EN 14092:2002

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2004
Space engineering - Space environment
Space engineering - Space environment
Raumfahrttechnik (Engineering) - Raumfahrtumweltbedingungen
Ingénierie spatiale - Environnement spatial
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14092:2002
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14092
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2002
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Space environment
Ingénierie spatiale - Environnement spatial Raumfahrttechnik (Engineering) -
Raumfahrtumweltbedingungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 December 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14092:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
page
Foreword. 10
Introduction . 11
1 Scope. 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions. 12
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 18
4 Gravitation . 20
4.1 Introduction. 20
4.1.1 Newton’s law of gravitation . 20
4.1.2 Departures from the point-mass model. 21
4.1.3 Accurate representation of the geopotential . 21
4.2 Model presentation. 23
4.2.1 Model. 23
4.2.2 Mandatory model parameters . 23
4.2.3 Guidelines for use . 23
4.3 Reference data. 23
4.3.1 Model output . 23
4.3.2 Results for typical missions. 23
4.4 References. 25
5 Geomagnetic fields. 25
5.1 Introduction – Overview of the geomagnetic field and effects . 25
5.2 Reference data on the geomagnetic field . 26
5.3 Geomagnetic field models and analysis methods. 26
5.3.1 Dipole model . 26
5.3.2 Internal-source field models. 27
5.3.3 Eccentric dipole model. 27
5.3.4 Geomagnetic coordinates – B and L. 28
5.3.5 External-source field models. 30
5.3.6 Magnetospheric boundaries. 30
5.4 Tailoring guidelines . 31
5.5 Figures . 32
5.6 References. 33
6 Solar and Earth electromagnetic radiation and indices. 34
6.1 Introduction. 34
6.2 Solar electromagnetic radiation. 35
6.2.1 Solar constant . 35
6.2.2 Solar spectrum . 35
6.3 Earth electromagnetic radiation . 36
6.3.1 Earth albedo. 36
6.3.2 Earth infrared . 36
6.4 Solar and geomagnetic indices. 37
6.4.1 General . 37
6.4.2 Description of indices.37
6.4.3 Solar cycle dependence. 37
6.4.4 Reference index values . 41
6.4.5 Tailoring guidelines . 41
6.5 Figures . 42
6.6 References. 42
7 The neutral Earth atmosphere. 42
7.1 Introduction. 42
7.2 Recommended reference model. 43
7.3 Structure of the Earth atmosphere. 43
7.4 Atmospheric state parameters . 43
7.5 Temperature, composition, and density model of the Earth heterosphere. 44
7.6 Temperature, composition, and density model of the Earth homosphere. 53
7.7 Reference model output. 54
7.8 Wind model of the Earth homosphere and heterosphere. 54
7.9 Simple density models of planetary atmospheres . 55
7.10 Aerodynamics in the Earth atmosphere. 56
7.11 Figures . 58
7.12 References. 65
8 Plasmas. 65
8.1 Introduction. 65
8.2 The ionosphere . 66
8.2.1 Description . 66
8.2.2 Effects . 67
8.2.3 Models. 67
8.2.4 Typical and worst case parameters . 68
8.3 The plasmasphere . 69
8.3.1 Description . 69
8.3.2 Effects . 69
8.3.3 Models. 69
8.3.4 Typical parameters . 70
8.4 The outer magnetosphere. 70
8.4.1 Description . 70
8.4.2 Effects . 71
8.4.3 Models. 72
8.4.4 Typical and worst case parameters . 72
8.5 The solar wind. 73
8.5.1 Description . 73
8.5.2 Effects . 73
8.5.3 Models. 73
8.6 Induced environments.74
8.6.1 Description . 74
8.6.2 Effects . 74
8.6.3 Models. 74
8.6.4 Typical parameters . 75
8.7 Tailoring guidelines . 75
8.8 References. 76
9 Energetic particle radiation. 77
9.1 Introduction – Overview of energetic particle radiation environment and effects . 77
9.1.1 General. 77
9.1.2 Environments . 77
9.1.3 Effects survey. 78
9.2 Quantification of effects and related environments. 78
9.3 Energetic particle radiation environment reference data, models and analysis
