EPB-standard may apply to either EN standards or to EN ISO
standards.
Note 2 to entry: EPB-standards are drafted on the basis of relevant existing International, European and National
standards and the work of the CEN-CENELEC Product TCs. They have to take into account EU Directives (other than the
EPBD), such as the Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC), the revised Labelling Directive 2010/30/EU, the
Energy related Products Directive 2009/125/EC, the Energy End Use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive
(2006/32/EC), the INSPIRE Directive (2007/2/EC) and Mandate M324 and the Boiler Efficiency Directive (92/42/EC).
4 Symbols, units and subscripts
For the purposes of this document, all symbols, units and subscripts provided in the overarching EPB-
standard FprEN 15603:2014 apply.
NOTE No specific symbols are used in this Technical Specification.
5 General
EPB-standards shall be drafted according to the basic principles (the “Why”) given in this document and the
actual detailed technical rules (the “How”) which are given in CEN/TS 16629.
NOTE Where relevant, this Technical Specification indicates whether the principle of the item considered is dealt with
in the overarching EPB-standard (FprEN 15603), in CEN/TS 16629, and/or might need to be elaborated within National
Annexes by the competent national standardization body.
It is important to position the set of standards in the whole of the assessment process. This requires an outline
of the assessment processes in practice: the objective of the assessment, the crucial steps and an illustration
of how the standards support these activities.
The characteristics of data acquisition also have to be addressed since this is crucial for the accuracy,
sensitivity, reproducibility, practical feasibility and cost of the assessment. This is further dealt with in
Clause 11. Special attention is needed for difficulties in assessing existing buildings. This relates to the
availability, accessibility and quality of data, unclear partitioning, intended change in use of the building, etc.
To deal with such issues in a 'measurable' way, a set of common example cases is expected to be very
useful. This is further introduced in Clause 11.
6 Central coordination during the development of EPB-standards
6.1 Set up and maintenance of EPB-standards
This CEN Technical Specification deals with aspects of the standardization process that are specific for EPB-
standards. The assessment of the overall energy performance of a building is based on the holistic approach:
integration and aggregation of all elements and energy services, as illustrated by the pyramid shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Pyramid, illustrating the holistic approach of the set of EPB-standards
All EPB-standards are developed in a coordinated manner and (for the assessment of the energy
performance of buildings) none of these standards is to be used stand-alone: any practical calculation or
application requires that a number of these standards are used in combination.
All EPB-standards (either revised, existing or new) share common technical rules, a common format and a
common structure to be part of an integrated standardization and assessment package.
To guard the coherency of EPB-standards, central coordination by CEN/TC 371 is required combined with
active involvement and commitment of the five parallel CEN/TCs who have the technical expertise and
competence regarding specific technological fields under the holistic approach (TC 89, TC 156, TC 169,
TC 228 and TC 247).
The modular structure for EPB-standards, the overarching EPB-standard (FprEN 15603), as well as the basic
principles and detailed technical rules for the development of other EPB-standards, is developed by
CEN/TC 371.
Parallel CEN and/or ISO TCs are responsible for the (technical) content of these EPB-standards.
Consequently the revision/drafting of standards considered relevant within the modular structure of EPB-
standards shall be supervised by the competent CEN and/or ISO TCs.
Figure 2 – Cooperation between CEN and ISO TCs dealing with EPB-standards
NOTE 1 The role of CIE in relation to ISO/TC 163 may require an update.
CEN/TC 371 is the overall responsible coordinating committee for checking whether EPB-standards comply
with the guidelines for EPB-standards.
Both CEN/TC 371 and the parallel TCs competent with respect to the technical content of standards share
responsibility on coherence of standards within the set of EPB-standards. They shall ensure that the same or
similar standardization procedures (as adopted during the development) are agreed upon after completion of
the set, to be in force for review and/or future updating of the standards.
In order to ensure that work on (possible) EBP-standards complies with EPB requirements set by
CEN/TC 371 and the technical requirements set by the competent TCs, team leaders of groups of experts
revising or drafting EPB-standards are preferably appointed as formal liaison experts by the associated
“parallel” TC to CEN/TC 371. Their task is to ensure that the contribution from the competent TC complies
with the EPB requirements and to report on any differences and considerations and by encompassing the
respective decisions to the competent TC and CEN/TC 371.