methods. 79
9.3.1 Trapped radiation belts . 79
9.3.2 Solar particle event models. 82
9.3.3 Cosmic ray environment and effects models. 85
9.3.4 Geomagnetic shielding. 85
9.3.5 Spacecraft secondary radiation . 86
9.3.6 Neutrons. 86
9.4 Analysis methods for derived quantities . 87
9.4.1 General. 87
9.4.2 Ionizing dose. 87
9.4.3 Reference orbital dose data. 88
9.4.4 Single-event upset rate . 88
9.4.5 Solar cell degradation . 89
9.4.6 Internal electrostatic charging . 89
9.4.7 Dose-equivalent . 89
9.4.8 Non-ionizing dose .89
9.5 Tailoring guidelines: Orbital and mission regimes . 90
9.5.1 General. 90
9.5.2 Geostationary orbit. 90
9.5.3 MEO, HEO . 90
9.5.4 LEO . 90
9.5.5 Polar. 90
9.5.6 Interplanetary and planetary environments . 90
9.6 Preparation of a radiation environment specification. 91
9.7 Figures . 92
9.8 References. 107
10 Particulates. 108
10.1 Introduction. 108
10.2 Analysis techniques . 108
10.3 Model presentation. 110
10.3.1 Meteoroids . 110
10.3.2 Space debris . 112
10.3.3 Dust. 113
10.4 Reference data. 113
10.4.1 Trackable space debris . 113
10.4.2 Statistical flux models. 114
10.5 Figures . 119
10.6 References. 123
11 Contamination. 123
11.1 Introduction. 123
11.2 Molecular contamination . 124
11.2.1 Sources of molecular contamination. 124
11.2.2 Transport mechanisms . 125
11.3 Particulate contamination. 125
11.3.1 Sources of particulate contamination. 125
11.3.2 Transport mechanisms . 126
11.4 Effect of contamination. 126
11.5 Models. 127
11.5.1 Sources . 127
11.5.2 Transport of molecular contaminants. 129
11.6 References. 130
Annex A (informative) . 132
Annex B (informative) Gravitation. 133
B.1 Related tools . 133
B.2 Effects . 133
B.3 Gravitational field at the surface of a planet. 135
B.4 Uncertainties . 136
B.5 References. 137
Annex C (informative) Geomagnetic field. 138
C.1 Description of magnetosphere . 138
C.2 Derivation of dipole strength from field model coefficients . 138
C.3 Incompatibilities and inconsistencies . 139
C.4 IGRF model details and availability. 139
C.5 References. 140
Annex D (informative) Solar and Earth electromagnetic radiation and indices. 141
D.1 Solar spectrum details. 141
D.2 Albedo and infrared variability. 141
D.3 Activity indices information. 142
D.4 Radio noise . 142
D.5 Solar radiation pressure. 142
D.6 Figures . 143
D.7 References. 147
Annex E (informative) The neutral Earth atmosphere . 148
E.1 Overview of atmosphere models . 148
E.2 Accessibility of the MSISE-90 model . 148
E.3 References. 149
Annex F (informative) Plasma . 150
F.1 Surface charging . 150
F.2 Charging in LEO. 151
F.3 NASCAP charging code. 152
F.4 POLAR charging code . 153
F.5 Other charging codes. 153
F.6 NASA worst case charging environment . 154
F.7 Ram and wake effects . 154
F.8 Current collection effects. 155
F.9 Sputtering. 155
F.10 Ionospheric propagation effects. 155
F.11 Availability of the IRI95 model. 156
F.12 References. 157
Annex G (informative) Radiation. 158
G.1 Links with radiation testing. 158
G.2 Future models . 158
G.3 Sources of models . 160
G.4 Internal electrostatic charging analysis tools . 160
G.5 Further information. 161
G.6 References. 161
Annex H (informative) Particulates . 162
H.1 Space debris flux models. 162
H.1.1 General. 162
H.1.2 MASTER-97 . 162
H.1.3 ORDEM-96. 162
H.1.4 Velocity distribution . 163
H.1.5 Mass density . 163
H.1.6 Regime of applicability . 163
H.1.7 Tailoring guidelines . 163
H.1.8 Other debris models. 163
H.2 Model uncertainties . 164
H.2.1 General. 164
H.2.2 Meteoroids . 164
H.2.3 Space debris . 164
H.3 Damage assessment . 165
H.4 Analysis tools . 166
H.4.1 General. 166
H.4.2 Deterministic analysis . 166
H.4.3 Statistical analysis. 166
H.5 Lunar dust simulant. 166
H.6 References. 167
Annex I (informative) Contamination . 168
I.1 Existing Tools. 168
I.2 ESABASE: OUTGASSING, PLUME-PLUMFLOW and CONTAMINE modules. 168
I.3 JMC3D . 169