Where relevant, for the revision and/or set up of EN ISO standards relevant to the modular structure of EPB-
standards, co-operation will be sought with the competent ISO/TCs.
NOTE 2 The ISO/TC 163/WG 4, Joint Working Group TC 163 and TC 205, since 2009 co-ordinating the work on the
energy performance of buildings under the responsibility of the two ISO parent TC's, adopted in its draft strategy document
(2010) the major recommendations for improvement of the set of EPB- standards. The members of this coordinating group
are also aware of the current discussions in the EU on the requirements for a second generation and in this context, they
have confirmed that it is important to take these requirements into account very seriously, because common EN ISO
standards are the goal.
Specific practical modes of operation also seem appropriate for the co-operation between CEN and ISO on
these standards, based on the Vienna Agreement ([10]) between CEN and ISO on co-operation in the
development of standards.
According to the Vienna Agreement, the revision of EN ISO standards is under ISO lead. If agreed by the
CEN and ISO technical bodies, and specifically by the non-European members of the ISO technical body, the
lead can however be assigned to CEN. Whenever feasible, combined EN ISO EPB-standards should be
published.
The preparation of a set of international standards on the energy performance of buildings at the ISO level is
assigned to ISO /TC 163/WG 4, Joint Working Group of ISO TC 163 and TC 205 on energy performance of
buildings using a holistic approach. This co-operation aims to avoid serious duplication of work, to avoid
incompatibilities in (input) product data, procedures and (output) energy performance data.
If the CEN and ISO relevant technical bodies were to decide not to work under the Vienna Agreement, it is
expected that the International EPB-standards would soon strongly diverge from the corresponding European
EPB-standards. The importance and benefits of common International standards would then be lost, and the
high quality standardization work taking place in Europe, due to the strong support by European policy
decisions, would not be available outside Europe. Having different European and International standards
would harm both CEN and ISO members as well as the users of the standards. Therefore, the utmost will
have to be done to solve problems and difficulties that might be at hand in order to continue the parallel work.
Practical solutions for taking into account divergences between ISO and CEN (if unavoidable) within one
combined EN ISO standard, are specified as part of the detailed technical rules (see CEN/TS 16629:2014,
6.2.3 for further details).
NOTE 3 If all options to solve problems in developing a EN ISO standard have failed, developing separate standards is
possible. The Vienna Agreement on the co-operation between CEN and ISO ([10]) leaves the possibility open to go
separate ways at any moment, for each individual work item, if necessary.
6.2 Dynamic interaction with national authorities
CEN/TS 16628 (Basic Principles), CEN/TS 16629 (Detailed Technical Rules) and EN 15603 (the overarching
standard) are made available as draft versions to a Liaison Committee for consultation (evaluation and
feedback) from the Member States perspective. For them, these documents are of great importance since
they function as a starting point to provide guidance to the developers regarding usability of all individual
standards and the set as a whole.
This is a dynamic and iterative process. The Member States' expectations have to be translated into basic
principles and (from there) into detailed technical rules and overarching energy performance assessment
procedures. Already this process will lead to compromises and choices.
It is expected that during phase 2, adjustments of the overarching standard and basic principles and technical
rules might be necessary as well. This may again affect the Member States' expectations. Therefore, a regular
information exchange is necessary.
6.3 National implementation of the EPB-standards
The modular structure provided by the overarching EPB-standard maximises the possibilities for step-by-step
based implementation on a national level considering requirements set by competent legislator bodies at
regional level, by using either of the following:
— The provided structure within national standards: To adopt first the overall modular structure, followed by
a step-by-step implementation of individual modules or individual standards. A clear identification of
inputs and outputs as well of boundary conditions will facilitate temporary inclusion of national modules in
the general EN structure.
— A national structure combined with the implementation of specific EPB-standards: To adopt specific
individual EPB-standards together with (temporary) national rules how to connect these to the current
national standards or codes.
NOTE In case present national or regional legal requirements on the energy performance of buildings are not
compatible with the EN standards, it could be justified to allow time to adapt the legal requirements.
7 The application range of the EPB-standards
7.1 General
The application range of EPB-standards is related to the applications as required by the EPBD (see 7.2) and
related to the variety in types of buildings, energy services and/or technologies (see 7.3).