I.4 CONTAM 3.2 or CONTAM III. 170
I.5 TRICONTAM. 170
I.6 SOCRATES. 171
I.7 SPACE II . 171
I.8 MOLFLUX . 172
I.9 ISEM. 172
I.10 OPT. 173
I.11 CAP . 173
I.12 Databases . 173
I.13 References. 174
Figures
Figure 1 — Geomagnetic field strength at 400 km altitude based on IGRF-1995 . 32
Figure 2 — Output from geomagnetic field models showing the diurnal distortion to the field and
seasonal variations in the distortion [RD5.8]. 32
Figure 3 — Variation of the geomagnetic field as a function of altitude . 33
Figure 4 — Standard predictions of solar and geomagnetic activity during a cycle. 42
Figure 5 — Variation of the MSISE-90 mean temperature with altitude for extremely low activities,
for mean activities and for extremely high activities . 58
Figure 6 — Variation of the MSISE-90 mean air density with altitude for low activities, for mean
activities and for extremely high activities. 59
Figure 7 — Variation of the MSISE-90 mean atomic oxygen with altitude for extremely low
activities, for mean activities and for extremely high activities. 59
Figure 8 — Variation of the MSISE-90 mean concentration profile of the atmosphere constituents
N , O, O , He, Ar, H, and N with altitude for mean activities. 60
2 2
Figure 9 — Diurnal (a) and seasonal-latitudinal (b) variations of the MSISE-90 local temperature at
altitude h = 400 km. 61
Figure 10 — Diurnal (a) and seasonal-latitudinal (b) variations of the MSISE-90 air density at
altitude h = 400 km for mean atmospheric conditions. 62
Figure 11 — Diurnal (a) and seasonal latitudinal (b) variations of the MSISE-90 atomic oxygen
concentration at altitude h = 400 km for mean atmospheric conditions. 63
Figure 12 — Diurnal (a) and seasonal-latitudinal (b) variations of wind magnitude and direction
according to HWM-93 at altitude h = 400 km for mean atmospheric conditions . 64
Figure 13 — Mean ranges of protons and electrons in aluminium. 92
Figure 14 — Contour plots of the electron and proton radiation belts. 93
Figure 15 — Electron (a) and proton (b) omnidirectional fluxes, integral in energy, on the
geomagnetic equator for various energy thresholds. 94
Figure 16 — Integral omnidirectional fluxes of protons (>10 MeV) and electrons (>10 MeV) at
400 km altitude showing the inner radiation belt’s “South Atlantic anomaly” and, in the
case of electrons, the outer radiation belt encountered at high latitudes . 95
Figure 17 — The flux anisotropy in low Earth orbit averaged over an orbit of the space station for
protons >100 MeV energy. 96
Figure 18 — Solar proton fluence spectra for various statistical confidence levels (99 %, 95 %,
90 %, 75 % and 50 %, from top to bottom in each panel) for various mission durations
(data from JPL-1991 Model) . 97
Figure 19 — Cosmic ray LET spectra for typical missions. 99
Figure 20 — SHIELDOSE dataset for computing doses for arbitrary spectra . 100
Figure 21 — Annual doses behind 4 mm spherical shielding on circular equatorial orbits in the
radiation belts, as a function of orbit height . 103
Figure 22 — Typical doses predicted for typical missions . 104
Figure 23 — Typical dose-depth curves for Earth-orbits. 105
Figure 24 — Quality factors for use in dose equivalent calculations for radio-biological effect
purposes, as defined by the ICRP . 106
Figure 25 — The NIEL curve: (a) energy lost by protons in non-ionizing interactions (bulk,
displacement damage); (b) NIEL relative to 10 MeV giving damage-equivalence of
other energies . 106
Figure 26 — Time evolution of the number of trackable objects in orbit . 119
Figure 27 — Altitude distribution of trackable objects in LEO orbits . 119
Figure 28 — Distribution of trackable objects as function of their inclination . 120
Figure 29 — Cumulative number of impacts, N from 1 side to a randomly oriented plate for a range
of minimum particle sizes. 120