7.2 Requirements for EPB-standards
EPB-standards shall be designed to cover:
— Energy performance assessment for new buildings or building units. The subject is the new building or
building design as a whole. The purpose is to ensure a certain minimum energy performance (EP-) level
and take also alternative systems (such as thermal solar systems, combined heat and power systems
(CHP), photo voltaic systems (PV)) into consideration. Compliance with the requirements is obligatory
and, subject to national regulations, may be most likely required to get a permit to construct or use the
building. The assessment is typically performed by professionals participating in the design process. The
enforcement is typically performed by governmental entities or by independent experts or institutions on
behalf of these authorities. The requirements have direct design and economic consequences for the
building.
— Energy performance assessment for existing buildings or building units. The subject is the existing
building in case of major renovation; requirements are set for the building as a whole, or building
elements that form a part of the envelope. Furthermore, technical building systems (e.g. heating, hot
water, air conditioning, ventilation and lighting systems) are subject to EP-requirements when newly built,
replaced or upgraded. The purpose is to ensure a certain minimum EP- level. Compliance with the
requirements is obligatory and might be necessary to get a permit to renovate the building or to use the
renovated building. The assessment is typically performed by professionals participating in the renovation
process or specially trained assessors. The enforcement might be actively executed by governmental
entities or passively based on a reporting mechanism. The requirements have direct design and
economic consequences for the building.
— Energy certification of new and existing buildings or building units. The subject is the building or building
unit as a whole when sold or rented out. The purpose is to inform the market about the energy
performance of the building or building unit and recommend feasible and beneficial measures to improve
that energy performance. Compliance with the obligation for EP- rating when the building or building unit
is sold or rented out. The assessment is typically performed by specially trained assessors. The
enforcement might be actively executed by governmental entities or passively based on a reporting
mechanism; Member States shall set-up an independent control system. The requirements have no direct
design and economic consequences for the building (possibly: indirect economic consequences).
— System inspection of existing buildings. The subjects are the accessible parts of heating systems (over
20 kW) as a whole and air conditioning systems (over 12 kW). The purpose is to assess current
performance (regarding energy) and provide recommendations for cost effective improvements by
informing the building owner/tenant by means of an inspection report. Inspection shall be executed with a
certain frequency to be decided upon by the Member States. The inspection is typically performed by
specially trained inspectors. The enforcement might be actively executed by governmental entities or
passively based on a reporting mechanism.
Nations respecting the EPBD shall set up an independent inspection system. The EPBD offers two options
regarding inspection systems:
a) Lay down measures to establish a regular inspection (EPBD art. 14.1, 2 and 3; EPBD art 15.1, 2 and 3);
b) Alternative option: to take measures to ensure the provision of advice to users with an equivalent impact
to the first option (EPBD art. 14 point 4; EPBD art. 15 point 4).
These requirements have no direct design and economic consequences for the building.
NOTE 1 Indirect economic consequences are possible.
Where possible, the same assessment procedures shall be used for different EPB-requirements. If the
procedures need to be different, a maximum of similarity and consistency shall be maintained.
A new building becomes an existing building as soon as it has been completed. It would be quite confusing for
the market if the calculated energy performance of the new building changes significantly as soon as it has
become an existing building.
On the other hand, the method for new buildings is primarily set up for judging compliance with the legally
required energy performance indicator. The method for existing buildings is primarily set up for the informative
certificate.
It is therefore possible that in case of checking compliance with the minimum energy performance
requirements (national or regional), default input values are more conservative than the default input values
for the certificate (see 11.3).
More generally, coherence is required for the energy performance assessment, system sizing, energy
certification and inspection stages.
EXAMPLE Any new building will be designed (sized), checked against energy performance legal requirements and
finally provided with an energy certificate. As an existing building, it will undergo inspection and energy certification.
It is obviously beneficial that many aspects such as the description of the building and calculation method are
consistent in all the phases of the process.
In existing buildings, special attention is needed for the availability, accessibility and quality of data, unclear
partitioning, intended change in use of the building, etc. This is further dealt with in Clause 11.
NOTE 2 The requirements given above comply with the requirements following the EPBD-recast. An overview of the
EPBD requirements covered by the set of EPB-standards is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 – Overview of EPB-requirements relating to the EPBD
to be supported by EN-EPB-standards
7.3 Support on energy performance requirements
EN-EPBD standards are meant to support regulation needs. EPB-standards shall include definitions of
numerical indicators that may be referenced as legal requirements (i.e. efficiencies, U-values, …) and the
procedure to calculate them to support energy performance compliance check (regulation needs).
The set of standards shall specify boundary conditions and options for the practical application of the defined
indicators including possible options. The accompanying Technical Reports shall include information on the
rationale for the options.
The EPB-standards shall not contain explicit or implicit energy performance requirements.
The setting of requirements is the sole responsibility of EU and EFTA Member States.
Some provisions within the standards could have an impact on this assignation: absence of methods or
tabulated values to appreciate certain common technologies are a form of implicit energy performance
requirements and so are implicit preconditions (e.g. a precondition within the calculation method that the
heating system has to be balanced).
Where the use of certain techniques or products is prohibited at European level, these techniques may be
ignored.
7.4 Energy services
EPB-standards shall cover the energy services indicated in the EPBD Directive:
— heating;
— ventilation;
— cooling;
— domestic hot water;
— lighting.
NOTE EPBD article 2, definition 4: ‘energy performance of a building’ means the calculated or measured amount of
energy needed to meet the energy demand associated with a typical use of the building, which includes, inter alia, energy
used for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting”.
The list of services may be refined for the purpose of a consistent and transparent overall modular structure;
for instance by explicitly adding (de-)humidification.
Due to improvement in energy performance of buildings, other services that are recognized as essential for
the use of buildings may become in the near future significant and therefore included in primary energy
requirements. For example, people internal transport systems (lifts, elevators).
Therefore, rules shall be provided for reporting and on the impact on the energy performance if in specific EU
Member States or regions, other services are included in the energy performance.
7.5 Building categories
NOTE 1 The list of building categories given below complies with the list given in EPBD Annex I – Clause 5.
The following building categories shall be included:
— Residential:
— single-family houses of different types;
— apartment blocks;
— Non-residential:
— offices;
— educational buildings;
— hospitals;
— hotels and restaurants;
— sports facilities;
— wholesale and retail trade services buildings;
— other types of energy-consuming buildings.
Many buildings contain spaces consisting of different categories.
NOTE 2 For instance: an office building may contain restaurant spaces, education spaces, sport facilities.
If the energy performance has to be assessed on the building or part of the building with more than one
building category, the calculation procedures shall take into account possible differences in the assumed use
and operation schedules depending on the building category. In addition, harmonized rules are needed to
attribute the energy performance to the individual categories, to enable to check compliance with minimum
requirements and comparison against benchmarks.
Rules shall be provided for reporting and on the impact on the energy performance if in specific countries or
regions other building categories are included in the energy performance.
7.6 Different levels of complexities
EPB-standards shall be applicable and appropriate for the whole range of buildings from existing buildings
with high energy use, to nearly zero energy buildings.
EPB-standards shall be suited to deal with both buildings with simple architectural design and/or technical
building systems, as well as buildings with complex architectural design and/or technical building systems.
Following the EPBD recast, in Europe, the requirements for new buildings have to meet the level of “Nearly
Zero Energy Buildings” from 2020 for all new buildings and already from 2018 for buildings occupied and
owned by public authorities.
7.7 Flexibility
7.7.1 General
EPB-standards shall include provisions to facilitate:
— the inclusion and promotion of innovative solutions;
— the inclusion of future needs;
— usability and the inclusion of added values and added societal benefits.
7.7.2 Innovation and equivalent solutions
7.7.2.1 Assessment
EPB-standards for the assessment of energy performance shall as much as possible make it technically
possible to apply the principle of equivalence, in particular for innovative technologies that are not yet covered
by the standard procedures via the following options:
— Building and system elements should preferably be characterized in a way that equivalent procedures
can be used for (innovative) elements that cannot be characterized by the standard procedures.
— The accompanying Technical Reports shall contain the rationale and the assumed conditions of the
assessment procedures, to be taken into account in case of application of the principle of equivalence.
NOTE 1 EU Member States may have national or regional legal provisions for the “principle of equivalence” including
conditions and limitations for their application and procedures to save-guard the quality.
The modular structure shall provide as many connection points as feasible for custom modules to cover
innovative technologies.
NOTE 2 The preparation of a European Assessment Document (EAD) could be another option, requiring substantive
effort.
7.7.2.2 Inspection
EPB-standards on inspection procedures should allow inclusion of innovation and equivalent solutions via the
following options
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