Figure 30 — Activity ratio factor versus period of activity for major meteoroid streams . 121
Tables
Table 1 — Mandatory model parameters . 23
Table 2 — Values of normalized coefficients C from JGM-2 model to degree (n) and order
nm
(m) 9 . 24
S
Table 3 — Values of normalized coefficients nm from JGM-2 model to degree (n) and order (m) 9 . 24
Table 4 — Predicted orbit error associated with use of the JGM-2 gravity model . 24
Table 5 — Changes in dipole moments 1945-1995 . 26
Table 6 — The IGRF-95 Model: Coefficients and their secular variations to degree and order 3 . 28
Table 7 — Changes in dipole-terms and derived dipole moments of IGRF models . 28
Table 8 — Sibeck et al. [RD5.17] Magnetopause model . 31
Table 9 — High-energy solar electromagnetic flux. 36
Table 10 — Conversion from K to a . 37
p p
Table 11 — Maximum, mean, and minimum values of the 13-month smoothed 10,7 cm solar radio
flux and geomagnetic activity index over the mean solar cycle. 38
Table 11 — Maximum, mean, and minimum values of the 13-month smoothed 10,7 cm solar radio
flux and geomagnetic activity index over the mean solar cycle (continued). 39
Table 12 — Reference index values . 41
Table 13 — MSISE-90 altitude profiles of temperature T, total density

pressure p, mean
molecular weight M and density scale height H for low activities . 47
Table 14 — MSISE-90 altitude profiles of temperature T, total density

pressure p, mean
molecular weight M and density scale height H for mean activities. 49
Table 15 — MSISE-90 altitude profiles of temperature T, total density

pressure p, mean
molecular weight M and density scale height H for extremely high activities . 51
Table 16 — Main engineering concerns due to space plasmas. 66
Table 17 — Parameters for the USAF diffuse aurora model. 68
Table 18 — Ionospheric electron density profiles derived from IRI95 [RD8.2] . 68
Table 19 — Electron density vs. L-shell for the Carpenter and Anderson [RD8.7] model, ignoring
seasonal and solar cycle effects . 70
Table 20 — Typical plasma parameters at geostationary orbit. 72
Table 21 — Standard worst-case bi-Maxwellian environment . 72
Table 22 — Solar wind parameters (from RD8.14) . 73
Table 23 — Typical magnetosheath plasma parameters (from RD8.14). 74
Table 24 — Some solar UV photoionization rates at 1 AU (from RD8.17) . 75
Table 25 — Photoelectron sheath parameters. 75
Table 26 — Examples of appropriate plasma environments for different missions . 76
Table 27 — Parameters for quantification of radiation effects . 79
Table 28 — Characteristics of typical radiation belt particles.80
Table 29 — Standard field models to be used with radiation-belt models . 80
Table 30 — Fluence levels for energy, mission duration and confidence levels from the JPL-1991
model. 83
Table 31 — Standard probability (confidence) levels to be applied for various mission durations. 83
Table 32 — Cumulative number of impacts, N, from one side to a randomly oriented plate for a
range of minimum particle sizes using the ORDEM 96 debris model . 115
Table 33 — Cumulative number of impacts, N, from one side to a randomly oriented plate for a
range of minimum particle sizes using the ORDEM 96 model . 116
Table 34 — Cumulative number of impacts, N, from 1 side to a randomly oriented plate for a range
of minimum particle sizes using the MASTER debris model . 117
Foreword
This document EN 14092:2002 has been prepared by CMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2002, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2002.
1)
It is based on a previous version originally prepared by the ECSS Working Group on ECSS-E-10-04
Space Environment Standard, reviewed by the ECSS Technical Panel and approved by the ECSS
Steering Board. The European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) is a cooperative effort of
the European Space Agency, National Space Agencies and European industry associat
...